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Pullinger GD, Carnell SC, Sharaff FF, van Diemen PM, Dziva F, Morgan E, Lyte M, Freestone PPE, Stevens MP. Norepinephrine augments Salmonella enterica-induced enteritis in a manner associated with increased net replication but independent of the putative adrenergic sensor kinases QseC and QseE. Infect Immun 2010; 78:372-80. [PMID: 19884332 PMCID: PMC2798220 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01203-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has long been correlated with susceptibility to microbial infection. One explanation for this phenomenon is the ability of pathogens to sense and respond to host stress-related catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (NE). In Gram-negative enteric pathogens, it has been proposed that NE may facilitate growth by mediating iron supply, or it may alter gene expression by activating adrenergic sensor kinases. The aim of this work was to investigate the relative importance of these processes in a model in which NE alters the outcome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. A bovine ligated ileal loop model was used to study the effect of NE on enteritis induced by S. Typhimurium and on the bacterial in vivo replication rate. Mutants lacking putative adrenergic receptor genes were assessed in the loop model, in a calf intestinal colonization model, and in vitro. S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis was significantly enhanced by addition of 5 mM NE. This effect was associated with increased net bacterial replication in the same model. Exogenous ferric iron also stimulated bacterial replication in the medium used but not transcription of enteritis-associated loci. The putative adrenergic sensors QseC and QseE were not required for NE-enhanced enteritis, intestinal colonization of calves, or NE-dependent growth in iron-restricted medium and did not influence expression or secretion of enteritis-associated virulence factors. Our findings support a role for stress-related catecholamines in modulating the virulence of enteric bacterial pathogens in vivo but suggest that bacterial adrenergic sensors may not be the vital link in such interkingdom signaling in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D. Pullinger
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Sonya C. Carnell
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Fathima F. Sharaff
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Pauline M. van Diemen
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Francis Dziva
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Eirwen Morgan
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mark Lyte
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Primrose P. E. Freestone
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester School of Medicine, Leicester, United Kingdom, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Baglole CJ, Sigalet DL, Martin GR, Yao S, Meddings JB. Acute denervation alters the epithelial response to adrenoceptor activation through an increase in alpha1-adrenoceptor expression on villus enterocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:101-8. [PMID: 16258526 PMCID: PMC1615844 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of sympathetic input due to intestinal denervation results in hypersensitivity and increased intestinal secretion. It is unknown whether denervation-induced alterations in intestinal epithelial physiology are the result of changes in adrenoceptors on enterocytes (ENTs). The purpose of this study was to examine adrenoceptor distribution and pharmacology on small intestinal ENTs following acute intestinal denervation. Lewis rats underwent small bowel transplantation (SBT) or sham operation and proximal small intestinal segments were harvested 1, 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Intestinal electrolyte movement was assessed using short-circuit current (Isc) measurements of stripped epithelial sheets following stimulation with phenylephrine (PE), an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist. The presence of adrenoceptor subtypes on separated villus and crypt ENTs was assessed using flow cytometry. Alpha(1)-adrenoceptors were found on approximately 27% of jejunal villus ENTs, but not crypt ENTs, following acute extrinsic denervation. ENTs from the Lewis rat have few beta-adrenoceptors. Alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation of acutely denervated intestinal epithelial sheets decreased Isc by -13.45%. This effect was mediated by a reduction in chloride (Cl(-)) secretion; the absence of Cl(-) reversed the Isc to +13.79%. In conclusion, loss of sympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal epithelium causes acute upregulation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on villus ENTs, leading to inhibition of Cl(-) secretion at the villus tip. The increase in adrenoceptors may reflect a compensatory mechanism to combat the increased secretory state of the bowel due to the loss of the sympathetic innervation and tonic control over intestinal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - David L Sigalet
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Gary R Martin
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Shengtao Yao
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jon B Meddings
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Author for correspondence:
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Aschenbach JR, Borau T, Butter H, Gäbel G. Adrenoceptor heterogeneity in the ruminal epithelium of sheep. J Comp Physiol B 2005; 175:249-55. [PMID: 15900505 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-005-0479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pre-gastric rumen of sheep plays a crucial role in the fermentation of nutrients and in the absorption of nutrients and minerals. Adrenaline has been shown previously to increase ruminal absorption of glucose and water. The present study was intended to elucidate whether ruminal ion transport is also altered by adrenaline. In Ussing chambers, changes of I(sc) were recorded in isolated ovine ruminal epithelia after the serosal additions of adrenoceptor agonists or antagonists. I(sc) increased after the addition of adrenaline (10(-4) M) or clonidine (alpha2-agonist, 10(-4) M), but decreased after the addition of isoproterenol (beta-agonist, 10(-4) M) or terbutaline (beta2-agonist, 10(-5) M). The effect of adrenaline on I(sc) was augmented by the adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin (alpha(1), 10(-4) M) and bupranolol (beta, 10(-6) M), but inversed by yohimbine (alpha(2), 10(-5) M). Adrenaline induced an increase in Na+ net flux across the epithelium that was larger than the increase in equivalent current flow. It is concluded that adrenaline differentially regulates ion transport across the ruminal epithelium via alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta2-receptors. The main effect is a stimulation of electroneutral and electrogenic Na+ absorption. This stimulated Na+ absorption might be causative of increased water absorption from the rumen as described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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