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Wang S, Ren X, Li J, Lin C, Zhou J, Zhou J, Gu J. NAP1L4 inhibits porcine circovirus type 2 replication via IFN-β signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108692. [PMID: 32605741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein (Cap) was previously reported to interact with nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 4 (NAP1L4). The biological function of Cap-NAP1L4 interaction is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PCV2 Cap could directly interact with NAP1L4, which the amino acid residues 124-279 of NAP1L4 were responsible for the interaction. Furthermore, over-expression of NAP1L4 down-regulated the expression of PCV2 Cap and Rep. DNA copies and virus titers were also decreased in NAP1L4 over-expressed PK15 cells. While, knockout of NAP1L4 through CRISPR/Cas9 technology in PK15 cells could up-regulate the mRNA and protein levels of PCV2 Cap and Rep. PCV2 genomic DNA copies and virus titers were also increased in NAP1L4-knockdown/-knockout PK15 cells compared with wild type PK15 cells. In addition, NAP1L4 depletion was demonstrated to facilitate cytosolic carboxypeptidase-like protein 5 (CCP5) and cytosolic carboxypeptidase 6 (CCP6) expression, which could activate cGAS to promote IFN-β production. Indeed, knockout of NAP1L4 was also confirmed to increase IFN-β expression. And IFN-β stimulation could promote PCV2 replication in PK15 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that NAP1L4 interacts with PCV2 Cap and inhibits PCV2 replication through regulating IFN-β production. Our study provides theoretical basis for further study of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuqian Ren
- Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Veterianry Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Lin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Veterianry Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Veterianry Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Veterianry Medical Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Cao L, Sun W, Lu H, Tian M, Xie C, Zhao G, Han J, Wang W, Zheng M, Du R, Jin N, Qian A. Genetic variation analysis of PCV1 strains isolated from Guangxi Province of China in 2015. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:43. [PMID: 29415728 PMCID: PMC5803923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was discovered in 1974 as a contaminant of a porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line and was generally accepted to be nonpathogenic. But recently it was shown to cause lesions in experimentally infected pig fetuses. Serological evidence and genetic studies suggested that PCV1 was widespread in domestic pigs. Thus, the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of PCV1 are still necessary to understand. Results Here 247 tissue samples were collected from piglets in Guangxi Province, China and performed whole-genome sequencing of the PCV1 genome. Thirteen PCV1 strains were sequenced from the samples. Similarity analysis showed that there were 97.8% to 99.6% nucleotide similarity to each other and 97.1% to 99.8% nucleotide similarity to the 40 reference strains. Besides, based on sequence analysis, we found one putative recombinant virus named GXdx84 strain contained the open-reading frame 1 (ORF1) of PCV1 and the ORF2 of PCV2d-2, which was consistent with the results of phylogenetic analysis that compared PCV1 and PCV2 strains. Variation analysis of the amino acids of the capsid protein revealed that the GXyl224 strain, which encoded 235 amino acids, had two amino acids more than other strains. This is the first study to report that a cap gene mutation resulted in lengthening of in the gene sequence. Conclusions These data contribute to the understanding of PCV1 evolution and molecular epidemiology that will facilitate programs for its control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aidong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
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Multi-platform analysis reveals a complex transcriptome architecture of a circovirus. Virus Res 2017; 237:37-46. [PMID: 28549855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used Pacific Biosciences RS II long-read and Illumina HiScanSQ short-read sequencing technologies for the characterization of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV-1) transcripts. Our aim was to identify novel RNA molecules and transcript isoforms, as well as to determine the exact 5'- and 3'-end sequences of previously described transcripts with single base-pair accuracy. We discovered a novel 3'-UTR length isoform of the Cap transcript, and a non-spliced Cap transcript variant. Additionally, our analysis has revealed a 3'-UTR isoform of Rep and two 5'-UTR isoforms of Rep' transcripts, and a novel splice variant of the longer Rep' transcript. We also explored two novel long transcripts, one with a previously identified splice site, and a formerly undetected mRNA of ORF3. Altogether, our methods have identified nine novel RNA molecules, doubling the size of PCV-1 transcriptome that had been known before. Additionally, our investigations revealed an intricate pattern of transcript overlapping, which might produce transcriptional interference between the transcriptional machineries of adjacent genes, and thereby may potentially play a role in the regulation of gene expression in circoviruses.
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Wen LB, Wang FZ, He KW, Li B, Wang XM, Guo RL, Xie JP. Transcriptional analysis of porcine circovirus-like virus P1. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:287. [PMID: 25440084 PMCID: PMC4258304 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently identified porcine circovirus-like virus P1 has the smallest DNA viral genome. In this study, we identified the viral genes and their corresponding mRNA transcripts. Results The RNAs of P1, synthesized in porcine kidney cells, were examined with northern blotting and PCR analyses. Eight virus-specific RNAs were detected. Four mRNAs (open reading frames (ORFs) 1, 2, 4, and 5) are encoded by the viral (−) strand and four (ORFs 3, 6, 7, and 8) are encoded by the viral (+) strand. All proteins encoded by the ORFs of the P1 virus are less than 50 amino acids in length, except that encoded by ORF1 (113 amino acids). Conclusions We show a very complex viral transcription pattern in P1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-bin Wen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Feng-zhi Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Kong-wang He
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Xiao-min Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Rong-li Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Jian-ping Xie
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture · National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Gao Z, Dong Q, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Wang J, Quan Y, Yang Z. ORF4-protein deficient PCV2 mutants enhance virus-induced apoptosis and show differential expression of mRNAs in vitro. Virus Res 2014; 183:56-62. [PMID: 24503223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential infectious agent of PCV associated disease (PCVAD). During previous in vitro studies, 11 RNAs and four viral proteins have been detected in PCV2-infected cells. Open reading frame (ORF) 4 is 180bp in length and has been identified at the transcription and the translation level. It overlaps completely with ORF3, which has a role in virus-induced apoptosis. In this study, start codon mutations (M1-PCV2) or in-frame termination mutations (M2-PCV2) were utilized to construct two ORF4-protein deficient viruses aiming to investigate its role in viral infection. The abilities of M1-PCV2 and M2-PCV2 to replicate, transcribe, express viral proteins, and to cause cellular apoptosis were evaluated. Viral DNA replication curves supported that the ORF4 protein is not essential for viral replication, but inhibits viral replication in the early stage of infection. Comparison of the expression level of ORF3 mRNA among wild-type and ORF4-deficient viruses in infected PK-15 cell demonstrated enhanced ORF3 transcription of both ORF4 mutants suggesting that the ORF4 protein may play an important role by restricting ORF3 transcription thereby preventing virus-induced apoptosis. This is further confirmed by the significantly higher caspase 3 and 8 activities in M1-PCV2 and M2-PCV2 compared to wild-type PCV2. Furthermore, the role of ORF4 in cell apoptosis and a possible interaction with the ORF1 associated Rep protein could perhaps explain the rapid viral growth in the early stage of infection and the higher expression level of ORF1 mRNA in ORF4 protein deficient PCV2 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinfang Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jingxiu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Quan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Cheung AK. Porcine circovirus: transcription and DNA replication. Virus Res 2011; 164:46-53. [PMID: 22036834 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the molecular studies pertaining to porcine circovirus (PCV) transcription and DNA replication. The genome of PCV is circular, single-stranded DNA and contains 1759-1768 nucleotides. Both the genome-strand (packaged in the virus particle) and the complementary-strand (synthesized in the new host) encode viral proteins. Among a multitude of RNAs synthesized by alternate splicing, only rep and rep' are essential for virus DNA replication via the rolling-circle replication (RCR) mechanism. In contrast to other RCR biological systems which utilize only one multi-functional protein, Rep, to replicate their respective genomes, PCV requires two proteins, Rep and Rep'. During DNA synthesis, the PCV origin of DNA replication (Ori), which contains a pair of inverted repeats (palindrome), exists in a destabilized four-stranded configuration (the melting-pot model) and permits both the palindromic-strand and the complementary-strand to serve as templates simultaneously for initiation and termination. Inherent in the "melting-pot" model is the template-strand-switching mechanism. This mechanism is the basis for the "correction or conversion" of any mutated nucleotide sequences engineered into either arm of the palindrome and the incorporation of "illegitimate recombination" (addition or deletion of nucleotides) events that are commonly observed at the Ori of other RCR biological systems during DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Cheung
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Replacement of the replication factors of porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 with those of PCV type 1 greatly enhances viral replication in vitro. J Virol 2010; 84:8986-9. [PMID: 20573809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00522-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), originally isolated as a contaminant of PK-15 cells, is nonpathogenic, whereas porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes an economically important disease in pigs. To determine the factors affecting virus replication, we constructed chimeric viruses by swapping open reading frame 1 (ORF1) (rep) or the origin of replication (Ori) between PCV1 and PCV2 and compared the replication efficiencies of the chimeric viruses in PK-15 cells. The results showed that the replication factors of PCV1 and PCV2 are fully exchangeable and, most importantly, that both the Ori and rep of PCV1 enhance the virus replication efficiencies of the chimeric viruses with the PCV2 backbone.
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Meng T, Jia Q, Liu S, Karuppannan AK, Chang CC, Kwang J. Characterization and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies recognizing N-terminus of Rep of porcine circovirus type 2. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:222-9. [PMID: 20152863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two genotypes of porcine circovirus (PCV) have been described, the non-pathogenic PCV1 and the pathogenic PCV2 in pigs. PCV-ORF1 encodes Rep and Rep' proteins which have identical N-terminal sequence (RepN) within each PCV strain, but RepN has only 88% similarity between PCV1 and PCV2. Purified RepN of PCV2 was used as an immunogen to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). 11 mAbs were screened out and established, and they were divided into two groups according to Western blot and IFA results. One group, including 1C1, bound only PCV2-RepN, while the other, including 3D10, had cross reactivity with RepN of both PCV1 and PCV2. Epitope mapping indicated that 1C1 and 3D10 recognized the linear epitopes L(39)FDYFIVG(46) and K(99)EGNLLIE(106) in PCV2-RepN, respectively. Protein sequence alignment of RepN indicated L(39)FDYFIVG(46) is conserved in all PCV2 in NCBI database, whereas the PCV1 has amino acid substitutions V(41)C(42) in this region. mAb 3D10 could recognize all PCV because all natural mutations in its epitope did not affect its binding. The information about characteristics and epitope of monoclonal antibodies may be useful for the development of diagnostic methods for PCV2 and for analyzing the function of Rep and Rep' of PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604 Singapore, Singapore
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Bratanich A, Blanchetot A. A Gene Similar to the Human Hyaluronan-mediated Motility Receptor (RHAMM) Gene is Upregulated During Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection. Virus Genes 2006; 32:145-52. [PMID: 16604446 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-6870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known on the cellular events triggered by the Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Porcine Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). The differential display reverse-transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) was used to identify cellular target molecules in lymph node tissue that were regulated in PMWS. Comparative profile analysis of a pool of lymph node tissues from PMWS and healthy animals showed that some transcripts were up-regulated in PMWS. Bacterial recombinant clones containing up-regulated transcripts were analyzed by reverse dot blot. Clones showing enhanced hybridization when probed with cDNAs from PMWS animals were sequenced and compared to existing databases. Two of the differentially regulated transcripts displayed homology with human genes such as an RNA splicing factor and hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM). Clones encoding theses genes were subsequently used as probes to analyze their expression pattern in PK15 cells persistently infected with PCV2. Northern blot analyzes indicated that these transcripts were up-regulated in these cells as observed in infected lymph node tissue from PMWS cases. A role for the up-regulation of the RHAMM gene is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bratanich
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105, USA.
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