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Kell AM. Innate Immunity to Orthohantaviruses: Could Divergent Immune Interactions Explain Host-specific Disease Outcomes? J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167230. [PMID: 34487792 PMCID: PMC8894506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Orthohantavirus (family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) consists of numerous genetic and pathologically distinct viral species found within rodent and mammalian insectivore populations world-wide. Although reservoir hosts experience persistent asymptomatic infection, numerous rodent-borne orthohantaviruses cause severe disease when transmitted to humans, with case-fatality rates up to 40%. The first isolation of an orthohantavirus occurred in 1976 and, since then, the field has made significant progress in understanding the immune correlates of disease, viral interactions with the human innate immune response, and the immune kinetics of reservoir hosts. Much still remains elusive regarding the molecular mechanisms of orthohantavirus recognition by the innate immune response and viral antagonism within the reservoir host, however. This review provides a summary of the last 45 years of research into orthohantavirus interaction with the host innate immune response. This summary includes discussion of current knowledge involving human, non-reservoir rodent, and reservoir innate immune responses to viruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome. Review of the literature concludes with a brief proposition for the development of novel tools needed to drive forward investigations into the molecular mechanisms of innate immune activation and consequences for disease outcomes in the various hosts for orthohantaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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2
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Host Cell Restriction Factors of Bunyaviruses and Viral Countermeasures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050784. [PMID: 33925004 PMCID: PMC8146327 DOI: 10.3390/v13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order comprises more than 500 viruses (generally defined as bunyaviruses) classified into 12 families. Some of these are highly pathogenic viruses infecting different hosts, including humans, mammals, reptiles, arthropods, birds, and/or plants. Host cell sensing of infection activates the innate immune system that aims at inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), numerous signaling cascades are activated, leading to the production of interferons (IFNs). IFNs act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to establish an antiviral state by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some of these ISGs are known to restrict bunyavirus infection. Along with other constitutively expressed host cellular factors with antiviral activity, these proteins (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) target different steps of the viral cycle, including viral entry, genome transcription and replication, and virion egress. In reaction to this, bunyaviruses have developed strategies to circumvent this antiviral response, by avoiding cellular recognition of PAMPs, inhibiting IFN production or interfering with the IFN-mediated response. Herein, we review the current knowledge on host cellular factors that were shown to restrict infections by bunyaviruses. Moreover, we focus on the strategies developed by bunyaviruses in order to escape the antiviral state developed by the infected cells.
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3
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Kell AM, Hemann EA, Turnbull JB, Gale M. RIG-I-like receptor activation drives type I IFN and antiviral signaling to limit Hantaan orthohantavirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008483. [PMID: 32330200 PMCID: PMC7202661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic hantaviruses, genus Orthohantaviridae, are maintained in rodent reservoirs with zoonotic transmission to humans occurring through inhalation of rodent excreta. Hantavirus disease in humans is characterized by localized vascular leakage and elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Despite the constant potential for deadly zoonotic transmission to humans, specific virus-host interactions of hantaviruses that lead to innate immune activation, and how these processes impart disease, remain unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of viral recognition and innate immune activation of Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) infection. We identified the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway as essential for innate immune activation, interferon (IFN) production, and interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression in response to HTNV infection in human endothelial cells, and in murine cells representative of a non-reservoir host. Our results demonstrate that innate immune activation and signaling through the RLR pathway depends on viral replication wherein the host response can significantly restrict replication in target cells in a manner dependent on the type 1 interferon receptor (IFNAR). Importantly, following HTNV infection of a non-reservoir host murine model, IFNAR-deficient mice had higher viral loads, increased persistence, and greater viral dissemination to lung, spleen, and kidney compared to wild-type animals. Surprisingly, this response was MAVS independent in vivo. Innate immune profiling in these tissues demonstrates that HTNV infection triggers expression of IFN-regulated cytokines early during infection. We conclude that the RLR pathway is essential for recognition of HTNV infection to direct innate immune activation and control of viral replication in vitro, and that additional virus sensing and innate immune response pathways of IFN and cytokine regulation contribute to control of HTNV in vivo. These results reveal a critical role for innate immune regulation in driving divergent outcomes of HTNV infection, and serve to inform studies to identify therapeutic targets to alleviate human hantavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - J. Bryan Turnbull
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle United States of America
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4
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Reuter M, Krüger DH. The nucleocapsid protein of hantaviruses: much more than a genome-wrapping protein. Virus Genes 2017; 54:5-16. [PMID: 29159494 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of hantaviruses represents an impressive example of a viral multifunctional protein. It encompasses properties as diverse as genome packaging, RNA chaperoning, intracellular protein transport, DNA degradation, intervention in host translation, and restricting host immune responses. These functions all rely on the capability of N to interact with RNA and other viral and cellular proteins. We have compiled data on the N protein of different hantavirus species together with information of the recently published three-dimensional structural data of the protein. The array of diverse functional activities accommodated in the hantaviral N protein goes far beyond to be a static structural protein and makes it an interesting target in the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reuter
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Ma H, Han P, Ye W, Chen H, Zheng X, Cheng L, Zhang L, Yu L, Wu X, Xu Z, Lei Y, Zhang F. The Long Noncoding RNA NEAT1 Exerts Antihantaviral Effects by Acting as Positive Feedback for RIG-I Signaling. J Virol 2017; 91:e02250-16. [PMID: 28202761 PMCID: PMC5391460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02250-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus infection, which causes zoonotic diseases with a high mortality rate in humans, has long been a global public health concern. Over the past decades, accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key regulatory roles in innate immunity. However, the involvement of host lncRNAs in hantaviral control remains uncharacterized. In this study, we identified the lncRNA NEAT1 as a vital antiviral modulator. NEAT1 was dramatically upregulated after Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection, whereas its downregulation in vitro or in vivo delayed host innate immune responses and aggravated HTNV replication. Ectopic expression of NEAT1 enhanced beta interferon (IFN-β) production and suppressed HTNV infection. Further investigation suggested that NEAT1 served as positive feedback for RIG-I signaling. HTNV infection activated NEAT1 transcription through the RIG-I-IRF7 pathway, whereas NEAT1 removed the transcriptional inhibitory effects of the splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich protein (SFPQ) by relocating SFPQ to paraspeckles, thus promoting the expression of RIG-I and DDX60. RIG-I and DDX60 had synergic effects on IFN production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that NEAT1 modulates the innate immune response against HTNV infection, providing another layer of information about the role of lncRNAs in controlling viral infections.IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses have attracted worldwide attention as archetypal emerging pathogens. Recently, increasing evidence has highlighted long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as key regulators of innate immunity; however, their roles in hantavirus infection remain unknown. In the present work, a new unexplored function of lncRNA NEAT1 in controlling HTNV replication was found. NEAT1 promoted interferon (IFN) responses by acting as positive feedback for RIG-I signaling. This lncRNA was induced by HTNV through the RIG-I-IRF7 pathway in a time- and dose-dependent manner and promoted HTNV-induced IFN production by facilitating RIG-I and DDX60 expression. Intriguingly, NEAT1 relocated SFPQ and formed paraspeckles after HTNV infection, which might reverse inhibitive effects of SFPQ on the transcription of RIG-I and DDX60. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to address the regulatory role of the lncRNA NEAT1 in host innate immunity after HTNV infection. In summary, our findings provide additional insights regarding the role of lncRNAs in controlling viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peijun Han
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hesong Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing'an Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhikai Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Xu-Yang Z, Pei-Yu B, Chuan-Tao Y, Wei Y, Hong-Wei M, Kang T, Chun-Mei Z, Ying-Feng L, Xin W, Ping-Zhong W, Chang-Xing H, Xue-Fan B, Ying Z, Zhan-Sheng J. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Inhibits Hantaan Virus Infection, and Its Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs12252 Influences the Severity of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 7:535. [PMID: 28096800 PMCID: PMC5206578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Previous studies have identified interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) as an interferon-stimulated gene family. However, the role of IFITMs in HTNV infection is unclear. In this study, we observed that IFITM3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs12252 C allele and CC genotype associated with the disease severity and HTNV load in the plasma of HFRS patients. In vitro experiments showed that the truncated protein produced by the rs12252 C allele exhibited an impaired anti-HTNV activity. We also proved that IFITM3 was able to inhibit HTNV infection in both HUVEC and A549 cells by overexpression and RNAi assays, likely via a mechanism of inhibiting virus entry demonstrated by binding and entry assay. Localization of IFITM3 in late endosomes was also observed. In addition, we demonstrated that the transcription of IFITM3 is negatively regulated by an lncRNA negative regulator of interferon response (NRIR). Taken together, we conclude that IFITM3, negatively regulated by NRIR, inhibits HTNV infection, and its SNP rs12252 correlates with the plasma HTNV load and the disease severity of patients with HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu-Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Bian Pei-Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ye Chuan-Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ma Hong-Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Tang Kang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhang Chun-Mei
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Lei Ying-Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Wang Ping-Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Huang Chang-Xing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Bai Xue-Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhang Ying
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jia Zhan-Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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7
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Ermonval M, Baychelier F, Tordo N. What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts? Viruses 2016; 8:v8080223. [PMID: 27529272 PMCID: PMC4997585 DOI: 10.3390/v8080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS) are observed in the Americas. In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses interact with their different hosts still remains elusive. What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This review summarizes recent data documenting interactions established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with their natural or human hosts that could highlight their different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Baychelier
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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8
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Zhang Y, Ma W, Mo X, Zhao H, Zheng H, Ke C, Zheng W, Tu Y, Zhang Y. Erratum: Differential expressed genes in ECV304 Endothelial-like Cells infected with Human Cytomegalovirus. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:864-79. [PMID: 24940306 PMCID: PMC4056481 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a virus which has the potential to alter cellular gene expression through multiple mechanisms. OBJECTIVE With the application of DNA microarrays, we could monitor the effects of pathogens on host-cell gene expression programmes in great depth and on a broad scale. METHODS Changes in mRNA expression levels of human endothelial-like ECV304 cells following infection with human cytomegalovirus AD169 strain was analyzed by a microarray system comprising 21073 60-mer oligonucleotide probes which represent 18716 human genes or transcripts. RESULTS The results from cDNA microarray showed that there were 559 differential expressed genes consisted of 471 upregulated genes and 88 down-regulated genes. Real-time qPCR was performed to validate the expression of 6 selected genes (RPS24, MGC8721, SLC27A3, MST4, TRAF2 and LRRC28), and the results of which were consistent with those from the microarray. Among 237 biology processes, 39 biology processes were found to be related significantly to HCMV-infection. The signal transduction is the most significant biological process with the lowest p value (p=0.005) among all biological process which involved in response to HCMV infection. CONCLUSION Several of these gene products might play key roles in virus-induced pathogenesis. These findings may help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of HCMV caused diseases. [This corrects the article on p. 243 in vol. 13, PMID: 24235919.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laborotary Science, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Wenli Ma
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyang Mo
- The Center for Heart Development, Key Lab of National Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410006 China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Province Center of Disease Control Virology Section, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510033, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Province Center of Disease Control Virology Section, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510033, China
| | - Wenling Zheng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Forth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710038, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Forth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710038, China
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9
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Park SW, Han MG, Park C, Ju YR, Ahn BY, Ryou J. Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein stimulates MDM2-dependent p53 degradation. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2424-2428. [PMID: 23994832 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been shown to be induced and downregulated by the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid (N) protein. To address these conflicting data, expression of the p53 protein, one of the key molecules involved in apoptosis, was assessed in the presence of the N protein in A549 and HeLa cells. The amount of p53, increased by drug treatment, was reduced when cells were infected with HTNV or transfected with an expression vector of the HTNV N protein. When cells were treated with a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) or an MDM2 antagonist (Nutlin-3), p53 expression was not reduced in N protein-overexpressed cells. We concluded that the HTNV N protein ubiquitinates and degrades p53 MDM2-dependently. Here we report downregulation of p53 expression through a post-translational mechanism: MDM2-dependent ubiquitination and degradation by the HTNV N protein. These results indicate that N protein-dependent p53 degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the anti-apoptotic mechanisms employed by HTNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Whan Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Guk Han
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Ju
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yoon Ahn
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsang Ryou
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Republic of Korea
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10
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Xiaoyang M, Haiquan Z, Huanying Z, Changwen K, Wenling Z, Yanyang T, Yongsheng Z. Global analysis of differential expressed genes in ECV304 Endothelial-like cells infected with human cytomegalovirus. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:243-51. [PMID: 24235919 PMCID: PMC3824489 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a virus which has the potential to alter cellular gene expression through multiple mechanisms. OBJECTIVE With the application of DNA microarrays, we could monitor the effects of pathogens on host-cell gene expression programmes in great depth and on a broad scale. METHODS Changes in mRNA expression levels of human endothelial-like ECV304 cells following infection with human cytomegalovirus AD169 strain was analyzed by a microarray system comprising 21073 60-mer oligonucleotide probes which represent 18716 human genes or transcripts. RESULTS The results from cDNA microarray showed that there were 559 differential expressed genes consisted of 471 upregulated genes and 88 down-regulated genes. Real-time qPCR was performed to validate the expression of 6 selected genes (RPS24, MGC8721, SLC27A3, MST4, TRAF2 and LRRC28), and the results of which were consistent with those from the microarray. Among 237 biology processes, 39 biology processes were found to be related significantly to HCMV-infection. The signal transduction is the most significant biological process with the lowest p value (p=0.005) among all biological process which involved in response to HCMV infection. CONCLUSION Several of these gene products might play key roles in virus-induced pathogenesis. These findings may help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of HCMV caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Xiaoyang
- Department of Clinical Laborotary Science, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
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11
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Popugaeva E, Witkowski PT, Schlegel M, Ulrich RG, Auste B, Rang A, Krüger DH, Klempa B. Dobrava-Belgrade hantavirus from Germany shows receptor usage and innate immunity induction consistent with the pathogenicity of the virus in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35587. [PMID: 22545121 PMCID: PMC3335829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) is a European hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans with fatality rates of up to 12%. DOBV-associated clinical cases typically occur also in the northern part of Germany where the virus is carried by the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). However, the causative agent responsible for human illness has not been previously isolated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we report on characterization of a novel cell culture isolate from Germany obtained from a lung tissue of “spillover” infected yellow necked mouse (A. flavicollis) trapped near the city of Greifswald. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated close clustering of the new strain, designated Greifswald/Aa (GRW/Aa) with the nucleotide sequence obtained from a northern German HFRS patient. The virus was effectively blocked by specific antibodies directed against β3 integrins and Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) indicating that the virus uses same receptors as the highly pathogenic Hantaan virus (HTNV). In addition, activation of selected innate immunity markers as interferon β and λ and antiviral protein MxA after viral infection of A549 cells was investigated and showed that the virus modulates the first-line antiviral response in a similar way as HTNV. Conclusions/Significance In summary, our study reveals novel data on DOBV receptor usage and innate immunity induction in relationship to virus pathogenicity and underlines the potency of German DOBV strains to act as human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter T. Witkowski
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Brita Auste
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rang
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H. Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lee MH, Lalwani P, Raftery MJ, Matthaei M, Lütteke N, Kirsanovs S, Binder M, Ulrich RG, Giese T, Wolff T, Krüger DH, Schönrich G. RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I as a sensor of Hantaan virus replication. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2191-2200. [PMID: 21632559 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) causes severe human disease. The HTNV genome consists of three ssRNA segments of negative polarity that are complexed with viral nucleocapsid (N) protein. How the human innate immune system detects HTNV is unclear. RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) does not sense genomic HTNV RNA. So far it has not been analysed whether pathogen-associated molecular patterns generated during the HTNV replication trigger RIG-I-mediated innate responses. Indeed, we found that knock-down of RIG-I in A549 cells, an alveolar epithelial cell line, increases HTNV replication and prevents induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, an interferon-stimulated gene. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type or constitutive active RIG-I in Huh7.5 cells lacking a functional RIG-I diminished HTNV virion production. Intriguingly, reporter assays revealed that in vitro-transcribed HTNV N RNA and expression of the HTNV N ORF triggers RIG-I signalling. This effect was completely blocked by the RNA-binding domain of vaccinia virus E3 protein, suggesting that dsRNA-like secondary structures of HTNV N RNA stimulate RIG-I. Finally, transfection of HTNV N RNA into A549 cells resulted in a 2 log-reduction of viral titres upon challenge with virus. Our study is the first demonstration that RIG-I mediates antiviral innate responses induced by HTNV N RNA during HTNV replication and interferes with HTNV growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hi Lee
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nina Lütteke
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Kirsanovs
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Veloso A, Warr GW, Browdy CL, Chapman RW. The transcriptomic response to viral infection of two strains of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:241-6. [PMID: 20955731 PMCID: PMC7103212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which data-intensive studies of the transcriptome can provide insight into biological responses is not well defined, especially in the case of species (such as shrimp) where much physiological and biochemical knowledge is missing. In this study we took a transcriptomic approach to gain insight into the response to viral infection of two strains of the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) that differ in their resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV). Changes in gene expression in the hepatopancreas following infection with TSV and Yellow Head Virus (YHV) were assessed using a cDNA microarray containing 2469 putative unigenes. The null hypothesis tested was that significant differences between the transcriptomic responses to viral infection of resistant and sensitive strains would not be detected. This hypothesis was broadly rejected, with the most surprising observation being that the baseline (control, unchallenged) sensitive and resistant strains expressed distinguishable transcriptomic signatures. The resistant line was pre-disposed to lower expression of genes encoding viral (and host) proteins. Many of the genes differentiating resistant and sensitive lines are involved in protein metabolism, cellular trafficking, immune defense and stress response, although it was not possible to clearly identify candidate genes responsible for TSV resistance. In contrast to TSV challenge, YSV either failed to perturb the host transcriptome or created a "confused" response that was difficult to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Veloso
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Biology Department, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gregory W. Warr
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Craig L. Browdy
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert W. Chapman
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
- Corresponding author at: A205 Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, USA. Tel.: +1 843 762 8860; fax: +1 843 762 8737.
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14
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Prescott J, Hall P, Acuna-Retamar M, Ye C, Wathelet MG, Ebihara H, Feldmann H, Hjelle B. New World hantaviruses activate IFNlambda production in type I IFN-deficient vero E6 cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11159. [PMID: 20567522 PMCID: PMC2887373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantaviruses indigenous to the New World are the etiologic agents of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). These viruses induce a strong interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) response in human endothelial cells. African green monkey-derived Vero E6 cells are used to propagate hantaviruses as well as many other viruses. The utility of the Vero E6 cell line for virus production is thought to owe to their lack of genes encoding type I interferons (IFN), rendering them unable to mount an efficient innate immune response to virus infection. Interferon lambda, a more recently characterized type III IFN, is transcriptionally controlled much like the type I IFNs, and activates the innate immune system in a similar manner. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that Vero E6 cells respond to hantavirus infection by secreting abundant IFNlambda. Three New World hantaviruses were similarly able to induce IFNlambda expression in this cell line. The IFNlambda contained within virus preparations generated with Vero E6 cells independently activates ISGs when used to infect several non-endothelial cell lines, whereas innate immune responses by endothelial cells are specifically due to viral infection. We show further that Sin Nombre virus replicates to high titer in human hepatoma cells (Huh7) without inducing ISGs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Herein we report that Vero E6 cells respond to viral infection with a highly active antiviral response, including secretion of abundant IFNlambda. This cytokine is biologically active, and when contained within viral preparations and presented to human epithelioid cell lines, results in the robust activation of innate immune responses. We also show that both Huh7 and A549 cell lines do not respond to hantavirus infection, confirming that the cytoplasmic RNA helicase pathways possessed by these cells are not involved in hantavirus recognition. We demonstrate that Vero E6 actively respond to virus infection and inhibiting IFNlambda production in these cells might increase their utility for virus propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Pamela Hall
- Research Service (151), New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mariana Acuna-Retamar
- Department of Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Department of Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marc G. Wathelet
- Department of Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian Hjelle
- Department of Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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15
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Nasirudeen AMA, Liu DX. Gene expression profiling by microarray analysis reveals an important role for caspase-1 in dengue virus-induced p53-mediated apoptosis. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1069-81. [PMID: 19382257 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a dengue virus-induced apoptosis p53- and mitochondria-mediated were reported in human and animal cells. To understand further the underlying mechanisms, a p53-deficient cell line, H1299, and a p53-knockin cell line, H273, were infected with dengue type 1 virus and the cellular gene expression profiles at the mRNA level were analyzed by affymetrix array analysis. The results showed 183 genes with at least twofold increase at mRNA expression level in dengue virus-infected cells. Among the 183 genes, 68 genes were up-regulated in both H1299 and H273 cells and 78 genes were found to be up-regulated in only H273 cells. Eleven selected genes, mainly involved in IFN-pathway, cell cycle, signal transduction, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways were confirmed using qualitative and quantitative PCR. Interestingly, an approximately 32-fold increase in caspase-1 expression was observed in the p53-knockin cell line, H273. Gene silencing of caspase-1 or inhibition of caspase-1 activity led to reduction in dengue virus-induced apoptosis with minimal effect on virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M A Nasirudeen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Jääskeläinen KM, Plyusnina A, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A. Tula hantavirus isolate with the full-length ORF for nonstructural protein NSs survives for more consequent passages in interferon-competent cells than the isolate having truncated NSs ORF. Virol J 2008; 5:3. [PMID: 18190677 PMCID: PMC2253529 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The competitiveness of two Tula hantavirus (TULV) isolates, TULV/Lodz and TULV/Moravia, was evaluated in interferon (IFN) -competent and IFN-deficient cells. The two isolates differ in the length of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the nonstructural protein NSs, which has previously been shown to inhibit IFN response in infected cells. Results In IFN-deficient Vero E6 cells both TULV isolates survived equally well. In contrast, in IFN-competent MRC5 cells TULV/Lodz isolate, that possesses the NSs ORF for the full-length protein of 90 aa, survived for more consequent passages than TULV/Moravia isolate, which contains the ORF for truncated NSs protein (66–67 aa). Conclusion Our data show that expression of a full-length NSs protein is beneficial for the virus survival and competitiveness in IFN-competent cells and not essential in IFN-deficient cells. These results suggest that the N-terminal aa residues are important for the full activity of the NSs protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi M Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, PO Box 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Stoltz M, Ahlm C, Lundkvist A, Klingström J. Lambda interferon (IFN-lambda) in serum is decreased in hantavirus-infected patients, and in vitro-established infection is insensitive to treatment with all IFNs and inhibits IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide production. J Virol 2007; 81:8685-91. [PMID: 17522204 PMCID: PMC1951347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), are known to be sensitive to nitric oxide (NO) and to pretreatment with type I and II interferons (alpha interferon [IFN-alpha]/IFN-beta and IFN-gamma, respectively). Elevated serum levels of NO and IFN-gamma have been observed in HFRS patients, but little is known regarding the systemic levels of other IFNs and the possible effects of hantaviruses on innate antiviral immune responses. In Puumala virus-infected HFRS patients (n = 18), we report that the levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are similar, whereas the level of IFN-lambda (type III IFN) is significantly decreased, during acute (day of hospitalization) compared to the convalescent phase. The possible antiviral effects of IFN-lambda on the prototypic hantavirus Hantaan virus (HTNV) replication was then investigated. Pretreatment of A549 cells with IFN-lambda alone inhibited HTNV replication, and IFN-lambda combined with IFN-gamma induced additive antiviral effects. We then studied the effect of postinfection treatment with IFNs. Interestingly, an already-established HTNV infection was insensitive to subsequent IFN-alpha, -beta, -gamma, and -lambda stimulation, and HTNV-infected cells produced less NO compared to noninfected cells when stimulated with IFN-gamma and IL-1beta. Furthermore, less phosphorylated STAT1 after IFN treatment was observed in the nuclei of infected cells than in those of noninfected cells. The results suggest that hantavirus can interfere with the activation of antiviral innate immune responses in patients and inhibit the antiviral effects of all IFNs. We believe that future studies addressing the mechanisms by which hantaviruses interfere with the activation and shaping of immune responses may bring more knowledge regarding HFRS and HCPS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Oelschlegel R, Krüger DH, Rang A. MxA-independent inhibition of Hantaan virus replication induced by type I and type II interferon in vitro. Virus Res 2007; 127:100-5. [PMID: 17482705 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) induce an antiviral state against Hantaan virus (HTNV) but the mechanisms responsible for inhibition are unclear. The IFN-inducible MxA is discussed to be important for control of infections with hantaviruses. To characterize the role of endogenous MxA, the inhibition of HTNV induced by type I and type II IFNs was compared in Vero and A549 cells. IFNalpha and IFNgamma reduced production of infectious virions, viral RNA, and nucleocapsid protein with the same efficiency, although expression of MxA protein was detectable only in IFNalpha-treated A549 cells. Furthermore, knock down of MxA expression did not impair IFNalpha-induced inhibition. Thus, inhibition of HTNV induced by type I and type II IFNs did not dependent on expression of endogenous MxA. Taken together, these data suggest that MxA endogenously expressed in response to type I or type II IFNs does not play a pivotal role for the antiviral state against HTNV and that there is more than one mechanism by which cellular defences block hantavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Oelschlegel
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, University Hospital Charité, Charité Campus Mitte, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Boyd A, Fazakerley JK, Bridgen A. Pathogenesis of Dugbe virus infection in wild-type and interferon-deficient mice. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2005-2009. [PMID: 16760403 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 129 mice, infection with the nairovirus Dugbe virus (DUGV) was lethal following intracerebral but not intraperitoneal inoculation. Following both routes of inoculation, immunostaining of tissue sections demonstrated virus-positive cells in the brain, indicating that DUGV is neuroinvasive in mice. Many brain areas were affected and neurones were the main cell type infected. Infected cells showed punctate accumulations of viral nucleoprotein in the cytoplasm, indicative of virus replication sites. Immunostaining for activated caspase 3 demonstrated no evidence of apoptosis. The type I interferon (IFN) system plays a significant role in defence against DUGV, as 129 IFN-alpha/beta R(-/-) mice died rapidly following both intraperitoneal and intracerebral inoculations. Studies were undertaken to determine whether the IFN-inducible proteins, protein kinase R (PKR) and MxA, were important for protection; neither PKR nor constitutively expressed human MxA played significant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Boyd
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Anne Bridgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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20
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Prescott J, Ye C, Sen G, Hjelle B. Induction of innate immune response genes by Sin Nombre hantavirus does not require viral replication. J Virol 2006; 79:15007-15. [PMID: 16306571 PMCID: PMC1316025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15007-15015.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive immune responses are considered to be important factors in the pathogenesis of the two diseases caused by hantaviruses, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). While the intensity of adaptive antiviral T-cell responses seems to correlate with the severity of HCPS, there is increasing evidence that innate antiviral responses by endothelial cells, the native targets for hantavirus infection in vivo, are induced within hours of exposure to infectious hantaviruses. To investigate early events in the innate response to Sin Nombre virus (SNV), the principal etiologic agent of HCPS in North America, we treated human endothelial cells with live virus, or virus subjected to inactivation by UV irradiation at minimal doses required to inhibit replication, and assayed host expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) by microarray and reverse transcription-PCR. We show herein that a variety of ISG are induced between 4 and 24 h after exposure to both live and killed virus. The levels of such induction at early time points (before 24 h) were generally higher in cells treated with SNV particles that had been killed by exposure to UV irradiation. Additionally, SNV exposed to increasing doses of UV irradiation induced ISG better than live virus despite increased disruption of viral RNA integrity. However, SNV replication was required for continued ISG overexpression by 3 days posttreatment. These results suggest that hantavirus particles may themselves be capable of early induction of ISG and that ongoing production of viral particles during infection could contribute to the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Prescott
- Infectious Diseases and Inflammation Program, Dept. of Pathology, University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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21
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Verma S, Ziegler K, Ananthula P, Co JKG, Frisque RJ, Yanagihara R, Nerurkar VR. JC virus induces altered patterns of cellular gene expression: interferon-inducible genes as major transcriptional targets. Virology 2005; 345:457-67. [PMID: 16297951 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) infects 80% of the population worldwide. Primary infection, typically occurring during childhood, is asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals and results in lifelong latency and persistent infection. However, among the severely immunocompromised, JCV may cause a fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Virus-host interactions influencing persistence and pathogenicity are not well understood, although significant regulation of JCV activity is thought to occur at the level of transcription. Regulation of the JCV early and late promoters during the lytic cycle is a complex event that requires participation of both viral and cellular factors. We have used cDNA microarray technology to analyze global alterations in gene expression in JCV-permissive primary human fetal glial cells (PHFG). Expression of more than 400 cellular genes was altered, including many that influence cell proliferation, cell communication and interferon (IFN)-mediated host defense responses. Genes in the latter category included signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), interferon stimulating gene 56 (ISG56), myxovirus resistance 1 (MxA), 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), and cig5. The expression of these genes was further confirmed in JCV-infected PHFG cells and the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG to ensure the specificity of JCV in inducing this strong antiviral response. Results obtained by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses supported the microarray data and provide temporal information related to virus-induced changes in the IFN response pathway. Our data indicate that the induction of an antiviral response may be one of the cellular factors regulating/controlling JCV replication in immunocompetent hosts and therefore constraining the development of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saguna Verma
- Retrovirology Research Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Medical Microbiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 96822, USA
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22
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Liew KJL, Chow VTK. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses of a novel set of differentially expressed human genes in ECV304 endothelial-like cells infected with dengue virus type 2. J Virol Methods 2005; 131:47-57. [PMID: 16112753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular pathways of dengue infection have not been as intensively studied compared to the host immunological responses. Changes in mRNA expression levels of ECV304 human endothelial-like cells following infection with the virulent New Guinea C strain of dengue virus type 2 were analyzed by a microarray system comprising 7600 oligonucleotide cDNAs. After normalization against the uninfected control using two independent software programs, 111 genes exhibited at least a 1.5-fold difference in expression level. Out of these, 21 mRNAs were upregulated while 90mRNAs were downregulated. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was then performed to determine the expression patterns of 15 selected genes of interest involved in the cell cycle (MAD3), apoptosis (RIPK3, PDCD8), cellular receptors (H963, CCR7, KLRC3), transcriptional regulation (RUNX3, HNF4G, MIZ1), signal transduction (HSP27, TRIP, MAP4K4), enzymes (angiotensinogen), protein transport (AP4M1), and cytoskeleton (ACTA2). Dengue virus infection resulted in the downregulation of the C-terminal alternatively spliced p53 variant, the pro-apoptotic IG20 and IG20-SV2 isoforms, and the Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM). Most of the real-time RT-PCR data showed concordance with the normalized microarray data. Hence, real-time RT-PCR validation of high-throughput gene microarray screening is important and necessary before further conclusions on gene expression can be drawn. This study elucidated novel information on the complex responses at the transcriptional level in susceptible human endothelial-like cells induced by a virulent dengue virus strain implicated in the pathogenesis of dengue and/or its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley J L Liew
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Kent Ridge 117597, Singapore
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23
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Li XD, Kukkonen S, Vapalahti O, Plyusnin A, Lankinen H, Vaheri A. Tula hantavirus infection of Vero E6 cells induces apoptosis involving caspase 8 activation. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3261-3268. [PMID: 15483239 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are known to cause two severe human diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The mechanisms of pathogenesis of these two diseases are progressively becoming understood. Recently, two hantaviruses, Hantaan and Prospect Hill were reported to cause programmed cell death of Vero E6 cells. This study shows that Tula hantavirus (TULV) infection efficiently triggers an apoptotic programme in infected Vero E6 cells, and that the replication of TULV is required for the activation of caspase 3 and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, two molecular hallmarks of apoptosis. The enforced treatment of infected Vero E6 cells with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), but not interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), advanced the time course of apoptosis. Furthermore, caspase 8 was activated on day 4 post-infection, the same day when caspase 3 was activated. TNF receptor 1 was induced during a late stage of TULV infection. These data suggest that, unlike during influenza A virus infection, TNF-alpha, but not type I IFN-alpha/beta, may contribute significantly to apoptosis in a synergistic manner with TULV propagation. Interestingly, pretreatment with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, efficiently inhibited apoptosis of TULV-infected Vero E6 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that TULV replication initiates a typical apoptotic programme involving caspase 8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Kukkonen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Plyusnin
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Lankinen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, POB 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Munir S, Singh S, Kaur K, Kapur V. Suppression subtractive hybridization coupled with microarray analysis to examine differential expression of genes in virus infected cells. Biol Proced Online 2004; 6:94-104. [PMID: 15181476 PMCID: PMC420231 DOI: 10.1251/bpo77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput detection of differential expression of genes is an efficient means of identifying genes and pathways that may play a role in biological systems under certain experimental conditions. There exist a variety of approaches that could be used to identify groups of genes that change in expression in response to a particular stimulus or environment. We here describe the application of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) coupled with cDNA microarray analysis for isolation and identification of chicken transcripts that change in expression on infection of host cells with a paramyxovirus. SSH was used for initial isolation of differentially expressed transcripts, a large-scale validation of which was accomplished by microarray analysis. The data reveals a large group of regulated genes constituting many biochemical pathways that could serve as targets for future investigations to explore their role in paramyxovirus pathogenesis. The detailed methods described herein could be useful and adaptable to any biological system for studying changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Munir
- Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN 55108. USA
| | - Sushmita Singh
- Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN 55108. USA
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN 55108. USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, and Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota. St. Paul, MN 55108. USA
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