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Singh RS, Kaur N, Hassan M, Kennedy JF. Pullulan in biomedical research and development - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:694-706. [PMID: 33137388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pullulan is an imperative microbial exo-polymer commercially produced by yeast like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. Its structure contains maltosyl repeating units which comprises two α-(1 → 4) linked glucopyranose rings attached to one glucopyranose ring through α-(1 → 6) glycosidic bond. The co-existence of α-(1 → 6) and α-(1 → 4) glycosidic linkages endows distinctive physico-chemical properties to pullulan. It is highly biocompatible, non-toxic and non-carcinogenic in nature. It is extremely resistant to any mutagenicity or immunogenicity. The unique properties of pullulan make it a potent candidate for biomedical applications viz. drug delivery, gene delivery, tissue engineering, molecular chaperon, plasma expander, vaccination, etc. This review highlights the potential of pullulan in biomedical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India.
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, 5 The Croft, Buntsford Drive, Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcs B60 4JE, UK
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Singh RS, Kaur N, Rana V, Kennedy JF. Pullulan: A novel molecule for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 171:102-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Salatin S, Yari Khosroushahi A. Overviews on the cellular uptake mechanism of polysaccharide colloidal nanoparticles. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1668-1686. [PMID: 28244656 PMCID: PMC5571529 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug/gene carriers have gained much attention in the past decades because of their versatile and tunable properties. However, efficacy of the therapeutic agents can be further enhanced using naturally occurring materials-based nanoparticles. Polysaccharides are an emerging class of biopolymers; therefore, they are generally considered to be safe, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. Considering that the target of nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies is localization of biomedical agents in subcellular compartments, a detailed understanding of the cellular mechanism involved in the uptake of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic applications. Uptake of the nanoparticles by the cellular systems occurs with a process known as endocytosis and is influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, shape and surface chemistry as well as the employed experimental conditions. In this study, we highlight the main endocytosis mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of polysaccharide nanoparticles containing drug/gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cevher E, Salomon SK, Makrakis A, Li XW, Brocchini S, Alpar HO. Development of chitosan–pullulan composite nanoparticles for nasal delivery of vaccines: optimisation and cellular studies. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:755-68. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1073392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Singh RS, Kaur N, Kennedy JF. Pullulan and pullulan derivatives as promising biomolecules for drug and gene targeting. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:190-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ali G, Rihouey C, Le Cerf D, Picton L. Effect of carboxymethyl groups on degradation of modified pullulan by pullulanase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:109-15. [PMID: 23465908 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanase is an enzyme that hydrolyses the α-1,6 linkages of pullulan (Pull) to produce maltotriose units. We studied the capacity of pullulanase to cleave its modified substrate: carboxymethylpullulan (CMPull), synthesized with two different degrees of substitution (DS=0.16 and 0.8). Size exclusion chromatography with on line multi angle light scattering and differential refractive index detection (SEC/MALS/DRI) was used to estimate both number and weight average molar masses, respectively, Mn and Mw, of pullulan and CMPulls together with the percentage of maltotriose formed during hydrolysis. Determination of reduced sugars gave also a Mn that is compared to data obtained by SEC. It revealed that CMPull is partially degraded by pullulanase and the rate of hydrolysis decreased with increased DS. At the end of the hydrolysis, Mn is decreased by a factor of 23 and 1.7 for CMPull with a DS of 0.16 and 0.8 respectively. The percentage of produced maltotriose decreased also when increasing DS (24% and 7% for CMPull DS 0.16 and 0.8 respectively). The kinetic properties of pullulanase were also investigated with Pull and CMPulls by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) using simple injection method. Based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Vmax (maximal velocity) decreased and KM (Michaelis constant) increased when DS of modified pullulan CMPull increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Ali
- Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, UMR 6270 & FR 3038 CNRS, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Shingel KI. Current knowledge on biosynthesis, biological activity, and chemical modification of the exopolysaccharide, pullulan. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:447-60. [PMID: 15013381 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The article presents an overview of the latest advances in investigations of the biosynthesis, molecular properties, and associated biological activity of pullulan. The literature survey on the pullulan biosynthesis is intended to illustrate how the great variety of environmental conditions as well as variability in strain characteristics influences the metabolic pathways of the pullulan formation and effects structural composition of the biopolymer. Molecular properties of pullulan as alpha-(1-->4)- and alpha-(1-->6)-glucan are discussed in terms of similarities with amylose and dextran structures, and an emphasis is made on the inherent biological activity of pullulan molecules. The author also attempts to summarize the concepts, options, and strategies in chemical modification of the biopolymer and to delineate future prospects in designing new biologically active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill I Shingel
- Bioartificial Gel Technologies Inc, 400 Maisonneuve Ouest, suite 1156, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1L4.
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Horie K, Sakagami M, Masuda K, Notoya M, Hamana H, Yoshikawa T, Hirano K. Sialyl Lewis X-Carboxymethylpullulan Conjugate: A Novel Homing Device to Spleen and Lymph Nodes. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1275-80. [PMID: 15305036 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that carboxymethylpullulan (CMPul) conjugated with sialyl Lewis X (Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc-, 2-3SLex) preferentially accumulates in the lymph nodes and spleen. In the present study, we investigated the structural requirements of the 2-3SLex moiety for this accumulation using rats. Radiolabeled CMPul conjugates with various degrees of substitution (d.s.) of the 2-3SLex moiety were intravenously administered to rats, and their tissue distributions were monitored by radioactivity. When the d.s. was more than 0.5, preferential accumulation in the lymph nodes as well as the spleen was observed. However, when the d.s. was 0.025, little effect of the 2-3SLex moiety was noted. Changes in the carbohydrate structure of 2-3SLex, i.e., a change to alpha2-6-linked sialic acid (Neu5Acalpha2-6Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc-, 2-6SLex) or an elimination of the fucose (Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-, sialyl N-acethyllactosamine (SLN)), also made the 2-3SLex moiety ineffective. Furthermore, Microautoradiography analyses revealed that 2-3SLex-CMPul was incorporated by particular subsets of macrophages in these tissues, and that CMPul and SLN-CMPul were also located in the same cells to a lesser extent. 2-3SLex-CMPul may be able to serve as a novel drug delivery carrier to target drugs to the peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Horie
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan.
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Horie K, Sakagami M, Kuramochi K, Ito T, Hamana H. Effect of the sialyl Lewis X (SLe(x)) moiety on splenic accumulation of SLe(x)-carboxymethylpullulan conjugate. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:401-4. [PMID: 10888360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sialyl Lewis X (SLe(x)), an E-selectin ligand, was conjugated with carboxymethylpullulan (CMPul) and the disposition characteristics of this conjugate after intravenous administration were investigated using mice with ear edema. The concentration of 3H-labeled SLe(x)-CMPul in the spleen was significantly high. When CMPul was modified with a saccharide unable to bind to E-selectin, this splenic accumulation was not observed. The uptake of radiolabeled SLe(x)-CMPul by the spleen was completely inhibited by a 100-fold molar of cold SLe(x)-CMPul but not by a sialyl N-acetyllactosamine-CMPul conjugate (SLN-CMPul). Microautoradiography analyses revealed that SLe(x)-CMPul accumulated in the marginal zone of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Horie
- Drug Delivery System Institute, Ltd., Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Masuda K, Sakagami M, Horie K, Nogusa H, Hamana H, Hirano K. Evaluation of carboxymethylpullulan as a novel carrier for targeting immune tissues. Pharm Res 2001; 18:217-23. [PMID: 11405294 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011040703915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the potential of carboxymethylpullulan (CMPul) as a carrier for targeting immune tissues, and to find whether immune tissues could be set as the target of an immunosuppressant to treat autoimmune diseases. METHODS The biodistribution of CMPul was investigated to evaluate its potency as a carrier for targeting immune tissues. Furthermore, an immunosuppressant-CMPul conjugate was prepared and its suppressive effect on rat adjuvant arthritis was examined. RESULTS The disappearance rate of 3H-labeled CMPul from the blood circulation was much slower than that of 3H-labeled pullulan (Pul) after intravenous injection to normal rats. The concentration of 3H-labeled CMPul in the spleen and lymph nodes was much higher than that of 3H-labeled Pul at 24 hours after the injection, whereas the concentration of 3H-labeled CMPul in the liver was significantly lower than that of 3H-labeled Pul. A similar targeting property of 3H-labeled CMPul for these immune tissues was observed in arthritic rats. A conjugate composed of a novel immunosuppressant PA-48153C and CMPul showed a suppressive effect on rat adjuvant arthritis judging from a reduction of the arthritic index and spleen weight and an increase of body weight. CONCLUSIONS CMPul is expected to be a promising carrier for targeting immune tissues with an immunosuppressant to enable treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masuda
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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Vyas SP, Sihorkar V. Endogenous carriers and ligands in non-immunogenic site-specific drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000; 43:101-64. [PMID: 10967224 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery has gained recognition in modern therapeutics and attempts are being made to explore the potentials and possibilities of cell biology related bioevents in the development of specific, programmed and target oriented systems. The components which have been recognized to be tools include receptors and ligands, where the receptors act as molecular targets or portals, and ligands, with receptor specificity and selectivity, are trafficked en route to the target site. Although ligands of exogenous or synthetic origin contribute to the selectivity component of carrier constructs, they may impose immunological manifestations of different magnitudes. The latter may entail a continual quest for bio-compatible, non-immunogenic and target orientated delivery. Endogenous serum, cellular and extracellular bio-ligands interact with the colloidal carrier constructs and influence their bio-fate. However, these endogenous bio-ligands can themselves serve as targeting modules either in their native form or engineered as carrier cargo. Bio-regulatory, nutrient and immune ligands are sensitive, specific and effective site directing handles which add to targeted drug delivery. The present review provides an exhaustive account of the identified bio-ligands, which are not only non-immunogenic in nature but also site-specific. The cell-related bioevents which are instrumental in negotiating the uptake of bio-ligands are discussed. Further, a brief account of ligand-receptor interactions and the set of biological events which ensures ligand-driven trafficking of the ligand-receptor complex to the cellular interior is also presented. Since ligand-receptor interaction is a critical pre-requisite for negotiating cellular uptake of endogenous ligands and anchored carrier cargo, an attempt has been made to identify differential expression of receptors and bio-ligands under normal and etiological conditions. Studies which judiciously utilized bio-ligands or their analogs in negotiating site-specific drug delivery have been reviewed and presented. Targeted delivery of bioactives using endogenous bio-ligands offers enormous options and opportunities through carrier construct engineering and could become a future reality in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, M.P. 470003, Sagar, India.
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Sakagami M, Hamana H. A selective ring opening reaction of 4,6-O-benzylidene acetals in carbohydrates using trialkylsilane derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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