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King ES, Stacy AE, Scott JG. A low-footprint, fluorescence-based bacterial time-kill assay for estimating dose-dependent cell death dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584154. [PMID: 38562844 PMCID: PMC10983867 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Dose-response curves that describe the relationship between antibiotic dose and growth rate in bacteria are commonly measured with optical density (OD) based assays. While being simple and high-throughput, any dose-dependent cell death dynamics are obscured, as OD assays in batch culture can only quantify a positive net change in cells. Time-kill experiments can be used to quantify cell death rates, but current techniques are extremely resource-intensive and may be biased by residual drug carried over into the quantification assay. Here, we report a novel, fluorescence-based time-kill assay leveraging resazurin as a viable cell count indicator. Our method improves upon previous techniques by greatly reducing the material cost and being robust to residual drug carry-over. We demonstrate our technique by quantifying a dose-response curve in Escherichia coli subject to cefotaxime, revealing dose-dependent death rates. We also show that our method is robust to extracellular debris and cell aggregation. Dose-response curves quantified with our method may provide a more accurate description of pathogen response to therapy, paving the way for more accurate integrated pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan S. King
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Stacy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob G. Scott
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Freitas CS, Pereira PR, Cardoso RV, Pauli FP, Ribeiro RCB, Da Silva FDC, Ferreira VF, Paschoalin VMF. Antimicrobial and wound healing potential of naphthoquinones encapsulated in nanochitosan. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1284630. [PMID: 38239922 PMCID: PMC10794614 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1284630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of chitosan in pharmaceutical formulations is an advantageous approach due to this compound intrinsic biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as ready availability and low polymer cost. Methods: Herein, the naphthoquinones 3- chloromethylene-menadione (NQ1) and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ2) were nanoencapsulated into chitosan (CNP) by the ionotropic gelatinization technique and characterized by DLS, FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC, and their release profiles evaluated. The antimicrobial and wound healing activities were investigated. Results and Discussion: Homogeneous chitosan nanocapsulses of about 193 nm and Z potential ranging from +30.6 to +33.1 mV loaded with NQ1 (CNP-NQ1) or NQ2 (CNPQNQ2). With nanoencapsulation efficiencies of ≥ 96%, the solubility of naphthoquinones in aqueous environments was improved, making them suitable for biological system applications. The encapsulated naphthoquinones displayed a controlled release of approximately 80% for CNP-NQ1 and 90% for CNP-NQ2 over an 8 h period at 36°C. Both CNP-NQ1 and CNP-NQ2 retained the already established free naphthoquinone antimicrobial activity against two Staphylococcus aureus strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although presenting low toxicity to healthy human cells, only CNP-NQ1 displayed therapeutic indices above 100 for S. aureus and S. epidermidis and above 27 for S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa, allowing for safe use in human tissues. Furthermore, CNP-NQ1 did not impair the migration of human fibroblast cells in scratch assays, adding promising wound healing properties to this formulation. These findings emphasize that CNP-NQ1 may be useful in protecting injured skin tissue from bacterial contamination, avoiding skin infections not only by reducing bacterial loads but also by accelerating the healing process until complete dermal tissue recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Silva Freitas
- Advanced Analysis Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ribeiro Pereira
- Advanced Analysis Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiane Vieira Cardoso
- Advanced Analysis Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Petzold Pauli
- Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ruan Carlos Busquet Ribeiro
- Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Fernando De Carvalho Da Silva
- Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
- Advanced Analysis Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cardoso RV, Pereira PR, Freitas CS, Mattos ÉBDA, Silva AVDF, Midlej VDV, Vericimo MA, Conte-Júnior CA, Paschoalin VMF. Tarin-Loaded Nanoliposomes Activate Apoptosis and Autophagy and Inhibit the Migration of Human Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6393-6408. [PMID: 37954458 PMCID: PMC10638905 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tarin, a lectin purified from Colocasia esculenta, promotes in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects allied to promising anticancer and antimetastatic effects against human adenocarcinoma mammary cells. This makes this 47 kDa-protein a natural candidate against human breast cancer, a leading cause of death among women. Tarin encapsulated in pegylated nanoliposomes displays increased effectiveness in controlling the proliferation of a mammary adenocarcinoma lineage comprising MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods The mechanisms enrolled in anticancer and antimetastatic responses were investigated by treating MDA-MB-231 cells with nano-encapsulated tarin at 72 μg/mL for up to 48h through flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The safety of nano-encapsulated tarin towards healthy tissue was also assessed by the resazurin viability assay, and the effect of nanoencapsulated tarin on cell migration was evaluated by scratch assays. Results Ultrastructural analyses of MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to nanoencapsulated tarin revealed the accumulation of autophagosomes and damaged organelles, compatible with autophagy-dependent cell death. On the other hand, the flow cytometry investigation detected the increased occurrence of acidic vacuolar organelles, a late autophagosome trait, along with the enhanced presence of apoptotic cells, activated caspase-3/7, and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1. No deleterious effects were observed in healthy fibroblast cells following tarin nanoencapsulated exposition, in contrast to reduced viability in cells exposed to free tarin. The migration of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by nano-encapsulated tarin, with delayed movement by 24 h compared to free tarin. Conclusion The nanoliposome formulation delivers tarin in a delayed and sustained manner, as evidenced by the belated and potent antitumoral and anti-migration effects on adenocarcinoma cells, with no toxicity to healthy cells. Although further investigations are required to fully understand antitumorigenic tarin mechanisms, the activation of both apoptotic and autophagic machineries along with the caspase-3/7 pathway, and cell cycle arrest may comprise a part of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiane Vieira Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Cyntia Silva Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wolfgruber S, Rieger J, Cardozo O, Punz B, Himly M, Stingl A, Farias PMA, Abuja PM, Zatloukal K. Antiviral Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098425. [PMID: 37176131 PMCID: PMC10179150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, aerosols, and contaminated surfaces. In addition to antiviral drugs, the decontamination of surfaces and personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial to mitigate the spread of infection. Conventional approaches, including ultraviolet radiation, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, heat and liquid chemicals, can damage materials or lack comprehensive, effective disinfection. Consequently, alternative material-compatible and sustainable methods, such as nanomaterial coatings, are needed. Therefore, the antiviral activity of two novel zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) against SARS-CoV-2 was investigated in vitro. Each nanoparticle was produced by applying highly efficient "green" synthesis techniques, which are free of fossil derivatives and use nitrate, chlorate and sulfonate salts as starting materials and whey as chelating agents. The two "green" nanomaterials differ in size distribution, with ZnO-NP-45 consisting of particles ranging from 30 nm to 60 nm and ZnO-NP-76 from 60 nm to 92 nm. Human lung epithelial cells (Calu-3) were infected with SARS-CoV-2, pre-treated in suspensions with increasing ZnO-NP concentrations up to 20 mg/mL. Both "green" materials were compared to commercially available ZnO-NP as a reference. While all three materials were active against both virus variants at concentrations of 10-20 mg/mL, ZnO-NP-45 was found to be more active than ZnO-NP-76 and the reference material, resulting in the inactivation of the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants by a factor of more than 106. This effect could be due to its greater total reactive surface, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Higher variations in virus inactivation were found for the latter two nanomaterials, ZnO-NP-76 and ZnO-NP-ref, which putatively may be due to secondary infections upon incomplete inactivation inside infected cells caused by insufficient NP loading of the virions. Taken together, inactivation with 20 mg/mL ZnO-NP-45 seems to have the greatest effect on both SARS-CoV-2 variants tested. Prospective ZnO-NP applications include an antiviral coating of filters or PPE to enhance user protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Wolfgruber
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Rieger
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Olavo Cardozo
- PHORNANO Holding GmbH, Kleinengersdorferstrasse 24, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
- Post-Graduate Program on Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Punz
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Stingl
- PHORNANO Holding GmbH, Kleinengersdorferstrasse 24, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Patricia M A Farias
- PHORNANO Holding GmbH, Kleinengersdorferstrasse 24, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Post-Graduate Program on Material Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitaria, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Peter M Abuja
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Pauli FP, Freitas CS, Pereira PR, Magalhães A, de Carvalho da Silva F, Paschoalin VMF, Ferreira VF. Exploring the Antimicrobial and Antitumoral Activities of Naphthoquinone-Grafted Chitosans. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061430. [PMID: 36987212 PMCID: PMC10053705 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers obtained from natural macromolecules are noteworthy among materials presenting high biocompatibility and adequate biodegradability, as is the case of chitosan (CS), making this biopolymeric compound a suitable drug delivery system. Herein, chemically-modified CS were synthetized using 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) and the sodium salt of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid (1,2-NQ), producing 1,4-NQ-CS and 1,2-NQ-CS by three different methods, employing an ethanol and water mixture (EtOH:H2O), EtOH:H2O plus triethylamine and dimethylformamide. The highest substitution degree (SD) of 0.12 was achieved using water/ethanol and triethylamine as the base for 1,4-NQ-CS and 0.54 for 1,2-NQ-CS. All synthesized products were characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, SEM, TGA, DSC, Raman, and solid-state NMR, confirming the CS modification with 1,4-NQ and 1,2-NQ. Chitosan grafting to 1,4-NQ displayed superior antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with improved cytotoxicity and efficacy, indicated by high therapeutic indices, ensuring safe application to human tissue. Although 1,4-NQ-CS inhibited the growth of human mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231), it is accompanied by cytotoxicity and should be considered with caution. The findings reported herein emphasize that 1,4-NQ-grafted CS may be useful in protecting injured tissue against bacteria, commonly found in skin infections, until complete tissue recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Petzold Pauli
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-000, Brazil;
| | - Cyntia Silva Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (C.S.F.); (P.R.P.)
| | - Patricia Ribeiro Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (C.S.F.); (P.R.P.)
| | - Alviclér Magalhães
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
| | | | - Vania M. F. Paschoalin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (C.S.F.); (P.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.F.P.); (V.F.F.)
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (V.M.F.P.); (V.F.F.)
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Gavanji S, Bakhtari A, Famurewa AC, Othman EM. Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201098. [PMID: 36595710 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, human beings have sought natural medications for treatment of various diseases. Weighty evidence demonstrates the use of chemical methodologies for sensitive evaluation of cytotoxic potentials of herbal agents. However, due to the ubiquitous use of cytotoxicity methods, there is a need for providing updated guidance for the design and development of in vitro assessment. The aim of this review is to provide practical guidance on common cell-based assays for suitable assessment of cytotoxicity potential of herbal medicines and discussing their advantages and disadvantages Relevant articles in authentic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and SID, from 1950 to 2022 were collected according to selection criteria of in vitro cytotoxicity assays and protocols. In addition, the link between cytotoxicity assay selection and different factors such as the drug solvent, concentration and exposure duration were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Gavanji
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azizollah Bakhtari
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7133654361, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, PMB 1010, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Eman M Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Investigations into the membrane activity of arenicin antimicrobial peptide AA139. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130156. [PMID: 35523364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arenicin-3 is an amphipathic β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide that is produced by the lugworm Arenicola marina. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of action of arenicin-3 and an optimized synthetic analogue, AA139, by studying their effects on lipid bilayer model membranes and Escherichia coli bacterial cells. The results show that simple amino acid changes can lead to subtle variations in their interaction with membranes and therefore alter their pre-clinical potency, selectivity and toxicity. While the mechanism of action of arenicin-3 is primarily dependent on universal membrane permeabilization, our data suggest that the analogue AA139 relies on more specific binding and insertion properties to elicit its improved antibacterial activity and lower toxicity, as exemplified by greater selectivity between lipid composition when inserting into model membranes i.e. the N-terminus of AA139 seems to insert deeper into lipid bilayers than arenicin-3 does, with a clear distinction between zwitterionic and negatively charged lipid bilayer vesicles, and AA139 demonstrates a cytoplasmic permeabilization dose response profile that is consistent with its greater antibacterial potency against E. coli cells compared to arenicin-3.
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Identification of Antibacterial Peptide Candidates Encrypted in Stress-Related and Metabolic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020163. [PMID: 35215278 PMCID: PMC8877035 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein-rich nature of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has led this yeast to the spotlight concerning the search for antimicrobial peptides. Herein, a <10 kDa peptide-rich extract displaying antibacterial activity was obtained through the autolysis of yeast biomass under mild thermal treatment with self-proteolysis by endogenous peptidases. Estimated IC50 for the peptide pools obtained by FPLC gel filtration indicated improved antibacterial activities against foodborne bacteria and bacteria of clinical interest. Similarly, the estimated cytotoxicity concentrations against healthy human fibroblasts, alongside selective indices ≥10, indicates the fractions are safe, at least in a mixture format, for human tissues. Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the peptides in FPLC fractions could be derived from both induced-proteolysis and proteasome activity in abundant proteins, up-regulated under stress conditions during S. cerevisiae biomass manufacturing, including those coded by TDH1/2/3, HSP12, SSA1/2, ADH1/2, CDC19, PGK1, PPI1, PDC1, and GMP1, as well as by other non-abundant proteins. Fifty-eight AMP candidate sequences were predicted following an in silico analysis using four independent algorithms, indicating their possible contribution to the bacterial inactivation observed in the peptides pool, which deserve special attention for further validation of individual functionality. S. cerevisiae-biomass peptides, an unconventional but abundant source of pharmaceuticals, may be promissory adjuvants to treat infectious diseases that are poorly sensitive to conventional antibiotics.
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Kajjumba GW, Attene-Ramos M, Marti EJ. Toxicity of lanthanide coagulants assessed using four in vitro bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149556. [PMID: 34399349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth element (REE) coagulants are prime contenders in wastewater treatment plants to remove phosphorus; unlike typical coagulants, they are not affected by pH. However, the use of REEs in wastewater treatment could mean increased human exposure to lanthanides (Ln) through wastewater effluent discharge to the environment or through water reuse. Information on the toxicity of lanthanides is scarce and, where available, there are conflicting views. Using in vitro bioassays, we assessed lanthanide toxicity by evaluating four relevant endpoints: the change in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (I-ATP), genotoxicity, and cell viability. At less than 5000 μmol-Ln3+/L, lanthanides increased the Δψm, while above 5000 μmol-Ln3+/L, the Δψm level plummeted. The measure of I-ATP indicated constant levels of ATP up to 250 μmol-Ln3+/L, above which the I-ATP decreased steadily; the concentration of La, Ce, Gd, and Lu that triggered half of the cells to become ATP-inactive is 794, 1505, 1488, 1115 μmol-Ln3+/L, respectively. Although La and Lu accelerated cell death in shorter studies (24 h), chronic studies using three cell growth cycles showed cell recovery. Lanthanides exhibited antagonistic toxicity at less than 1000 μmol-Ln3+/L. However, the introduction of heavy REEs in a solution amplified lanthanide toxicity. Tested lanthanides appear to pose little risk, which could pave the way for lanthanide application in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George William Kajjumba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Matias Attene-Ramos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Erica J Marti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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Avalos-Soriano A, García-Gasca A, Yáñez-Rivera B. The Development and Evaluation of Brain and Heart Cell Lines from a Marine Fish for Use in Xenobiotic-Induced Cytotoxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:147-156. [PMID: 34814757 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211052565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines derived from the brain and heart of a Pacific white snook specimen (Centropomus viridis) were developed and evaluated in terms of their responsiveness to glyphosate-induced cytotoxicity. The cells were grown in Leibovitz-15 (L-15) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and were passaged 36 times. Growth was tested at different concentrations of FBS (5, 10 and 20%) at 27°C. The cell lines were cryopreserved at different passages and were successfully thawed, with a survival rate greater than 80% without detectable contamination. At passage 36, the cells were used to assess the deleterious effects of glyphosate, and cell proliferation was measured by direct counting and with the MTT assay. Similar LC50 values were obtained with both methods. Although the principles behind these two assessment methods differ, our results show that both are suitable for evaluating glyphosate toxicity. In addition, heart- and brain-derived cells showed similar sensitivity, suggesting that the same mode of action might be responsible for the toxicity of glyphosate at the cellular level. The newly developed Pacific white snook brain and heart cell lines could be useful to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, satisfying the need to reduce the use of animals in experiments. Glyphosate-related toxicological data obtained in the present study will allow us to continue investigating the effects of this herbicide directly on brain and heart fish cells since similar studies have only been carried out on either live organisms or on human cell lines such as neuroblastoma, which are immortalised by oncogenes or similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaguiven Avalos-Soriano
- Cátedras CONACyT-Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, 42575Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán, Mazatlán Sinaloa, México
| | - Alejandra García-Gasca
- Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, 42575Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán, Mazatlán Sinaloa, México
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Mazzio E, Almalki A, Darling-Reed SF, Soliman KFA. Effects of Wild Yam Root ( Dioscorea villosa) Extract on the Gene Expression Profile of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:735-755. [PMID: 34697066 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Wild yam extract [Dioscorea villosa, (WYE)] is consistently lethal at low IC50s across diverse cancer-lines in vitro. Unlike traditional anti-cancer botanicals, WYE contains detergent saponins which reduce oil-water interfacial tensions causing disintegration of lipid membranes and causing cell lysis, creating an interfering variable. Here, we evaluate WYE at sub-lethal concentrations in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantification of saponins, membrane potential, lytic death and sub-lethal WYE changes in whole transcriptomic (WT) mRNA, miRNAs and biological parameters were evaluated. RESULTS WYE caused 346 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) out of 48,226 transcripts tested; where up-regulated DEGS reflect immune stimulation, TNF signaling, COX2, cytokine release and cholesterol/steroid biosynthesis. Down-regulated DEGs reflect losses in cell division cycle (CDC), cyclins (CCN), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), centromere proteins (CENP), kinesin family members (KIFs) and polo-like kinases (PLKs), which were in alignment with biological studies. CONCLUSION Sub-lethal concentrations of WYE appear to evoke pro-inflammatory, steroid biosynthetic and cytostatic effects in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Abdulaziz Almalki
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Selina F Darling-Reed
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
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Schultz F, Osuji OF, Nguyen A, Anywar G, Scheel JR, Caljon G, Pieters L, Garbe LA. Pharmacological Assessment of the Antiprotozoal Activity, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Malaria in the Greater Mpigi Region in Uganda. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:678535. [PMID: 34276369 PMCID: PMC8278201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.678535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential antimalarial and toxicological effects of 16 medicinal plants frequently used by traditional healers to treat malaria, fever, and related disorders in the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda. Species studied were Albizia coriaria, Cassine buchananii, Combretum molle, Erythrina abyssinica, Ficus saussureana, Harungana madagascariensis, Leucas calostachys, Microgramma lycopodioides, Morella kandtiana, Plectranthus hadiensis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Sesamum calycinum subsp. angustifolium, Solanum aculeastrum, Toddalia asiatica, Warburgia ugandensis, and Zanthoxylum chalybeum. In addition, the traditional healers indicated that P. hadiensis is used as a ritual plant to boost fertility and prepare young women and teenagers for motherhood in some Ugandan communities where a high incidence of rapidly growing large breast masses in young female patients was observed (not necessarily breast cancer). We present results from various in vitro experiments performed with 56 different plant extracts, namely, 1) an initial assessment of the 16 species regarding their traditional use in the treatment of malaria by identifying promising plant extract candidates using a heme biocrystallization inhibition library screen; 2) follow-up investigations of antiprotozoal effects of the most bioactive crude extracts against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum K1; 3) a cytotoxicity counterscreen against human MRC-5SV2 lung fibroblasts; 4) a genotoxicity evaluation of the extract library without and with metabolic bioactivation with human S9 liver fraction; and 5) an assessment of the mutagenicity of the ritual plant P. hadiensis. A total of seven extracts from five plant species were selected for antiplasmodial follow-up investigations based on their hemozoin formation inhibition activity in the heme biocrystallization assay. Among other extracts, an ethyl acetate extract of L. calostachys leaves exhibited antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum K1 (IC50 value: 5.7 µg/ml), which was further characterized with a selectivity index of 2.6 (CC50 value: 14.7 µg/ml). The experiments for assessment of potential procarcinogenic properties of plant extracts via evaluation of in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity indicated that few extracts cause mutations. The species T. asiatica showed the most significant genotoxic effects on both bacterial test strains (without metabolic bioactivation at a concentration of 500 µg/plate). However, none of the mutagenic extracts from the experiments without metabolic bioactivation retained their genotoxic activity after metabolic bioactivation of the plant extract library through pre-incubation with human S9 liver fraction. While this study did not show that P. hadiensis has genotoxic properties, it did provide early stage support for the therapeutic use of the medicinal plants from the Greater Mpigi region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Schultz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III—Process Sciences, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Ogechi Favour Osuji
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John R. Scheel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
- ZELT—Neubrandenburg Center for Nutrition and Food Technology gGmbH, Neubrandenburg, Germany
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13
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Zhao X, Kuipers OP. BrevicidineB, a New Member of the Brevicidine Family, Displays an Extended Target Specificity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693117. [PMID: 34177875 PMCID: PMC8219939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of bacterial non-ribosomally produced peptides (NRPs) has formed a rich source for drug development. Brevicidine, a bacterial non-ribosomally produced cyclic lipo-dodecapeptide, displays selective antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Here, we show that brevicidineB, which contains a single substitution (Tyr2 to Phe2) in the amino acid sequence of the linear part of brevicidine, has a broadened antimicrobial spectrum, showing bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative (with a MIC value of 2 to 4 mg/L) and Gram-positive (with a MIC value of 2 to 8 mg/L) pathogens. Compared with an earlier reported member of the brevicidine family, the broadened antimicrobial spectrum of brevicidineB is caused by its increased membrane disruptive capacity on Gram-positive pathogens, which was evidenced by fluorescence microscopy assays. In addition, DiSC3(5) and resazurin assays show that brevicidine and brevicidineB exert their antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria via disrupting the proton motive force of cells. Notably, as a brevicidine family member, brevicidineB also showed neither hemolytic activity nor cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 64 mg/L. This study provides a promising antibiotic candidate (brevicidineB) with a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and provides novel insights into the antimicrobial mode of action of brevicidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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14
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Mack N, Mazzio E, Badisa R, Soliman KFA. Metabolic Response to the Mitochondrial Toxin 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in LDH-A/B Double-knockout LS174T Colon Cancer Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:385-405. [PMID: 33994363 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Rapid glycolytic substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) and accumulation of lactic acid are characteristics of diverse cancers. Recent advances in drug discovery have included the use of glycolytic inhibitors with mitochondrial targeting drugs to attempt to invoke an energy crisis in aggressive metabolically active chemo-resistant cancers. In this work, we examine the consequences of inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in LS14T colon cancer cells containing a genetic double knock out (DKO) of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDHA and LDHB). MATERIALS AND METHODS Several metabolic parameters were evaluated concomitant to whole transcriptomic (WT) mRNA, microRNA, and long intergenic non-coding RNAs using Affymetrix 2.1 human ST arrays. RESULTS MPP+ effectively blocked OXPHOS where a compensatory shift toward anaerobic SLP was only observed in the control vector (CV), and not observed in the LDH-A/B DKOs (lacking the ability to produce lactic acid). Despite this, there was an unexpected resilience to MPP+ in the latter in terms of energy, which displayed significantly higher resting baseline respiratory OXPHOS capacity relative to controls. At the transcriptome level, MPP+ invoked 1738 differential expressed genes (DEGs) out of 48,226; LDH-A/B DKO resulted in 855 DEGs while 349 DEGs were found to be overlapping in both groups versus respective controls, including loss of mitochondrial complex I (subunits 3 and 6), cell cycle transcripts and fluctuations in epigenetic chromatin remodeling systems. In terms of energy, the effects of MPP+ in the CV transcripts reflect the funneling of carbon intermediates toward glycolysis. The LDH-A/B DKO transcripts reflect a flow of carbons away from glycolysis toward the production of acetyl-CoA. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest a metabolic resilience to MPP+ in cancer cells devoid of LDH-A/B, explainable in-part by higher baseline OXPHOS respiratory ATP production, necessitating more toxin to suppress the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzinga Mack
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Mazzio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Ramesh Badisa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
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15
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Yuan Z, Yang X, Ye Y, Tripathi R, Wang B. Chemical Reactivities of Two Widely Used Ruthenium-Based CO-Releasing Molecules with a Range of Biologically Important Reagents and Molecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5317-5326. [PMID: 33745269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), CORM-2 and CORM-3, have been widely used as surrogates of CO for studying its biological effects in vitro and in vivo with much success. However, several previous solution-phase and in vitro studies have revealed the ability of such CO-RMs to chemically modify proteins and reduce aromatic nitro groups due to their intrinsic chemical reactivity under certain conditions. In our own work of studying the cytoprotective effects of CO donors, we were in need of assessing chemical factors that could impact the interpretation of results from CO donors including CORM-2,3 in various in vitro assays. For this, we examined the effects of CORM-2,3 toward representative reagents commonly used in various bioassays including resazurin, tetrazolium salts, nitrites, and azide-based H2S probes. We have also examined the effect of CORM-2,3 on glutathione disulfide (GSSG), which is a very important redox regulator. Our studies show the ability of these CO-RMs to induce a number of chemical and/or spectroscopic changes for several commonly used biological reagents under near-physiological conditions. These reactions/spectroscopic changes cannot be duplicated with CO-deleted CO-RMs (iCORMs), which are often used as negative controls. Furthermore, both CORM-2 and -3 are capable of consuming and reducing GSSG in solution. We hope that the results described will help in the future design of control experiments using Ru-based CO-RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuqian Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ravi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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16
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Matiadis D, Karagiaouri M, Mavroidi B, Nowak KE, Katsipis G, Pelecanou M, Pantazaki A, Sagnou M. Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a pyrazoline-pyridine silver(I) complex: DNA-interaction and anti-biofilm activity. Biometals 2020; 34:67-85. [PMID: 33156436 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistant bacterial strains mainly due to misuse of antibiotics has seriously affected our ability to treat bacterial illness, and the development of new classes of potent antimicrobial agents is desperately needed. In this study, we report the efficient synthesis of a new pyrazoline-pyridine containing ligand L1 which acts as an NN-donor for the formation of a novel silver (I) complex 2. The free ligand did not show antibacterial activity. High potency was exhibited by the complex against three Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 4 and 16 μg/mL (4.2-16.7 μM), and excellent activity against the fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/mL = 0.26 μM). Moreover, no hemolytic activity within the tested concentration range was observed. In addition to the planktonic growth inhibition, the biofilm formation of both Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly reduced by the complex at MIC concentrations in a dose-dependent manner for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas a biphasic response was obtained for MRSA showing that the sub-MIC doses enhanced biofilm formation before its reduction at higher concentration. Finally, complex 2 exhibited strong DNA binding with a large drop in DNA viscosity indicating the absence of classical intercalation and suggesting the participation of the silver ion in DNA binding which may be related to its antibacterial activity. Taken together, the current results reveal that the pyrazoline-pyridine silver complexes are of high interest as novel antibacterial agents, justifying further in vitro and in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Matiadis
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karagiaouri
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Barbara Mavroidi
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna E Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska St. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Georgios Katsipis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Pelecanou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Sagnou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Ang CW, Tan L, Sykes ML, AbuGharbiyeh N, Debnath A, Reid JC, West NP, Avery VM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Antitubercular and Antiparasitic 2-Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Improved Potency and Solubility. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15726-15751. [PMID: 33151678 PMCID: PMC7770830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Following the approval of delamanid and pretomanid as new drugs
to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis, there is now a renewed interest
in bicyclic nitroimidazole scaffolds as a source of therapeutics against
infectious diseases. We recently described a nitroimidazopyrazinone
bicyclic subclass with promising antitubercular and antiparasitic
activity, prompting additional efforts to generate analogs with improved
solubility and enhanced potency. The key pendant aryl substituent
was modified by (i) introducing polar functionality to the methylene
linker, (ii) replacing the terminal phenyl group with less lipophilic
heterocycles, or (iii) generating extended biaryl side chains. Improved
antitubercular and antitrypanosomal activity was observed with the
biaryl side chains, with most analogs achieved 2- to 175-fold higher
activity than the monoaryl parent compounds, with encouraging improvements
in solubility when pyridyl groups were incorporated. This study has
contributed to understanding the existing structure–activity
relationship (SAR) of the nitroimidazopyrazinone scaffold against
a panel of disease-causing organisms to support future lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Neda AbuGharbiyeh
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Janet C Reid
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
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18
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Elliott AG, Huang JX, Neve S, Zuegg J, Edwards IA, Cain AK, Boinett CJ, Barquist L, Lundberg CV, Steen J, Butler MS, Mobli M, Porter KM, Blaskovich MAT, Lociuro S, Strandh M, Cooper MA. An amphipathic peptide with antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3184. [PMID: 32576824 PMCID: PMC7311426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide antibiotics are an abundant and synthetically tractable source of molecular diversity, but they are often cationic and can be cytotoxic, nephrotoxic and/or ototoxic, which has limited their clinical development. Here we report structure-guided optimization of an amphipathic peptide, arenicin-3, originally isolated from the marine lugworm Arenicola marina. The peptide induces bacterial membrane permeability and ATP release, with serial passaging resulting in a mutation in mlaC, a phospholipid transport gene. Structure-based design led to AA139, an antibiotic with broad-spectrum in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria, including ESBL, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant clinical isolates. The antibiotic induces a 3–4 log reduction in bacterial burden in mouse models of peritonitis, pneumonia and urinary tract infection. Cytotoxicity and haemolysis of the progenitor peptide is ameliorated with AA139, and the ‘no observable adverse effect level’ (NOAEL) dose in mice is ~10-fold greater than the dose generally required for efficacy in the infection models. Peptide antibiotics often display a very narrow therapeutic index. Here, the authors present an optimized peptide antibiotic with broad-spectrum in vitro activities, in vivo efficacy in multiple disease models against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Søren Neve
- Orphazyme, Ole Maaloesvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Edwards
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amy K Cain
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Lars Barquist
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Würzburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jason Steen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Kaela M Porter
- Adenium Biotech ApS, Ole Maaloesvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sergio Lociuro
- BioVersys AG, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, Technology Park, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Strandh
- Adenium Biotech ApS, Ole Maaloesvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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19
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Vaz Crippa G, Zanetti TA, Biazi BI, Baranoski A, Marques LA, Coatti GC, Lepri SR, Mantovani MS. Up and down-regulation of mRNA in the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Plumbagin in HepG2/C3A. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 75:103328. [PMID: 32000057 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies that evaluated the mechanisms of action of Plumbagin (PLB) and its toxicity may contribute to future therapeutic applications of this compound. We investigate biomarker important in the mechanisms of action correlate the expression of mRNA with the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PLB on HepG2/C3A. In the analysis of cytotoxicity, PLB decreased cell viability and membrane integrity at concentrations ≥ 15μM. Xenobiotic-metabolizing system showed strong mRNA induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, suggesting extensive metabolization. PLB induced apoptosis and an increase in the mRNA expression of genes BBC3, CASP3, and CASP8. At a concentration of 15μM, there was a reduction in the expression of PARP1 mRNA and an increase in the expression of BECN1 mRNA, suggesting that PLB may also induce cell death by autophagy. PLB induced an arrest at the G2/M phase due to DNA damage, as observed in the comet assay. This damage is associated with the increased mRNA expression of genes p21, GADD45A, and H2AFX and with changes in the expression of proteins H2AX, p21, p53, Chk1, and Chk2. These results allow a better understanding of the cellular action of PLB and of its toxicity, thereby contributing to the development of PLB-based drugs, with markers of mRNA expression possibly playing a role as indicators for monitoring toxicity in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vaz Crippa
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adrivânio Baranoski
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lilian Areal Marques
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão - Travessa 13, n. 106, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Lepri
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University - UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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20
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Nablo BJ, Ahn JJ, Bhadriraju K, Lee JM, Reyes DR. Lens-Free Imaging as a Sensor for Dynamic Cell Viability Detection Using the Neutral Red Uptake Assay. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:10.1021/acsabm.0c01082. [PMID: 34151220 PMCID: PMC8209770 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutral red is a low-cost supravital stain for determining cell viability. The standard protocol relies on a destructive extraction process to release the accumulated dye for endpoint spectrophotometric quantification. We report a non-destructive, live-cell quantification of neutral red uptake using a compact lens-free system. Two light sources indentify the cell perimeter and quantify neutral red uptake. The quantification occurs during staining, thus eliminating the destructive extraction process and reducing assay time. Our system enables live quantification for continuous high-throughput screening of cell viability within confined spaces such as incubators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Nablo
- SOL Inc., H business Park, 26, Beobwon-ro 9-gil, SongPa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Ahn
- SOL Inc., H business Park, 26, Beobwon-ro 9-gil, SongPa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiran Bhadriraju
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Jong Muk Lee
- SOL Inc., H business Park, 26, Beobwon-ro 9-gil, SongPa-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Darwin R. Reyes
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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21
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Fesenko AA, Yankov AN, Shutalev AD. A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen, heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Cell line-dependent increase in cellular quercetin accumulation upon stress induced by valinomycin and lipopolysaccharide, but not by TNF-α. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Williams DP, Lazic SE, Foster AJ, Semenova E, Morgan P. Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury with Bayesian Machine Learning. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:239-248. [PMID: 31535850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) can require significant risk management in drug development and on occasion can cause morbidity or mortality, leading to drug attrition. Optimizing candidates preclinically can minimize hepatotoxicity risk, but it is difficult to predict due to multiple etiologies encompassing DILI, often with multifactorial and overlapping mechanisms. In addition to epidemiological risk factors, physicochemical properties, dose, disposition, lipophilicity, and hepatic metabolic function are also relevant for DILI risk. Better human-relevant, predictive models are required to improve hepatotoxicity risk assessment in drug discovery. Our hypothesis is that integrating mechanistically relevant hepatic safety assays with Bayesian machine learning will improve hepatic safety risk prediction. We present a quantitative and mechanistic risk assessment for candidate nomination using data from in vitro assays (hepatic spheroids, BSEP, mitochondrial toxicity, and bioactivation), together with physicochemical (cLogP) and exposure (Cmaxtotal) variables from a chemically diverse compound set (33 no/low-, 40 medium-, and 23 high-severity DILI compounds). The Bayesian model predicts the continuous underlying DILI severity and uses a data-driven prior distribution over the parameters to prevent overfitting. The model quantifies the probability that a compound falls into either no/low-, medium-, or high-severity categories, with a balanced accuracy of 63% on held-out samples, and a continuous prediction of DILI severity along with uncertainty in the prediction. For a binary yes/no DILI prediction, the model has a balanced accuracy of 86%, a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 85%, a positive predictive value of 92%, and a negative predictive value of 78%. Combining physiologically relevant assays, improved alignment with FDA recommendations, and optimal statistical integration of assay data leads to improved DILI risk prediction.
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Joa H, Blažević T, Grojer C, Zeller I, Heiss EH, Atanasov AG, Feldler I, Gruzdaitis P, Czaloun C, Proksch P, Messner B, Bernhard D, Dirsch VM. Tylophorine reduces protein biosynthesis and rapidly decreases cyclin D1, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in organ culture. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152938. [PMID: 31078367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tylophorine (TYL) is an alkaloid with antiproliferative action in cancer cells. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointima formation contribute to restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Our goal was to examine the potential of TYL to inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration, and to dissect underlying signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS TYL was administered to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB)-stimulated, serum-stimulated, quiescent and unsynchronized VSMC of rat and human origin. BrdU incorporation and resazurin conversion were used to assess cell proliferation. Cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained nuclei. Expression profiles of proteins and mRNAs were determined using western blot analysis and RT-qPCR. The Click-iT OPP Alexa Fluor 488 assay was used to monitor protein biosynthesis. RESULTS TYL inhibited PDGF-BB-induced proliferation of rat aortic VSMCs by arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle with an IC50 of 0.13 µmol/l. The lack of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and cyclin D1 downregulation corroborated a G1 arrest. Inhibition of proliferation and cyclin D1 downregulation were species- and stimulus-independent. TYL also decreased levels of p21 and p27 proteins, although at later time points than observed for cyclin D1. Co-treatment of VSMC with TYL and MG132 or cycloheximide (CHX) excluded proteasome activation by TYL as the mechanism of action. Comparable time-dependent downregulation of cyclin D1, p21 and p27 in TYL- or CHX-treated cells, together with decreased protein synthesis observed in the Click-iT assay, suggests that TYL is a protein synthesis inhibitor. Besides proliferation, TYL also suppressed migration of PDGF-activated VSMC. In a human saphenous vein organ culture model for graft disease, TYL potently inhibited intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION This unique activity profile renders TYL an interesting lead for the treatment of vasculo-proliferative disorders, such as restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Joa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; vasopharm GmbH, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 15, 97076 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tina Blažević
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Christoph Grojer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; Pfizer Corp. Austria GmbH, Floridsdorfer Hauptstraße 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Iris Zeller
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Ines Feldler
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Päivi Gruzdaitis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; Pharmaceutical Information Centre Ltd., Korkeavuorenkatu 35, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christa Czaloun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria; Auge Gottes Apotheke, Nussdorfer Straße 79, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Krankenhausstr. 7a, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Mauro M, De Grandis RA, Campos ML, Bauermeister A, Peccinini RG, Pavan FR, Lopes NP, De Moraes NV. Acid diterpenes from Copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera langsdorffii): Chemical and plasma stability and intestinal permeability using Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:183-189. [PMID: 30763698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaiba oleoresin has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of bronchitis, syphilis, skin diseases and ulcers due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activities, but there is no information about major compounds oral absorption to support the traditional use. AIM OF STUDY Considering the potential of copalic (CA) and kaurenoic acid (KA) - major biological activity (in vitro) diterpenes found in the oleoresin, this study aimed to evaluate the intestinal permeability of CA and KA using Caco-2 cells model as predictive test for oral drug absorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical stability at pH 1.2 and 7.4 and plasma stability were evaluated to mimic physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal permeability of CA and KA was evaluated in Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. RESULTS CA and KA were rapidly degraded at pH 1.2 (0.2 M Clark-Lubs buffer). At pH 7.4 (0.1 M phosphate buffer), CA was stable for up to 24 h and KA for up to 6 h. In human plasma, CA and KA can be considered stable for 24 h and 12 h at 37 °C, respectively. Caco-2 cells were considered viable when incubated with CA or KA in the range of 3.9-250 μM for 24 h. CA and KA exhibited moderate apparent permeability (Papp) of 4.67 (±0.08) × 10-6 cm/s and 4.66 (±0.04) × 10-6 cm/s, respectively. Simultaneous incubation with verapamil showed that P-glycoprotein does not play a relevant role on CA and KA oral absorption, with Papp of 4.48 (±0.26) × 10-6 cm/s and 5.37 (±0.72) × 10-6 cm/s observed for CA and KA, respectively. CONCLUSION The oral absorption of both CA and KA is driven by mainly passive permeability, is not limited by p-glycoprotein, but enteric-coated dosage forms should be used to avoid chemical instability in the gastric pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mauro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - R A De Grandis
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - M L Campos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
| | - A Bauermeister
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - R G Peccinini
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - F R Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - N P Lopes
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), NPPNS, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP ZIP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - N V De Moraes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP ZIP 14801-902, Brazil.
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Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of N-acetyl-3-acetyl-5-benzylidene tetramic acid-metal complexes. X-ray analysis and identification of the Cd(II) complex as a potent antifungal agent. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Freitas CS, Vericimo MA, da Silva ML, da Costa GCV, Pereira PR, Paschoalin VMF, Del Aguila EM. Encrypted antimicrobial and antitumoral peptides recovered from a protein-rich soybean (Glycine max) by-product. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Development of a high throughput methodology to screen cathinones' toxicological impact. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:1-9. [PMID: 30870699 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current trend of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) among teenagers is posing new clinical, scientific and forensic societal questions. Synthetic cathinones are among the most consumed groups of NPS appearing on the street market and internet on a regular basis. The properties of these substances change regularly, due to structural modification to circumvent legislation. This practice makes almost impossible to characterize its toxicological profiles on an acceptable time scale, mostly due to the time-consuming experiments that must be held in animal models or human cells by standard methods. Such an issue demands the development of a rapid and inexpensive methodology to be used as a high-throughput screening of cathinones' toxicity. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares highly conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms with human cells and has been used before for pharmacological drugs. In the present work it is proposed to use S. cerevisiae growth curves as a high throughput screening method to profile synthetic cathinones toxicity in a short time scale. The results obtained by S. cerevisiae growth curves analysis were compared to differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells and similar responses were found. The screening tool methodology has shown able to prioritize the most toxics NPS and can be useful for early warning programs on NPS.
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Kariyottu Kuniyil MJ, Padmanaban R. Theoretical insights into the structural, photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of phenoxazin-3-one dyes. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02690h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigate the structural, photophysical and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of phenoxazin-3-one dyes, resazurin (Rz) and resorufin (Rf), by performing quantum chemical calculations using the DFT and TDDFT methods.
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30
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S Freitas C, Alves da Silva G, Perrone D, A Vericimo M, Dos S Baião D, R Pereira P, M F Paschoalin V, M Del Aguila E. Recovery of Antimicrobials and Bioaccessible Isoflavones and Phenolics from Soybean ( Glycine max) Meal by Aqueous Extraction. Molecules 2018; 24:E74. [PMID: 30587803 PMCID: PMC6337456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans display strategic potential in food security as a source of protein and functional bioactives for human consumption. Polyphenols and other bioactive compounds can be recovered after an aqueous extraction from soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining. The objective of the present study was to compile and quantify compounds from soybean oil refinery by-products, providing information about valuable bioactive phytochemicals, their bioaccessibility and potential bioactivities. Genistin, daidzin, glycitin and malonylgenistin were the predominant isoflavones, and the overall bioaccessibility of their glycosidic forms was of nearly 75%. Sixteen phenolics were identified and caffeic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic acid and hesperidin were the most predominant. Approximately 30% of gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and myricetin were released and the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract was enhanced after simulated in vitro gastro intestinal digestion. The ability of aqueous soybean meal extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation was higher than natural and synthetic food antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity against several foodborne pathogens and antitumoral activity towards human glioblastoma cell line were also observed, but the aqueous extract showed no cytotoxicity to healthy murine cells. Compounds derived from the aqueous soybean meal extract have the potential to be used as health promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia S Freitas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Genilton Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Perrone
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio A Vericimo
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 4020-141 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Diego Dos S Baião
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia R Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vânia M F Paschoalin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo M Del Aguila
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zhu S, Ehnert S, Rouß M, Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Chen T, Nussler AK. From the Clinical Problem to the Basic Research-Co-Culture Models of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082284. [PMID: 30081523 PMCID: PMC6121694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes constant remodeling and healing when fracture happens, in order to ensure its structural integrity. In order to better understand open biological and clinical questions linked to various bone diseases, bone cell co-culture technology is believed to shed some light into the dark. Osteoblasts/osteocytes and osteoclasts dominate the metabolism of bone by a multitude of connections. Therefore, it is widely accepted that a constant improvement of co-culture models with both cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold, is aimed to mimic an in vivo environment as closely as possible. Although in recent years a considerable knowledge of bone co-culture models has been accumulated, there are still many open questions. We here try to summarize the actual knowledge and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marc Rouß
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Präbst K, Engelhardt H, Ringgeler S, Hübner H. Basic Colorimetric Proliferation Assays: MTT, WST, and Resazurin. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1601:1-17. [PMID: 28470513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6960-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes selected assays for the evaluation of cellular viability and proliferation of cell cultures. The underlying principle of these assays is the measurement of a biochemical marker to evaluate the cell's metabolic activity. The formation of the omnipresent reducing agents NADH and NADPH is used as a marker for metabolic activity in the following assays. Using NADH and NADPH as electron sources, specific dyes are biochemically reduced which results in a color change that can be determined with basic photometrical methods. The assays selected for this chapter include MTT, WST, and resazurin. They are applicable for adherent or suspended cell lines, easy to perform, and comparably economical. Detailed protocols and notes for easier handling and avoiding pitfalls are enclosed to each assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Präbst
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hannes Engelhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Ringgeler
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Hübner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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Toxicogenomics of the flame retardant tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate in HepG2 cells using RNA-seq. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:178-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Edwards IA, Elliott AG, Kavanagh AM, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Structure-Activity and -Toxicity Relationships of the Antimicrobial Peptide Tachyplesin-1. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:917-926. [PMID: 28960954 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tachyplesin-1 (TP1; 1) is a cationic β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide with a membranolytic mechanism of action. While it possesses broad-spectrum, potent antimicrobial activity, 1 is highly hemolytic against mammalian erythrocytes, which precludes it from further development. In this study, we report a template-based approach to investigate the structure-function and structure-toxicity relationships of each amino acid of 1. We modulated charge and hydrophobicity by residue modification and truncation of the peptide. Antimicrobial activity was then assessed against six key bacterial pathogens and two fungi, with toxicity profiled against mammalian cells. The internal disulfide bridge Cys7-Cys12 of 1 was shown to play an important role in broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all pathogenic strains tested. Novel peptides based on the progenitor were then designed, including 5 (TP1[F4A]), 12 (TP1[I11A]), and 19 (TP1[C3A,C16A]). These had 26- to 64-fold improved activity/toxicity indices and show promise for further development. Structural studies of 5 (TP1[F4A]) and 12 (TP1[I11A]) identified a conserved β-hairpin secondary structure motif correlating with their very high stablility in mouse and human plasma. Membrane binding affinity determined by surface plasmon resonance confirmed their selectivity toward bacterial membranes, but the degree of membrane binding did not correlate with the degree of hemolysis, suggesting that other factors may drive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Angela M. Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
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A toxicogenomics approach to screen chlorinated flame retardants tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate for potential health effects. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:459-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shelper TB, Lovitt CJ, Avery VM. Assessing Drug Efficacy in a Miniaturized Pancreatic Cancer In Vitro 3D Cell Culture Model. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 14:367-80. [PMID: 27552143 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer continues to have one of the poorest prognoses among all cancers. The drug discovery efforts for this disease have largely failed, with no significant improvement in survival outcomes for advanced pancreatic cancer patients over the past 20 years. Traditional in vitro cell culture techniques have been used extensively in both basic and early drug discovery; however, these systems offer poor models to assess emerging therapeutics. More predictive cell-based models, which better capture the cellular heterogeneity and complexities of solid pancreatic tumors, are urgently needed not only to improve drug discovery success but also to provide insight into the tumor biology. Pancreatic tumors are characterized by a unique micro-environment that is surrounded by a dense stroma. A complex network of interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the effects of cell-to-cell contacts may enhance survival pathways within in vivo tumors. This biological and physical complexity is lost in traditional cell monolayer models. To explore the predictive potential of a more complex cellular system, a three-dimensional (3D) micro-tumor assay was evaluated. Efficacy of six current chemotherapeutics was determined against a panel of primary and metastatic pancreatic tumor cell lines in a miniaturized ECM-based 3D cell culture system. Suitability for potential use in high-throughput screening applications was assessed, including ascertaining the effects that miniaturization and automation had on assay robustness. Cellular health was determined by utilizing an indirect population-based metabolic activity assay and a direct imaging-based cell viability assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd B Shelper
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan, Australia
| | - Carrie J Lovitt
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan, Australia
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Fontaine F, Overman J, Moustaqil M, Mamidyala S, Salim A, Narasimhan K, Prokoph N, Robertson AAB, Lua L, Alexandrov K, Koopman P, Capon RJ, Sierecki E, Gambin Y, Jauch R, Cooper MA, Zuegg J, Francois M. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the SOX18 Transcription Factor. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:346-359. [PMID: 28163017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of transcription factors (TFs) has only met little success over the past four decades. This is mostly due to standard drug discovery approaches centered on blocking protein/DNA binding or interfering with post-translational modifications. Recent advances in the field of TF biology have revealed a central role of protein-protein interaction in their mode of action. In an attempt to modulate the activity of SOX18 TF, a known regulator of vascular growth in development and disease, we screened a marine extract library for potential small-molecule inhibitors. We identified two compounds, which inspired a series of synthetic SOX18 inhibitors, able to interfere with the SOX18 HMG DNA-binding domain, and to disrupt HMG-dependent protein-protein interaction with RBPJ. These compounds also perturbed SOX18 transcriptional activity in a cell-based reporter gene system. This approach may prove useful in developing a new class of anti-angiogenic compounds based on the inhibition of TF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fontaine
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeroen Overman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mehdi Moustaqil
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Sreeman Mamidyala
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Angela Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kamesh Narasimhan
- Laboratory for Structural Biochemistry, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Nina Prokoph
- Laboratory for Structural Biochemistry, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Linda Lua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emma Sierecki
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- Single Molecule Science, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Ralf Jauch
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Drug Discovery Pipeline, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mathias Francois
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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38
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Cui Y, Shan W, Liu M, Wu L, Huang Y. A strategy for developing effective orally-delivered nanoparticles through modulation of the surface “hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity balance”. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1302-1314. [PMID: 32263598 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02475k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient oral delivery of macromolecules by nanoparticles is greatly limited by epithelial cells and the mucus layer that covers the surface of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education)
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Wei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education)
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education)
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education)
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System (Ministry of Education)
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of fluorinated imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine derivatives with potential antipsychotic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:456-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Ahmad R, Ahmad N, Naqvi AA, Cos P, Maes L, Apers S, Hermans N, Pieters L. Anti-infective, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Edwards IA, Elliott AG, Kavanagh AM, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Contribution of Amphipathicity and Hydrophobicity to the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of β-Hairpin Peptides. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:442-450. [PMID: 27331141 PMCID: PMC4906375 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Bacteria have acquired
extensive resistance mechanisms to protect themselves against antibiotic
action. Today the bacterial membrane has become one of the “final
frontiers” in the search for new compounds acting on novel
targets to address the threat of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and XDR
bacterial pathogens. β-Hairpin antimicrobial peptides are amphipathic,
membrane-binding antibiotics that exhibit a broad range of activities
against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal pathogens. However,
most members of the class also possess adverse cytotoxicity and hemolytic
activity that preclude their development as candidate antimicrobials.
We examined peptide hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, and structure
to better dissect and understand the correlation between antimicrobial
activity and toxicity, membrane binding, and membrane permeability.
The hydrophobicity, pI, net charge at physiological
pH, and amphipathic moment for the β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides
tachyplesin-1, polyphemusin-1, protegrin-1, gomesin, arenicin-3, and
thanatin were determined and correlated with key antimicrobial activity
and toxicity data. These included antimicrobial activity against five
key bacterial pathogens and two fungi, cytotoxicity against human
cell lines, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes. Observed
antimicrobial activity trends correlated with compound amphipathicity
and, to a lesser extent, with overall hydrophobicity. Antimicrobial
activity increased with amphipathicity, but unfortunately so did toxicity.
Of note, tachyplesin-1 was found to be 8-fold more amphipathic than
gomesin. These analyses identify tachyplesin-1 as a promising scaffold
for rational design and synthetic optimization toward an antibiotic
candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M. Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Gallardo-Godoy A, Muldoon C, Becker B, Elliott AG, Lash LH, Huang JX, Butler MS, Pelingon R, Kavanagh AM, Ramu S, Phetsang W, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Activity and Predicted Nephrotoxicity of Synthetic Antibiotics Based on Polymyxin B. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1068-77. [PMID: 26734854 PMCID: PMC4774972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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The polymyxin lipodecapeptides colistin
and polymyxin B have become
last resort therapies for infections caused by highly drug-resistant
Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, their utility is compromised
by significant nephrotoxicity and polymyxin-resistant bacterial strains.
We have conducted a systematic activity–toxicity investigation
by varying eight of the nine polymyxin amino acid free side chains,
preparing over 30 analogues using a novel solid-phase synthetic route.
Compounds were tested against a panel of Gram-negative bacteria and
counter-screened for in vitro cell toxicity. Promising
compounds underwent additional testing against primary kidney cells
isolated from human kidneys to better predict their nephrotoxic potential.
Many of the new compounds possessed equal or better antimicrobial
potency compared to polymyxin B, and some were less toxic than polymyxin
B and colistin against mammalian HepG2 cells and human primary kidney
cells. These initial structure–activity and structure–toxicity
studies set the stage for further improvements to the polymyxin class
of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby Pelingon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wanida Phetsang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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43
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Mokgethi-Morule T, N'Da DD. Cell based assays for anti-Plasmodium activity evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 84:26-36. [PMID: 26776968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most common and deadly infectious diseases worldwide. The severity of this global public health challenge is reflected by the approximately 198 million people, who were reportedly infected in 2013 and by the more than 584,000 related deaths in that same year. The rising emergence of drug resistance towards the once effective artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) has become a serious concern and warrants more robust drug development strategies, with the objective of eradicating malaria infections. The intricate biology and life cycle of Plasmodium parasites complicate the understanding of the disease in such a way that would enhance the development of more effective chemotherapies that would achieve radical clinical cure and that would prevent disease relapse. Phenotypic cell based assays have for long been a valuable approach and involve the screening and analysis of diverse compounds with regards to their activities towards whole Plasmodium parasites in vitro. To achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of malaria eradication by 2020, new generation drugs that are active against all parasite stages (erythrocytic (blood), exo-erythrocytic (liver stages and gametocytes)) are needed. Significant advances are being made in assay development to overcome some of the practical challenges of assessing drug efficacy, particularly in the liver and transmission stage Plasmodium models. This review discusses primary screening models and the fundamental progress being made in whole cell based efficacy screens of anti-malarial activity. Ongoing challenges and some opportunities for improvements in assay development that would assist in the discovery of effective, safe and affordable drugs for malaria treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Mokgethi-Morule
- Drug Design, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Drug Design, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Olsson RI, Xue Y, von Berg S, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Bernström J, Hansson P, Jirholt J, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Chen R, Xiong Y, Ge H, Hansson TG, Narjes F. Benzoxazepines Achieve Potent Suppression of IL-17 Release in Human T-Helper 17 (TH 17) Cells through an Induced-Fit Binding Mode to the Nuclear Receptor RORγ. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:207-16. [PMID: 26553345 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RORγt, an isoform of the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORc, RORγ), has been identified as the master regulator of T-helper 17 (TH 17) cell function and development, making it an attractive target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Validation for this target comes from antibodies targeting interleukin-17 (IL-17), the signature cytokine produced by TH 17 cells, which have shown impressive results in clinical trials. Through focused screening of our compound collection, we identified a series of N-sulfonylated benzoxazepines, which displayed micromolar affinity for the RORγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) in a radioligand binding assay. Optimization of these initial hits resulted in potent binders, which dose-dependently decreased the ability of the RORγ-LBD to interact with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1, and inhibited the release of IL-17 secretion from isolated and cultured human TH 17 cells with nanomolar potency. A cocrystal structure of inverse agonist 15 (2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzoxazepin-7-yl)benzamide) bound to the RORγ-LBD illustrated that both hydrophobic interactions, leading to an induced fit around the substituted benzamide moiety of 15, as well as a hydrogen bond from the amide NH to His479 seemed to be important for the mechanism of action. This structure is compared with the structure of agonist 25 (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzoxazepin-6-amine ) and structures of other known RORγ modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roine I Olsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan von Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eva L Hansson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Bernström
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Hansson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Jirholt
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hanna Grindebacke
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Agnes Leffler
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Ge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Thomas G Hansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Frank Narjes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden.
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45
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Lannea coromandelica attenuates glucagon and oxyntomodulin mediated cAMP formation in HEK cells stably-expressing human glucagon receptor. J Herb Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Basarab GS, Doig P, Galullo V, Kern G, Kimzey A, Kutschke A, Newman JP, Morningstar M, Mueller J, Otterson L, Vishwanathan K, Zhou F, Gowravaram M. Discovery of Novel DNA Gyrase Inhibiting Spiropyrimidinetriones: Benzisoxazole Fusion with N-Linked Oxazolidinone Substituents Leading to a Clinical Candidate (ETX0914). J Med Chem 2015; 58:6264-82. [PMID: 26158756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of bacterial type-II topoisomerase inhibitor displaying a spiropyrimidinetrione architecture fused to a benzisoxazole scaffold shows potent activity against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we describe a series of N-linked oxazolidinone substituents on the benzisoxazole that improve upon the antibacterial activity of initially described compounds of the class, show favorable PK properties, and demonstrate efficacy in an in vivo Staphylococcus aureus infection model. Inhibition of the topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from both Gram-positive and a Gram-negative organisms was demonstrated. Compounds showed a clean in vitro toxicity profile, including no genotoxicity and no bone marrow toxicity at the highest evaluated concentrations or other issues that have been problematic for some fluoroquinolones. Compound 1u was identified for advancement into human clinical trials for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea based on a variety of beneficial attributes including the potent activity and the favorable safety profile.
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Huang JX, Kaeslin G, Ranall MV, Blaskovich MA, Becker B, Butler MS, Little MH, Lash LH, Cooper MA. Evaluation of biomarkers for in vitro prediction of drug-induced nephrotoxicity: comparison of HK-2, immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial, and primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00148. [PMID: 26171227 PMCID: PMC4492764 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been intensive effort to identify in vivo biomarkers that can be used to monitor drug-induced kidney damage and identify injury before significant impairment occurs. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) have been validated as urinary and plasma clinical biomarkers predictive of acute and chronic kidney injury and disease. Similar validation of a high throughput in vitro assay predictive of nephrotoxicity could potentially be implemented early in drug discovery lead optimization to reduce attrition at later stages of drug development. To assess these known in vivo biomarkers for their potential for in vitro screening of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, we selected a panel of nephrotoxic agents and examined their effects on the overexpression of nephrotoxicity biomarkers in immortalized (HK-2) and primary (commercially available and freshly in-house produced) human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Traditional cytotoxicity was contrasted with expression levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and M-CSF assessed using ELISA and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Traditional cytotoxicity assays and biomarker assays using HK-2 cells were both unsuitable for prediction of nephrotoxicity. However, increases in protein levels of KIM-1 and NGAL in primary cells were well correlated with dose levels of known nephrotoxic compounds, with limited correlation seen in M-CSF protein and mRNA levels. These results suggest that profiling compounds against primary cells with monitoring of biomarker protein levels may have potential as in vitro predictive assays of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny X Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Max V Ranall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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48
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Coatti GC, Marcarini JC, Sartori D, Fidelis QC, Ferreira DT, Mantovani MS. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mechanism of action (via gene expression analysis) of the indole alkaloid aspidospermine (antiparasitic) extracted from Aspidosperma polyneuron in HepG2 cells. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1161-70. [PMID: 25894792 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspidospermine is an indole alkaloid with biological properties associated with combating parasites included in the genera Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanossoma. The present study evaluated the cytotoxicity (resazurin test), genotoxicity (comet assay) and mechanism of action (gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR) of this alkaloid in human HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that treatment with aspidospermine was both cytotoxic (starting at 75 μM) and genotoxic (starting at 50 μM). There was no significant modulation of the expression of the following genes: GSTP1 and GPX1 (xenobiotic metabolism); CAT (oxidative stress); TP53 and CCNA2 (cell cycle); HSPA5, ERN1, EIF2AK3 and TRAF2 (endoplasmic reticulum stress); CASP8, CASP9, CASP3, CASP7, BCL-2, BCL-XL BAX and BAX (apoptosis); and PCBP4, ERCC4, OGG1, RAD21 and MLH1 (DNA repair). At a concentration of 50 μM (non-cytotoxic, but genotoxic), there was a significant increase in the expression of CYP1A1 (xenobiotic metabolism) and APC (cell cycle), and at a concentration of 100 μM, a significant increase in the expression of CYP1A1 (xenobiotic metabolism), GADD153 (endoplasmic reticulum stress) and SOD (oxidative stress) was detected, with repression of the expression of GR (xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress). The results of treatment with aspidospermine at a 100 μM concentration (the dose indicated in the literature to achieve 89 % reduction of the growth of L. amazonensis) suggest that increased oxidative stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR) occurred in HepG2 cells. For the therapeutic use of aspidospermine (antiparasitic), chemical alteration of the molecule to achieve a lower cytotoxicity/genotoxicity in host cells is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Centro de Pesquisas do Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 106, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniele Sartori
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina (PR), Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina (PR), Brazil
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Triaminopyrimidine is a fast-killing and long-acting antimalarial clinical candidate. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6715. [PMID: 25823686 PMCID: PMC4389225 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) strains resistant to frontline agents has fuelled the search for fast-acting agents with novel mechanism of action. Here, we report the discovery and optimization of novel antimalarial compounds, the triaminopyrimidines (TAPs), which emerged from a phenotypic screen against the blood stages of Pf. The clinical candidate (compound 12) is efficacious in a mouse model of Pf malaria with an ED99 <30 mg kg−1 and displays good in vivo safety margins in guinea pigs and rats. With a predicted half-life of 36 h in humans, a single dose of 260 mg might be sufficient to maintain therapeutic blood concentration for 4–5 days. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant mutants implicates the vacuolar ATP synthase as a genetic determinant of resistance to TAPs. Our studies highlight the potential of TAPs for single-dose treatment of Pf malaria in combination with other agents in clinical development. The emergence of resistant Plasmodium strains fuels the search for new antimalarials. Here, the authors present a new class of potent antimalarial compounds, the triaminopyrimidines, that display low toxicity and long half-life in animal models.
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Limitations of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay when compared to three commonly used cell enumeration assays. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:47. [PMID: 25884200 PMCID: PMC4349615 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tetrazolium-based MTT assay has long been regarded as the gold standard of cytotoxicity assays as it is highly sensitive and has been miniaturised for use as a high-throughput screening assay. However, various reports refer to interference by different test compounds, including the glycolysis inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate, with the conversion of the dye to coloured formazan crystals. This study assessed the linear range and reproducibility of three commonly used cell enumeration assays; the neutral red uptake (NRU), resazurin reduction (RES) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, in comparison to the MTT assay. Interference between the MTT assay and three glycolysis inhibitors, 2-deoxyglucose, 3-bromopyruvate and lonidamine, was investigated. Results Data indicate that the NRU, RES and SRB assays showed the smallest variability across the linear range, while the largest variation was observed for the MTT assay. This implies that these assays would more accurately detect small changes in cell number than the MTT assay. The SRB assay provided the most reproducible results as indicated by the coefficient of determination after a limited number of experiments. The SRB assay also produced the lowest variance in the derived 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), while IC50 concentrations of 3-bromopyruvate could not be detected using either the MTT or RES assays after 24 hours incubation. Interference in the MTT assay was observed for all three tested glycolysis inhibitors in a cell-free environment. No interferences were observed for the NRU, SRB or RES assays. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the MTT assay was not the best assay in a number of parameters that must be considered when a cell enumeration assay is selected: the MTT assay was less accurate in detecting changes in cell number as indicated by the variation observed in the linear range, had the highest variation when the IC50 concentrations of the glycolysis inhibitors were determined, and interference between the MTT assay and all the glycolysis inhibitors tested were observed. The SRB assay performed best overall considering all of the parameters, suggesting that it is the most suitable assay for use in preclinical screening of novel therapeutic compounds with oxido-reductive potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1000-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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