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Pharmacokinetics of Jaspine B and Enhancement of Intestinal Absorption of Jaspine B in the Presence of Bile Acid in Rats. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090279. [PMID: 28862650 PMCID: PMC5618418 DOI: 10.3390/md15090279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and the underlying mechanisms of the intestinal absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of Jaspine B in rats. The oral bioavailability of Jaspine B was 6.2%, but it decreased to 1.6% in bile-depleted rats and increased to 41.2% (normal) and 23.5% (bile-depleted) with taurocholate supplementation (60 mg/kg). Consistent with the increased absorption in the presence of bile salts, rat intestinal permeability of Jaspine B also increased in the presence of 10 mM taurocholate or 20% bile. Further studies demonstrated that the enhanced intestinal permeability with bile salts was due to increased lipophilicity and decreased membrane integrity. Jaspine B was designated as a highly tissue-distributed compound, because it showed large tissue to plasma ratios in the brain, kidney, heart, and spleen. Moreover, the recovery of Jaspine B from the feces and urine after an intravenous administration was about 6.3%, suggesting a substantial metabolism of Jaspine B. Consistent with this observation, 80% of the administered Jaspine B was degraded after 1 h incubation with rat liver microsomes. In conclusion, the facilitated intestinal permeability in the presence of bile salts could significantly increase the bioavailability of Jaspine B and could lead to the development of oral formulations of Jaspine B with bile salts. Moreover, the highly distributed features of Jaspine B in the brain, kidney, heart, and spleen should be carefully considered in the therapeutic effect and toxicity of this compound.
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Heinen CA, Reuss S, Amidon GL, Langguth P. Ion Pairing with Bile Salts Modulates Intestinal Permeability and Contributes to Food–Drug Interaction of BCS Class III Compound Trospium Chloride. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3989-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400179v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Heinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuss
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Song IS, Choi MK, Shim WS, Shim CK. Transport of organic cationic drugs: effect of ion-pair formation with bile salts on the biliary excretion and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:142-54. [PMID: 23353097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
More than 40% of clinically used drugs are organic cations (OCs), which are positively charged at a physiologic pH, and recent reports have established that these drugs are substrates of membrane transporters. The transport of OCs via membrane transporters may play important roles in gastrointestinal absorption, distribution to target sites, and biliary and/or renal elimination of various OC drugs. Almost 40 years ago, a molecular weight (Mw) threshold of 200 was reported to exist in rats for monoquaternary ammonium (mono QA) compounds to be substantially (e.g., >10% of iv dose) excreted to bile. It is well known that some OCs interact with appropriate endogenous organic anions in the body (e.g., bile salts) to form lipophilic ion-pair complexes. The ion-pair formation may influence the affinity or binding of OCs to membrane transporters that are relevant to biliary excretion. In that sense, the association of the ion-pair formation with the existence of the Mw threshold appears to be worthy of examination. It assumes the ion-pair formation of high Mw mono QA compounds (i.e., >200) in the presence of bile salts in the liver, followed by accelerated transport of the ion-pair complexes via relevant bile canalicular transporter(s). In this article, therefore, the transport of OC drugs will be reviewed with a special focus on the ion-pair formation hypothesis. Such information will deepen the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of OC drugs as well as the physiological roles of endogenous bile salts in the detoxification or phase II metabolism of high Mw QA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Song
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Differential changes in functional activity of organic cation transporters in rats with uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang L, Tucker IG, Østergaard J. Effects of bile salts on propranolol distribution into liposomes studied by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:553-9. [PMID: 21784594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to study the effect of four different bile salts, cholate (C), deoxycholate (DC), taurocholate (TC), monoketocholate (MKC), on the membrane binding of a cationic model drug, propranolol, using capillary electrophoresis. The apparent distribution coefficient of propranolol in a buffer/liposome system, in the absence and presence of various concentrations of the bile salts, was measured using capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis. At bile salt concentrations which did not disrupt the liposomes, the bile salts increased the apparent distribution coefficient of propranolol in a concentration-dependent manner, to various extents (DC>C>TC>MKC). The mechanisms for these increases were inferred from studies of ion pairing between bile salts and propranolol using mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis and from zeta potential measurements. The bile salts ion-paired with propranolol to different extents as indicated by the estimated complexation constants (K range: 30-58 M(-1)). This was found to have a minor effect on the membrane distribution of propranolol only. The major effect is proposed to be due to the insertion of bile salt into the liposomal membranes leading to a more negatively charged membrane surface thereby providing stronger electrostatic interactions with the positively charged propranolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Increased Affinity to Canalicular P-gp via Formation of Lipophilic Ion-Pair Complexes with Endogenous Bile Salts is Associated with Mw Threshold in Hepatobiliary Excretion of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Pharm Res 2010; 27:823-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Song IS, Shin HJ, Shin JG. Genetic variants of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) significantly reduce metformin uptake in oocytes. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1252-62. [PMID: 18728938 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The authors sought to evaluate the contribution of organic cation transporters (OCTs) to the renal tubular transport of metformin using LLC-PK1 cells as an in vitro model for the renal proximal tubule, and to investigate the effects of three non-synonymous genetic variants of OCT2 on the transport activity of metformin in vitro using an oocyte over-expression system. 2. The basolateral-to-apical transport of metformin was significantly greater than the apical-to-basolateral transport and showed concentration dependency with the kinetic parameters: maximum transport rate (V(max)), 922 pmol min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells; Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)), 393 microM; intrinsic clearance (CL(int)), 2.35 microl min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells; and diffusion constant (K(d)), 0.33 microl min(-1) per 5 x 10(5) cells. The basolateral-to-apical transport of metformin was inhibited by phenoxybenzamine, an inhibitor of OCTs, but not by cyclosporine A, MK571, or fumitremorgin C, which are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively, suggesting that OCTs play a role in renal tubular secretion of metformin. 3. Metformin uptake was much greater in oocytes expressing OCT2-wild type (OCT2-WT) than OCT1-WT compared with uptake in water-injected oocytes. Uptake was significantly decreased in oocytes expressing OCT2-T199I, -T201M, and -A270S compared with that in OCT2-WT, suggesting that metformin is a better substrate for OCT2 than for OCT1 and that the amino acid-substituted variants of OCT2 cause a functional decrease in metformin uptake. 4. In conclusion, the genetic variants of OCT2 (OCT2-T199I, -T201M, and -A270S) decreased the transport activity of metformin and thus may contribute to the inter-individual variation in metformin disposition as OCT2 plays a pivotal role in renal excretion, the major disposition route of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Decreased secretory transport of a quarternary ammonium, TBuMA, across LLC-PK1 cells by the anionic kidney extract. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:671-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chae HW, Kim IW, Jin HE, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Effect of ion-pair formation with bile salts on the in vitro cellular transport of berberine. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:103-10. [PMID: 18277615 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-008-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ion-pair complexation with endogenous bile salts on the transport of a quarternary ammonium organic cationic (OC) drug, berberine, across the Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cell monolayers. The basolateral-to-apical (BL-AP) transport of berberine in Caco-2 cells was temperature dependent and 10-fold higher than that of the apical-to-basolateral (AP-BL) transport. Similar results were observed for the transport of berberine across the LLC-PK1 cells. Moreover, the BL-AP transport in the Caco-2 cells was significantly reduced by the cis-presence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors such as cyclosporine A, verapamil, and digoxin. These results suggest that an efflux transporter, probably P-gp, is involved in the Caco-2 cell transport. The Km and Vmax values for the carrier-mediated transport were estimated to be 83.4 mM and 7640 pmole/h/cm2, respectively. The apparent partition coefficient (APC) of berberine between n-octanol and a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was increased by the presence of an organic anion (OA), taurodeoxycholate (TDC, a bile salt), suggesting the formation of a lipophilic ion-pair complex between an OC (berberine) and an OA (TDC). Despite the ion-pair complexation, however, the BL-AP transport of berberine across the Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cells was not altered by the cis-presence of bile salts or the rat bile juice. This is consistent with the reportedly unaltered secretory transport of a quarternary ammonium compound, tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA), across the Caco-2 cell monolayers in the cis-presence of bile salts or the rat bile juice, but not with our previous report in which the secretory transport of TBuMA across the LLC-PK1 cell was increased in the cis-presence of TDC. Therefore, the effect of ion-pair formation with the bile components or bile salts on the secretory transport of OCs appears to depend on the molecular properties of OCs (e.g., molecular weight, lipophilicity and affinity to relevant transporters) and the characteristics of cell strains (e.g., expression and contribution of responsible transporters to the transport).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Chae
- National Research Laboratory for Transporters Targeted Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Choi MK, Song IS, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Decreased biliary excretion of tributylmethyl ammonium in cholestyramine pretreated rats due to reduced formation of ion-pair complexes with hepatic bile salts. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 28:485-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Doo MH, Li H, Jang HI, Song IS, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Effect of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) on barrier functions of epithelial cell membranes: Opening of tight junctions and competitive inhibition of P-gp-mediated efflux. Int J Pharm 2005; 302:145-53. [PMID: 16111844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) on selected barrier functions of biological membranes, such as tight junction and P-gp efflux pump of epithelial membranes, against the transport of xenobiotics was examined. The Caco-2 cell line was used to evaluate the transport of mannitol and daunomycin across the cell monolayer as well as the cellular uptake of daunomycin. In the presence of NPEs, the transport of mannitol was increased, with NP-9 showing a maximal effect, and the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was reduced. The onset of this effect of NP-9 was fairly rapid and reversible for a short term (e.g., 2 h) treatment, while irreversible for a long term (e.g., 72 h) treatment. In the presence of NP-9, the apical uptake of daunomycin was increased, suggesting competitive inhibition between NP-9 and daunomycin in the efflux via the P-gp system. However, a 72 h pretreatment of the cells with NP-9 (up to 1000 nM) did not affect the apparent cellular uptake of daunomycin, suggesting no significant effect of NPEs on the expression of P-gp. In conclusion, NPEs appear to rapidly open the tight junction of epithelial cell membranes and to competitively inhibit the efflux of P-gp substrates, thereby reducing the self-protection ability of the organism against xenobiotics or hazardous environmental compounds that are transported via the paracellular pathway (i.e., uptake) or the P-gp system (i.e., efflux).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Doo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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