1
|
Bhardwaj YR, Pareek A, Jain V, Kishore D. Chemical delivery systems and soft drugs: Retrometabolic approaches of drug design. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 22:290-302. [PMID: 25161372 PMCID: PMC4142369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of metabolic considerations in the drug design process leads to significant development in the field of chemical drug targeting and the design of safer drugs during past few years which is a part of an approach now designated as Retro metabolic drug design (RMDD). This approach represents systematic methodologies that integrate structure-activity and structure-metabolism relationships and are aimed to design safe, locally active compounds with an improved therapeutic index. It embraces two distinct methods, chemical delivery systems and a soft drug approach. Present review recapitulates an impression of RMDD giving reflections on the chemical delivery system and the soft drug approach and provides a variety of examples to embody its concepts. Successful application of such design principles has already been applied to a number of marketed drugs like esmolol; loteprednol etc., and many other candidates like beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimicrobials etc., are also under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Errahali YJ, Thomas LD, Keller TCS, Lee HJ. Inhibition by new glucocorticoid antedrugs [16α, 17α-d] isoxazoline and [16α, 17α-d]-3'-hydroxy-iminoformyl isoxazoline derivatives of chemotaxis and CCL26, CCL11, IL-8, and RANTES secretion. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:493-507. [PMID: 23679817 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying inflammation present in chronic airway diseases is orchestrated by increased secretion of CC and CXC chemokines that selectively recruit the leukocyte populations into the pulmonary system. Human chemokines, eotaxins (CCL11 and CCL26), RANTES, and interleukin (IL)-8, are dramatically upregulated through G-protein receptors in cell inflammation, including human asthma. In previous studies, a series of new glucocorticoid antedrugs (GCAs) were synthesized as derivatives of isoxazoline and oxime, and their pharmacological properties based on the antedrug concepts were evaluated. Utilizing both human airway epithelium (HAE) and eosinophil (EOS) cell culture models, we carried out studies to test the hypothesis that new GCA cell treatment would ameliorate Th-1/Th-2-driven secretion of these asthmatic biomarkers, eotaxins (CCL11 and CCL26), RANTES, and IL-8 chemokines, that would in turn decrease recruitment, proliferation, and activation of EOS cells. Results demonstrate that isoxazoline and oxime derivatives exhibit concentration-dependent inhibition, and specifically the compound No. 7 decreases significantly the secretion of eotaxins, RANTES, and IL-8 in cytokine-stimulated HAE cells. It was shown that EOS proliferation and activation were reduced considerably, and cell apoptosis occurred when exposed to nonfluorinated isoxazoline derivatives. These results provide evidence that concentration and structural manipulation of GCAs could increase the anti-inflammatory potency in treatment of chronic diseases, including asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes J Errahali
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira AEMDFM, de Medeiros BJL, Favacho HA, Tavares Carvalho JC. Action of AferBio (fermented food) in a rat inflammatory model. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:105-11. [PMID: 27186123 PMCID: PMC4863550 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s34953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AferBio is a fermented prebiotic food that contains beta-glucans, which are oligosaccharides capable of stimulating the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of this functional food on the inflammatory response in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS AferBio (900 mg/kg) inhibited edema formation by 34% compared to the control group. We also observed inhibition of the primary and secondary reactions of inflammation after the injection of Freund's adjuvant in the animals fed AferBio. Daily administration of AferBio for 6 d inhibited the formation of granulomatous tissue by 37%; additionally, inhibition of 31% of neutrophil migration downstream of carrageenan-induced peritonitis was observed. An ulcerogenic potency assay revealed that indomethacin produced a higher number of lesions compared to treatment with AferBio. Anti-inflammatory potency analysis showed that indomethacin inhibited 39% of carrageenan-induced edema but produced a higher number of lesions. However, animals treated with AferBio had areas of hyperemia without ulcerative lesions and 21% of edema was inhibited. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained in this study, AferBio appears to have anti-inflammatory activity during acute and chronic inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira
- Laboratory of Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Benedito Junior Lima de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Favacho
- Laboratory of Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Laboratory of Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
QSAR models for predicting enzymatic hydrolysis of new chemical entities in ‘soft-drug’ design. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3543-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Omar F Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Oklahoma 73096, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park KK, Ko DH, You Z, Khan MOF, Lee HJ. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of new steroidal antedrugs: [16alpha,17alpha-d] Isoxazoline and [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxy-iminoformyl isoxazoline derivatives of prednisolone and 9alpha-fluoroprednisolone. Steroids 2006; 71:183-8. [PMID: 16309722 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of new anti-inflammatory steroidal antedrugs with C-16,17-isoxazoline ring system were synthesized and their pharmacological activities were evaluated. We reported earlier that these compounds are promising antedrugs based on the results of 5-day rat croton oil ear edema assay. In the present study, most of these compounds showed high binding affinities to the glucocorticoid receptor of liver cytosol. 21-acetyloxy-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d] isoxazoline (FP-ISO-21AC) and 11beta,21-dihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d] isoxazoline (FP-ISO-21OH) were found 5.0-, 5.3-fold more potent than prednisolone, respectively. Inhibitory effects of the antedrugs on the nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. All these steroidal antedrugs exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production, but their relative potencies were lower than prednisolone. In vitro metabolism study in rat plasma showed that FP-ISO-21AC and 21-acetyloxy-9alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxyiminoformyl isoxazoline (FP-OXIM-21AC) were hydrolyzed rapidly, with the half-lives of 2.1 and 4.2 min, respectively. The half-lives of FP-ISO-21OH and 11beta,21-dihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadieno [16alpha,17alpha-d]-3'-hydroxyiminoformyl isoxazoline (FP-OXIM-21OH) were 92.2 and 110.2 min, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-K Park
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Research, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, FL 32307, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Little RJ, Rodríguez CG. Modeling of Human Corticosteroid Binding Globulin. Use of Structure–Activity Relations in Soft Steroid Binding to Refine the Structure. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1783-92. [PMID: 16132344 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-7624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose a model for human corticosteroid binding globulin that is capable of explaining at the molecular level the experimentally observed binding affinities of four ligands. A new method of analyzing data from docking studies is proposed. METHODS Displacement of radioactive ligand by competitive binding gives the experimentally determined binding affinities of the competitors. A theoretical model, based on homology with crystallographically determined structures, was studied in an automated docking procedure for the determination of theoretical affinities. The docking runs were analyzed by a hybrid principal component-clustering analysis. RESULTS Of the two binding sites considered, only one--that in the vicinity of Cys 60--can reproduce the experimentally observed order of binding affinities although the lowest energies are found at the site in the vicinity of Cys 228. CONCLUSIONS Models proposed for proteins should be always conditioned to take into account experimentally observed results. In the current work, we have shown that an informed analysis of theoretical docking studies can lead to a more logical model of the protein, one that can explain and give a deeper understanding of the stereochemical requirements of binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Little
- Department Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lazarova T, Chen JS, Hamann B, Kang JM, Homuth-Trombino D, Han F, Hoffmann E, McClure C, Eckstein J, Or YS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cyclosporin a analogues: potential soft drugs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. J Med Chem 2003; 46:674-6. [PMID: 12593646 DOI: 10.1021/jm025595i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A is effective in the treatment of asthma patients, but its chronic use is limited by toxicity. Novel cyclosporin A analogues were synthesized utilizing the olefin metathesis reaction and evaluated in a calcineurin A inhibition assay. The novel analogues demonstrated activity comparable to activity of the parent molecule and are potential soft drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Lazarova
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
Soft drug design represents a new approach aimed to design safer drugs with an increased therapeutic index by integrating metabolism considerations into the drug design process. Soft drugs are new therapeutic agents that undergo predictable metabolism to inactive metabolites after exerting their therapeutic effect. Hence, they are obtained by building into the molecule, in addition to the activity, the most desired way in which the molecule is to be deactivated and detoxified. In an attempt to systematize and summarize the related work done in a number of laboratories, including ours, the present review presents an overview of the general soft drug design principles and provides a variety of specific examples to illustrate the concepts. A number of already marketed drugs, such as esmolol, remifentanil, or loteprednol etabonate, resulted from the successful application of such design principles. Many other promising drug candidates are currently under investigation in a variety of fields including possible soft antimicrobials, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, beta-blockers, analgetics, ACE inhibitors, antiarrhythmics, and others. Whenever possible, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are briefly summarized and compared to those of other compounds used in the same field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bodor
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Florida, Health Science Center, P.O. Box 100497, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0497, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|