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Mechanistic Insight into Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Jasminum Species: A Herbal Approach for Disease Management. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061089. [PMID: 34071621 PMCID: PMC8227019 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance among microbial pathogens and oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species are two of the most challenging global issues. Firstly, drug-resistant pathogens cause several fatalities every year. Secondly aging and a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, are associated with free radical generated oxidative stress. The treatments currently available are limited, ineffective, or less efficient, so there is an immediate need to tackle these issues by looking for new therapies to resolve resistance and neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals. In the 21st century, the best way to save humans from them could be by using plants as well as their bioactive constituents. In this specific context, Jasminum is a major plant genus that is used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The information in this review was gathered from a variety of sources, including books, websites, and databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. In this review, a total of 14 species of Jasminum have been found to be efficient and effective against a wide variety of microbial pathogens. In addition, 14 species were found to be active free radical scavengers. The review is also focused on the disorders related to oxidative stress, and it was concluded that Jasminum grandiflorum and J. sambac normalized various parameters that were elevated by free radical generation. Alkaloids, flavonoids (rutoside), terpenes, phenols, and iridoid glucosides are among the main phytoconstituents found in various Jasminum species. Furthermore, this review also provides insight into the mechanistic basis of drug resistance, the generation of free radicals, and the role of Jasminum plants in combating resistance and neutralizing free radicals.
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Kongkham B, Prabakaran D, Puttaswamy H. Opportunities and challenges in managing antibiotic resistance in bacteria using plant secondary metabolites. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104762. [PMID: 33069839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in bacteria and its multidimensional spread is an emerging global threat that needs immediate attention. Extensive antibiotics (AB) usage results in development of ABR in bacteria by target modification, production of AB degrading enzymes, porin modifications, efflux pumps overexpression, etc. To counter this, apart from strict regulation of AB use and behavioural changes, research and development (R&D) of newer antimicrobials are in place. One such emerging approach to combat ABR is the use of structurally and functionally diverse plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in combination with the conventional AB. Either the PSMs are themselves antimicrobial or they potentiate the activity of the AB through a range of mechanisms. However, their use is lagging due to poor knowledge of mode of action, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, etc. This review paper discussed the opportunities and challenges in managing ABR using PSMs. Mechanisms of ABR development in bacteria and current strategies to counter them were studied and the areas where PSMs can play an important role were highlighted. The use of PSMs, both as an anti-resistance and anti-virulence agent in combination therapy to counter multi-drug resistance along with their mechanisms of action, has been discussed in detail. The difficulties in the commercialisation of PSMs and strategies to overcome them along with future priority areas of research have also been given. Following the given R&D path will definitely help in better understanding and utilising the full potential of PSMs in solving the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhani Kongkham
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Duraivadivel Prabakaran
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hariprasad Puttaswamy
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
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Coll M, Frau J, Vilanova B, Donoso J, Muñoz F, Blanco FG. Theoretical Study of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of a Bicyclic Aza-β-lactam. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Coll
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bartolomé Vilanova
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Donoso
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Muñoz
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García Blanco
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain, and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Martin R, Jones JB. Rational design and synthesis of a highly effective transition state analog inhibitor of the RTEM-1 β-lactamase. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01799-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Grace ME, Schenkein DP, Pratt RF. Kinetics and mechanism of inactivation of the RTEM-2 beta-lactamase by phenylpropynal. Identification of the characteristic chromophore. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Koerber SC, Fink AL. The analysis of enzyme progress curves by numerical differentiation, including competitive product inhibition and enzyme reactivation. Anal Biochem 1987; 165:75-87. [PMID: 3120622 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new method for analyzing steady-state enzyme kinetic data is presented. The technique, which is based on the numerical differentiation of the complete reaction curve, has several advantages over initial velocity and integrated Michaelis-Menten equation methods. The differentiated data are fit to the differential equation describing the appropriate kinetic scheme. This approach is particularly valuable in cases of strong competitive product inhibition and of changing concentrations of active enzyme. The method assumes a reversible reaction and is applicable to a very wide variety of steady-state kinetic schemes. A particular advantage of this approach over integrated methods is that it is independent of [S0] and hence of errors in [S0]. The combination of complete progress curve and computer analysis makes this approach very efficient with respect to both time and materials. Running on an IBM PC XT or equivalent microcomputer with an 8087 coprocessor, the analyses are very fast, the complete process usually being complete in a minute or two. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by application to both simulated and real data. We show that the differentiation of the progress curve for the ribonuclease-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2',3'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate reveals strong product inhibition by 3'-CMP, and this product inhibition accounts for the large discrepancies reported in the literature for the value of Km for this substrate. The method was also applied to determine the rate of reactivation of beta-lactamase which had been reversibly inactivated by cloxacillin. Since large numbers of data points are required for the numerical differentiation the method has become practical only with the advent of computer-acquired data systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Koerber
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064
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Abstract
The interaction between organic cosolvents and proteins is considered, especially from the point of view of effects on protein stability. It is concluded that each protein-cosolvent system constitutes a unique situation, making generalized predictions of expected effects difficult. Two classes of cosolvents are distinguished, based on the nature of their interactions with the protein surface. The thermodynamic instability to the system introduced by the presence of the cosolvent can be accommodated (i) by preferential exclusion of the cosolvent from the vicinity of the protein, (ii) by major structural changes of the protein, or (iii) by aggregation. Polyols tend to undergo preferential exclusion due to unfavorable interactions with nonpolar surface groups, whereas monohydric alcohols and other more hydrophobic cosolvents may undergo preferential exclusion due to adverse interactions with charged groups on the protein surface. Typical cosolvent effects on the structural and catalytic properties of enzymes are illustrated with data for ribonuclease and beta-lactamase with alcohol cosolvents. The relative hydrophobicity of the cosolvent is the major determinant of the effect of a cryosolvent on the enzyme stability and properties. Thus the position of the unfolding transition in cryosolvent will be decreased more by a more nonpolar cosolvent. Different cosolvents can have significantly different effects on the catalytic and structural properties of the same enzyme. Conversely the same cosolvent can have significantly different effects on similar proteins. The number and distribution of the nonpolar and charged groups on the protein's surface probably are the major determinants of the protein contribution to the solvent-protein interaction. The large temperature dependence of the rates of protein unfolding and refolding can be beneficially utilized in cryoprotectant studies of living cells.
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Chapter 13. β-Lactam Antibiotics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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