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Bird RP. Vitamin D and cancer. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:92-159. [PMID: 38777419 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of chronic diseases including cancer, has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. The term "Cancer" represents multiple disease states with varying biological complexities. The strongest link between vitamin D and cancer is provided by ecological and studies like observational, in preclinical models. It is apparent that vitamin D exerts diverse biological responses in a tissue specific manner. Moreover, several human factors could affect bioactivity of vitamin D. The mechanism(s) underlying vitamin D initiated anti-carcinogenic effects are diverse and includes changes at the muti-system levels. The oncogenic environment could easily corrupt the traditional role of vitamin D or could ensure resistance to vitamin D mediated responses. Several researchers have identified gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the role of vitamin D in cancer. Further areas are identified to solidify the role of vitamin D in cancer control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
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2
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Giardina C, Nakanishi M, Khan A, Kuratnik A, Xu W, Brenner B, Rosenberg DW. Regulation of VDR Expression in Apc-Mutant Mice, Human Colon Cancers and Adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:387-99. [PMID: 25873367 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One variable that may affect the ability of vitamin D to reduce colon cancer risk is the expression of its high-affinity receptor, VDR. Here, we show that vitamin D does not reduce tumor formation in Apc(Δ14/+) mice and that VDR expression is lost in the majority of the colon tumor cells. The extent of VDR loss corresponded inversely to the level of β-catenin nuclear localization and could be observed in early lesions composed of just a few crypts. Analysis of reported VDR regulators showed that the repressing class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) were significantly elevated in the tumors (up to 4-fold), whereas the VDR-activating retinoid X receptors (RXR) were downregulated (∼50%). Expression of the Slug repressor was also increased, but was found primarily in stromal cells. Analysis of epigenetically active compounds on colon cell lines and intestinal organoids showed that HDAC inhibitors were particularly adept at stimulating VDR expression. Treatment of tumor-bearing Apc(Δ14/+) mice with the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat increased VDR expression in the tumors and normal mucosa. The RXR agonist bexarotene failed to activate VDR expression, indicating that RXR ligands were not limiting. Analysis of human microarray data indicated that VDR mRNA is frequently downregulated in colon adenomas, which correlated positively with RXRA expression and inversely with HDAC 2 and 8 expression. Human adenomas showed variable VDR protein expression levels, both between and within individual lesions. Determining the mechanisms of VDR regulation in colon neoplasms may significantly enhance our ability to use vitamin D as a cancer prevention agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Awaad Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Wanli Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Bruce Brenner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Ju J, Kwak Y, Hao X, Yang CS. Inhibitory effects of calcium against intestinal cancer in human colon cancer cells and Apc(Min/+) mice. Nutr Res Pract 2012. [PMID: 23198018 PMCID: PMC3506870 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.5.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of calcium against intestinal cancer in vitro and in vivo. We first investigated the effects of calcium treatment in HCT116 and HT29 human colon cancer cells. At the concentration range of 0.8-2.4 mM, calcium significantly inhibited cell growth (by 9-29%), attachment (by 12-26%), invasion (by 15-31%), and migration (by 19-61%). An immunofluorescence microscope analysis showed that the treatment with calcium (1.6 mM) for 24 h increased plasma membrane β-catenin but decreased nuclear β-catenin levels in HT29 cells. We then investigated the effect of dietary calcium on intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Mice received dietary treatment starting at 6 weeks of age for the consecutive 8 weeks. The basal control diet contained high-fat (20% mixed lipids by weight) and low-calcium (1.4 mg/g diet) to mimic the average Western diet, while the treatment diet contained an enriched level of calcium (5.2 mg calcium/g diet). The dietary calcium treatment decreased the total number of small intestinal tumors (by 31.4%; P < 0.05). The largest decrease was in tumors which were ≥ 2 mm in diameter, showing a 75.6% inhibition in the small intestinal tumor multiplicity (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly reduced nuclear staining of β-catenin (expressed as nuclear positivity), but increased plasma membrane staining of β-catenin, in the adenomas from the calcium-treated groups in comparison to those from the control group (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate intestinal cancer inhibitory effects of calcium both in human colon cancer cells and ApcMin/+ mice. The decreased β-catenin nuclear localization caused by the calcium treatment may contribute to the inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeung Ju
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Urbanska AM, Karagiannis ED, Guajardo G, Langer RS, Anderson DG. Therapeutic effect of orally administered microencapsulated oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4752-61. [PMID: 22472433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other Western countries. Oral delivery of therapeutics remains the most patient accepted form of medication. The development of an oral delivery formulation for local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the gastrointestinal tract can potentially alleviate the adverse side effects including systemic cytotoxicity, as well as focus therapy to the lesions. Here we develop an oral formulation of the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin was encapsulated in pH sensitive, mucoadhesive chitosan-coated alginate microspheres. The microparticles were formulated to release the chemotherapeutics after passing through the acidic gastric environment thus targeting the intestinal tract. In vivo, these particles substantially reduced the tumor burden in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer, and reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Urbanska
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Giardina C, Madigan JP, Tierney CAG, Brenner BM, Rosenberg DW. Vitamin D resistance and colon cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:475-82. [PMID: 22180570 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have been largely consistent in showing an inverse association between vitamin D and an individual's risk of developing colorectal cancer. Vitamin D protection is further supported by a range of preclinical colon cancer models, including carcinogen, genetic and dietary models. A large number of mechanistic studies in both humans and rodents point to vitamin D preventing cancer by regulating cell proliferation. Counterbalancing this mostly positive data are the results of human intervention studies in which supplemental vitamin D was found to be ineffective for reducing colon cancer risk. One explanation for these discrepancies is the timing of vitamin D intervention. It is possible that colon lesions may progress to a stage where they become unresponsive to vitamin D. Such a somatic loss in vitamin D responsiveness bears the hallmarks of an epigenetic change. Here, we review data supporting the chemopreventive effectiveness of vitamin D and discuss how gene silencing and other molecular changes somatically acquired during colon cancer development may limit the protection that may otherwise be afforded by vitamin D via dietary intervention. Finally, we discuss how understanding the mechanisms by which vitamin D protection is lost might be used to devise strategies to enhance its chemopreventive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, U3215, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Kelly JC, Lungchukiet P, Macleod RJ. Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor Inhibition of Intestinal EpithelialTNF Signaling Requires CaSR-Mediated Wnt5a/Ror2 Interaction. Front Physiol 2011; 2:17. [PMID: 21603229 PMCID: PMC3093814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and its receptor TNFR1 play a central role in the development of colitis-associated colon cancer. To understand a role for the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and its non-canonical Wnt mediators, Wnt5a/Ror2, we used reductionistic systems. We added lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mouse peritoneal macrophages, RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, and 18Co colonic myofibroblasts, to stimulate TNFα secretion and then activated endogenous CaSR. CaSR activation inhibited TNFα secretion, which in RAW264.7 cells knockdown of CaSR by short-interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex reversed. LPS-stimulated NFκB promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by CaSR activation with Ca2+ or other polyvalent CaSR agonists. Reducing CaSR expression with siRNA duplex prevented this inhibition. Following LPS addition to CaSR–HEK cells or RAW264.7 macrophages, CaSR stimulation deneddylated Cullin1. Wnt5a added to HT-29 cells which overexpressed Ror2 or T84 monolayers treated with 3 mM Ca2+ reduced TNFR1 protein expression ∼70%. TNFα/INFγ addition to high resistance T84 monolayers reduced transepithelial resistance 50% within 4 h. CaSR activation (3 mM Ca2+) together with rhWnt5a (200 ng/ml) prevented this reduction while Wnt3a addition had no effect. LPS-stimulated TNFα secretion from RAW264.7 cells was not effected by rhWnt5a but increased 10-fold by Wnt3a. Together our results suggest that following LPS challenge, CaSR activation will inhibit NFκB activity and reduce TNFα secretion from macrophages and stroma while Wnt5a/Ror2 engagement on intestinal epithelia reduces TNFR1 expression, allowing TNFα signaling to be titrated. Our results also suggest that canonical Wnt signaling may enhance TLR4 stimulation of TNFα secretion from murine macrophages.
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Tammariello AE, Milner JA. Mouse models for unraveling the importance of diet in colon cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:77-88. [PMID: 20122631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Diet and genetics are both considered important risk determinants for colorectal cancer, a leading cause of death worldwide. Several genetically engineered mouse models have been created, including the ApcMin mouse, to aid in the identification of key cancer related processes and to assist with the characterization of environmental factors, including the diet, which influence risk. Current research using these models provides evidence that several bioactive food components can inhibit genetically predisposed colorectal cancer, while others increase risk. Specifically, calorie restriction or increased exposure to n-3 fatty acids, sulforaphane, chafuroside, curcumin and dibenzoylmethane were reported protective. Total fat, calories and all-trans retinoic acid are associated with an increased risk. Unraveling the importance of specific dietary components in these models is complicated by the basal diet used, the quantity of test components provided and interactions among food components. Newer models are increasingly available to evaluate fundamental cellular processes, including DNA mismatch repair, immune function and inflammation as markers for colon cancer risk. Unfortunately, these models have been used infrequently to examine the influence of specific dietary components. The enhanced use of these models can shed mechanistic insights about the involvement of specific bioactive food and components and energy as determinants of colon cancer risk. However, the use of available mouse models to exactly represent processes important to human gastrointestinal cancers will remain a continued scientific challenge.
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Urbanska AM, Bhathena J, Martoni C, Prakash S. Estimation of the potential antitumor activity of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt formulation in the attenuation of tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:264-73. [PMID: 18633708 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong correlation between orally administered probiotics and suppression of the low-grade inflammation that can lead to restoration of normal local immune functions. We studied the potential immunomodulatory and antitumorigenic properties of microencapsulated probiotic bacterial cells in a yogurt formulation in Min mice carrying a germline APC mutation. Daily oral administration of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial cells in the yogurt formulation mice resulted in significant suppression of colon tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and reduced tumor size. Results show that oral administration of microencapsulated L. acidophilus contributed to the stabilization of animal body weight and decreased the release of bile acids. Histopathological analyses revealed fewer adenomas in treated versus untreated animals. Furthermore, treated animals exhibited fewer gastrointestinal intra-epithelial neoplasias with a lower grade of dysplasia in detected tumors. Results suggest that oral administration of microencapsulated probiotic L. acidophilus exerts anti-tumorous activity, which consequently leads to reduced tumor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ding S, McEntee MF, Whelan J, Zemel M. Adiposity-related protection of intestinal tumorigenesis: interaction with dietary calcium. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:153-61. [PMID: 17640161 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701328248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although high-calcium diets have been reported to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, our preliminary data with the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) Min mutation (Min/+;Apc(Min/+)) mouse shows a paradoxical increase in intestinal tumor loads (> 65%) with high calcium diets. Since we previously demonstrated that increasing dietary calcium reduces adiposity, and Apc(Min/+) mice on high calcium diets exhibited profound loss of adipose tissue, we hypothesized that loss of an adipose tissue-derived tumor suppressor factor(s) resulted in increased tumor susceptibility in animals on the high calcium diet. Accordingly, tumor prone Apc(Min/+) mice were crossed with obesity prone lethal yellow agouti (A(y)/a) mice to generate obese A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. Low (0.2%), normal (0.5%), and high (1.2%) calcium diets were fed to both A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice and Apc(Min/+) mice from 35-40 days until 90 days of age (n=21/strain, n=7/diet group). The high calcium diet reduced weight gain in both strains (P < 0.01) and reduced fat pad mass by 46-57% in A(y)/Apc(Min/+)(P < 0.004) and by 65-82% in Apc(Min/+)(P < 0.03).Apc(Min/+) mice on the high calcium diet exhibited an increase in tumor number (76 vs. 29, P=0.009), but this effect was not seen in the A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. beta-Catenin and cyclin D1 gene expression were significantly induced with high calcium diet in intestinal tumor tissue of Apc(Min/+) mice but not in A(y)/Apc(Min/+) mice. We conclude that the differential effect of dietary calcium on intestinal tumorigenesis in lean vs. obese Apc(Min/+) may result from the loss of adipose-derived protective factor(s) due to the substantial loss of body fat in Apc(Min/+) mice fed a high calcium dairy diet, increasing beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ding
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA
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Corpet DE, Pierre F. How good are rodent models of carcinogenesis in predicting efficacy in humans? A systematic review and meta-analysis of colon chemoprevention in rats, mice and men. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1911-22. [PMID: 16084718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumours in rodent and human colon share many histological and genetic features. To know if rodent models of colon carcinogenesis are good predictors of chemopreventive efficacy in humans, we conducted a meta-analysis of aspirin, beta-carotene, calcium, and wheat bran studies. Controlled intervention studies of adenoma recurrence in human volunteers were compared with chemoprevention studies of carcinogen-induced tumours in rats, and of polyps in Min (Apc(+/-)) mice: 6714 volunteers, 3911 rats and 458 mice were included in the meta-analyses. Difference between models was small since most global relative risks were between 0.76 and 1.00. A closer look showed that carcinogen-induced rat studies matched human trials for aspirin, calcium, carotene, and were compatible for wheat bran. Min mice results were compatible with human results for aspirin, but discordant for calcium and wheat bran (no carotene study). These few results suggest that rodent models roughly predict effect in humans, but the prediction is not accurate for all agents. Based on three cases only, the carcinogen-induced rat model seems better than the Min mouse model. However, rodent studies are useful to screen potential chemopreventive agents, and to study mechanisms of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Corpet
- UMR Xenobiotiques, Institut National Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, BP-87614, 23 Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in the United States and accounts for approximately 11% of cancer deaths. Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between dietary factors, including calcium and vitamin D, and the incidence of colon cancer. Recently the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study demonstrated that calcium supplementation can reduce the recurrence of colon polyps, but the effect depends on serum vitamin D levels. We used the Apc(min) mouse model of intestinal cancer to investigate the effects of vitamin D treatment and calcium intake independently on polyp formation. We found that 1,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol was potent in inhibiting tumor load; however, the dose used to achieve this antiproliferative effect led to deleterious effects on serum calcium homeostasis. These effects were minimized by use of a synthetic analogue with reduced toxicity. Additionally, we tested the effect of a modified-calcium diet in Apc(min) mice but did not find a protective effect, perhaps because of a reduction in circulating levels of 25-hydroxycholecaliferol with increasing levels of dietary calcium. A number of other studies that use rodent models with vitamin D supplementation or deficiency illustrate the efficacy of vitamin D in colon cancer prevention. The mechanisms of direct action of vitamin D on colonic epithelium include regulation of growth factor and cytokine synthesis and signaling, as well as modulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation. Because of the apparent synergistic effect of vitamin D and calcium, cosupplementation of both nutrients in cancer prevention programs may be advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Harris
- UCLA Center for Human Nutrition, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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