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Bustamante Rivera YY, Brütting C, Schmidt C, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Endogenous Retrovirus 3 - History, Physiology, and Pathology. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2691. [PMID: 29379485 PMCID: PMC5775217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVE) seem to be present in all eukaryotic genomes. The composition of EVE varies between different species. The endogenous retrovirus 3 (ERV3) is one of these elements that is present only in humans and other Catarrhini. Conservation of ERV3 in most of the investigated Catarrhini and the expression pattern in normal tissues suggest a putative physiological role of ERV3. On the other hand, ERV3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of auto-immunity and cancer. In the present review we summarize knowledge about this interesting EVE. We propose the model that expression of ERV3 (and probably other EVE loci) under pathological conditions might be part of a metazoan SOS response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Brütting
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Caroline Schmidt
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Lee JR, Ahn K, Kim YJ, Jung YD, Kim HS. Radiation-induced human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-R env gene expression by epigenetic control. Radiat Res 2012; 178:379-84. [PMID: 23004920 DOI: 10.1667/rr2888.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that ionizing radiation induces genomic instability by changes in genomic structure, epigenetic regulation and gene expression. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-R also are often differentially expressed between normal and disease tissues under unstable genomic conditions and are implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. To understand the influence of ionizing radiation on HERV-R expression, we performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses using γ-irradiated normal human cells. Compared to nonirradiated cells, HERV-R expression was up-regulated in γ-irradiated cells. The regulatory mechanism of HERV-R expression in irradiated cells was investigated by methylation analyses of HERV-R 5'LTRs and treatment with garcinol. These data indicated that the up-regulated transcription of HERV-R may be regulated by radiation-induced epigenetic changes induced by histone modification, and thus could be of great importance for understanding the relationship between radiation-induced biological effects and transposable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Rang Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Gui T, Zhang M, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Tao J, Sui L, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y. In vitro evaluation of a mammary gland specific expression vector encoding recombinant human lysozyme for development of transgenic dairy goat embryos. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1445-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sasaki N, Ogawa Y, Iinuma C, Tomaru U, Katsumata K, Otsuka N, Kasahara M, Yoshiki T, Ishizu A. Human endogenous retrovirus-R Env glycoprotein as possible autoantigen in autoimmune disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:889-96. [PMID: 19689191 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been discussed whether endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Among various human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), we have focused on HERV-R. To investigate the biological roles of HERV-R, we earlier established transgenic rats carrying the full sequence of the viral genome. In these HERV-R rats, however, no disease occurred. Another trigger that induces autoimmunity may be essential for the recognition of HERV-R products by the immune system. Thus, in this study, we mated HERV-R rats with env-pX rats (transgenic rats carrying the env-pX gene of human T cell leukemia virus type I) that develop autoimmune diseases, and generated double transgenic (DTG) rats. In DTG rats, autoimmune diseases occurred similarly in env-pX rats. Interestingly, deposition of rat IgM but not IgG was observed on the glomerular endothelial cells. Such IgM deposition was never seen in the parental HERV-R or env-pX rats. We considered that in situ formation of immune complexes consisted of the HERV-R env glycoprotein and anti-HERV-R env IgM antibodies (Abs) in DTG rats, according to the following evidence: (1) No dense deposit, representing deposition of circulating immune complexes, was seen on glomerular endothelial cells. (2) IgM Abs reactive with HERV-R env glycoprotein were generated in the serum. (3) HERV-R env glycoprotein was expressed in the kidney, specifically on glomerular endothelial cells. (4) IgM deposition was partly colocalized with the HERV-R env glycoprotein on the glomeruli. These findings strongly suggest that the HERV-R env glycoprotein is recognized as an autoantigen in the host with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chihiro Iinuma
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Katsumata
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuka
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshiki
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Ahn K, Kim HS. Structural and quantitative expression analyses of HERV gene family in human tissues. Mol Cells 2009; 28:99-103. [PMID: 19669627 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases as multi-copy members in the human genome. Their gene expression profiling could provide us with important insights into the pathogenic relationship between HERVs and cancer. In this study, we have evaluated the genomic structure and quantitatively determined the expression patterns in the env gene of a variety of HERV family members located on six specific loci by the RetroTector 10 program, as well as real-time RT-PCR amplification. The env gene transcripts evidenced significant differences in the human tumor/normal adjacent tissues (colon, liver, uterus, lung and testis). As compared to the adjacent normal tissues, high levels of expression were noted in testis tumor tissues for HERV-K, in liver and lung tumor tissues for HERV-R, in liver, lung, and testis tumor tissues for HERV-H, and in colon and liver tumor tissues for HERV-P. These data warrant further studies with larger groups of patients to develop biomarkers for specific human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Colon/virology
- Endogenous Retroviruses/classification
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Liver/virology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Species Specificity
- Testis/virology
- Uterus/virology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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Otsuka N, Miyatake Y, Ishizu A, Tanaka S, Yamamoto Y, Ikeda H, Yoshiki T. Short communication: expression of human endogenous retrovirus-R gene links to differentiation of squamous cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1148-51. [PMID: 17147502 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the biological roles of human endogenous retrovirus-R (HERV-R) in vivo, we established transgenic rats carrying the full sequence of the viral genome with control of its own long terminal repeat promoter. The Env protein was expressed on the surface of the epidermis of fetal HERV-R transgenic rats on day 10 of gestation. The epidermal Env expression disappeared by day 18 of gestation. After day 18 of gestation, the Env protein was detected in the prickle layer of the esophageal epithelium of transgenic rats. Interestingly, it was not detected in the basal layer of the epithelium, and the expression in the granular layer was weaker than in the prickle layer. These findings suggest that expression of HERV-R is linked not only to the development but also to the differentiation of squamous cells. Next, we examined alterations in the expression of the HERV-R env gene in cultured human squamous cells after exposure to all-trans retinoic acids (ATRA). The env expression was increased by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner, while the expression of transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), a terminal marker for squamous differentiation, was decreased. TGM1 is expressed in the granular layer of the squamous epithelium, and ATRA suppresses the differentiation of cultured squamous cells. Thus, these in vitro data also suggest that HERV-R expression is regulated by a mechanism closely related to the differentiation of squamous cells. This study is the first to demonstrate the association of HERV-R expression and differentiation of squamous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Otsuka
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Kim HS, Yi JM, Hirai H, Huh JW, Jeong MS, Jang SB, Kim CG, Saitou N, Hyun BH, Lee WH. Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV)-R family in primates: Chromosomal location, gene expression, and evolution. Gene 2006; 370:34-42. [PMID: 16443335 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hitherto, full-length endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-R has been located at human chromosome 7q11.2, and mRNA and envelope proteins have been detected in placenta and a variety of other cell types. In the present study, using a probe derived from the gorilla fosmid library, we detected the paralogous locus (7q31.3) of the HERV-R env gene in human chromosome 7q11.2, and also determined the chromosomal location in apes and Old World monkeys. The HERV-R gene was not detected in New World monkeys or prosimians with FISH and PCR analyses. We determined the sequences of the HERV-R env genes obtained from the genomic DNA of primates using PCR and sequencing tools. Except for a HERV-R env sequence derived from gorilla DNA, the functional domains of putative envelope proteins are conserved, suggesting that those domains could have a functional capacity in the primate genome. In addition, we investigated the env gene expression of HERV-R in various human tissues and cancer cells. An RT-PCR approach indicated that the env gene was expressed in several human tissues (brain, prostate, testis, kidney, placenta, thymus, and uterus) and cancer cells (RT4, BT-474, MCF7, OVCAR-3, LOX-IMVI, and AZ521). Taken together, our data could be of great use for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of HERV-R through primate radiation as well as the implications of its functional role in human tissues and cancers cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui-Soo Kim
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
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Tesson L, Cozzi J, Ménoret S, Rémy S, Usal C, Fraichard A, Anegon I. Transgenic modifications of the rat genome. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:531-46. [PMID: 16245144 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-5077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat (R. norvegicus) is a very important experimental animal in several fields of biomedical research. This review describes the various techniques that have been used to generate transgenic rats: classical DNA microinjection and more recently described techniques such as lentiviral vector-mediated DNA transfer into early embryos, sperm-mediated transgenesis, embryo cloning by nuclear transfer and germline mutagenesis. It will also cover techniques associated to transgenesis such as sperm cryopreservation, embryo freezing and determination of zygosity. The availability of several technologies allowing genetic manipulation in the rat coupled to genomic data will allow biomedical research to fully benefit from the rat as an experimental animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation (ITERT), F-44093, Nantes, France
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