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Du X, Hill RA. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction: An innate pathophysiology of schizophrenia? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 275:38-43. [PMID: 30753842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The female hormone 17β-estradiol is postulated to be protective against schizophrenia onset and severity. Hypoestrogenism is a common phenomenon in women with schizophrenia that has serious effects that adds to the burden of an already very onerous disease. The cause of hypoestrogenism is largely attributed to antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Evidence suggest however that a significant portion of female schizophrenia patients develop hypoestrogenism either before antipsychotic treatment or without regard to the level of prolactin, suggesting that for a sizeable segment of female patients, gonadal abnormality may be an innate and early aspect of the disease. This review aims to summarise the available literature that examines gonadal dysfunction in schizophrenia through this prism as well as to outline some recent developments in treatment strategies that may provide feasible ways to successfully tackle hypoestrogenism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Du
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - R A Hill
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Johnston GAR. Advantages of an antagonist: bicuculline and other GABA antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:328-36. [PMID: 23425285 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The convulsant alkaloid bicuculline continues to be investigated more than 40 years after the first publication of its action as an antagonist of receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This historical perspective highlights key aspects of the discovery of bicuculline as a GABA antagonist and the sustained interest in this and other GABA antagonists. The exciting advances in the molecular biology, pharmacology and physiology of GABA receptors provide a continuing stimulus for the discovery of new antagonists with increasing selectivity for the myriad of GABA receptor subclasses. Interesting GABA antagonists not structurally related to bicuculline include gabazine, salicylidene salicylhydrazide, RU5135 and 4-(3-biphenyl-5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazole. Bicuculline became the benchmark antagonist for what became known as GABAA receptors, but not all ionotropic GABA receptors are susceptible to bicuculline. In addition, not all GABAA receptor antagonists are convulsants. Thus there are still surprises in store as the study of GABA receptors evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A R Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bilobalide, a unique constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits inflammatory pain in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:298-306. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836360ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lang D, Kiewert C, Mdzinarishvili A, Schwarzkopf TM, Sumbria R, Hartmann J, Klein J. Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide are accompanied by a reduction of ischemia-induced glutamate release in vivo. Brain Res 2011; 1425:155-63. [PMID: 22032877 PMCID: PMC3217178 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective properties of bilobalide, a specific constituent of Ginkgo extracts, were tested in a mouse model of stroke. After 24h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), bilobalide reduced infarct areas in the core region (striatum) by 40-50% when given at 10mg/kg 1h prior to MCAO. Neuroprotection was also observed at lower doses, or when the drug was given 1h past stroke induction. Sensorimotor function in mice was improved by bilobalide as shown by corner and chimney tests. When brain metabolism in situ was monitored by microdialysis, MCAO caused a rapid disappearance of extracellular glucose in the striatum which returned to baseline levels after reperfusion. Extracellular levels of glutamate were increased by more than ten-fold in striatal tissue, and by four- to fivefold in hippocampal tissue (penumbra). Bilobalide did not affect glucose levels but strongly attenuated glutamate release in both core and penumbra regions. Bilobalide was equally active when given locally via the microdialysis probe and also reduced ischemia-induced glutamate release in vitro in brain slices. We conclude that bilobalide is a strong neuroprotectant in vivo at doses that can be used therapeutically in humans. The mechanism of action evidently involves reduction of glutamate release, thereby reducing excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Lang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kiewert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter Dr, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Alexander Mdzinarishvili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter Dr, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio University School of Pharmacy, 4209 State Road 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Tina Maria Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rachita Sumbria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter Dr, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Joachim Hartmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter Dr, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter Dr, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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van Patot MCT, Keyes LE, Leadbetter G, Hackett PH. Ginkgo bilobafor Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness: Does It Work? High Alt Med Biol 2009; 10:33-43. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2008.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martha C. Tissot van Patot
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
| | - Linda E. Keyes
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
| | - Guy Leadbetter
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Mesa State College, Grand Junction, Colorado
| | - Peter H. Hackett
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
- Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, Colorado
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DeFeudis FV. Effects ofGinkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on gene expression: Possible relevance to neurological disorders and age-associated cognitive impairment. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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