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Mohamed KA, Kruf S, Büll C. Putting a cap on the glycome: Dissecting human sialyltransferase functions. Carbohydr Res 2024; 544:109242. [PMID: 39167930 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Human glycans are capped with sialic acids and these nine-carbon sugars mediate many of the biological functions and interactions of glycans. Structurally diverse sialic acid caps mark human cells as self and they form the ligands for the Siglec immune receptors and other glycan-binding proteins. Sialic acids enable host interactions with the human microbiome and many human pathogens utilize sialic acids to infect host cells. Alterations in sialic acid-carrying glycans, sialoglycans, can be found in every major human disease including inflammatory conditions and cancer. Twenty sialyltransferase family members in the Golgi apparatus of human cells transfer sialic acids to distinct glycans and glycoconjugates. Sialyltransferases catalyze specific reactions to form unique sialoglycans or they have shared functions where multiple family members generate the same sialoglycan product. Moreover, some sialyltransferases compete for the same glycan substrate, but create different sialic acid caps. The redundant and competing functions make it difficult to understand the individual roles of the human sialyltransferases in biology and to reveal the specific contributions to pathobiological processes. Recent insights hint towards the existence of biosynthetic rules formed by the individual functions of sialyltransferases, their interactions, and cues from the local Golgi environment that coordinate sialoglycan biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss the current structural and functional understanding of the human sialyltransferase family and we review recent technological advances that enable the dissection of individual sialyltransferase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadra A Mohamed
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn Kruf
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Khamirani HJ, Zoghi S, Faghihi F, Dastgheib SA, Hassanipour H, Bagher Tabei SM, Mohammadi S, Masoudi M, Poorang S, Ehsani E, Dianatpour M. Phenotype of ST3GAL3 deficient patients: A case and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104250. [PMID: 34022416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ST3GAL3 deficiency is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the ST3GAL3 gene. Epilepsy, motor development delay, severe intellectual disability, and behavioral disorders have been reported to be associated with ST3GAL3 deficiency. In the present study, ST3GAL3 deficiency was caused by a homozygous splice-site mutation (NM_174964.4: c.936+1delG) in ST3GAL3. The patient described in this study was clinically similar to previously reported cases; nevertheless, we were able to detect repetitive behavior, previously not reported manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jafari Khamirani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Zoghi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faghihi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Maternal-fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mohammadi
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Masoudi
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Poorang
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani
- Comprehensive Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Indellicato R, Domenighini R, Malagolini N, Cereda A, Mamoli D, Pezzani L, Iascone M, dall'Olio F, Trinchera M. A novel nonsense and inactivating variant of ST3GAL3 in two infant siblings suffering severe epilepsy and expressing circulating CA19.9. Glycobiology 2020; 30:95-104. [PMID: 31584066 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three missense variants of ST3GAL3 are known to be responsible for a congenital disorder of glycosylation determining a neurodevelopmental disorder (intellectual disability/epileptic encephalopathy). Here we report a novel nonsense variant, p.Y220*, in two dichorionic infant twins presenting a picture of epileptic encephalopathy with impaired neuromotor development. Upon expression in HEK-293T cells, the variant appears totally devoid of enzymatic activity in vitro, apparently accumulated with respect to the wild-type or the missense variants, as detected by western blot, and in large part properly localized in the Golgi apparatus, as assessed by confocal microscopy. Both patients were found to efficiently express the CA19.9 antigen in the serum despite the total loss of ST3GAL3 activity, which thus appears replaceable from other ST3GALs in the synthesis of the sialyl-Lewis a epitope. Kinetic studies of ST3GAL3 revealed a strong preference for lactotetraosylceramide as acceptor and gangliotetraosylceramide was also efficiently utilized in vitro. Moreover, the p.A13D missense variant, the one maintaining residual sialyltransferase activity, was found to have much lower affinity for all suitable substrates than the wild-type enzyme with an overall catalytic efficiency almost negligible. Altogether the present data suggest that the apparent redundancy of ST3GALs deduced from knock-out mouse models only partially exists in humans. In fact, our patients lacking ST3GAL3 activity synthesize the CA19.9 epitope sialyl-Lewis a, but not all glycans necessary for fine brain functions, where the role of minor gangliosides deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Indellicato
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Ruben Domenighini
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Nadia Malagolini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, via OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Mamoli
- Neuropsichiatria infantile, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, via OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lidia Pezzani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, via OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, via OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fabio dall'Olio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Trinchera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DMC), University of Insubria, via JH Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
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4
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A patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell model for West syndrome caused by ST3GAL3 deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1773-1783. [PMID: 30089820 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ST3GAL3 encodes the Golgi enzyme beta-galactoside-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase-III that in humans forms, among others, the sialyl Lewis a (sLea) epitope on proteins. Functionally deleterious variants in this gene were previously identified in patients with either non-syndromic or syndromic intellectual disability such as West syndrome, an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathic syndrome associated with developmental arrest or regression. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing West syndrome by lack of ST3GAL3 function. For this purpose we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from fibroblasts obtained from a patient with West syndrome, carrying a variant in exon 12 (c.958G>C, p.(Ala320Pro)) of ST3GAL3, and a healthy sibling, using lentiviral reprogramming. iPSCs and cortical neurons derived thereof were analysed by lectin blots, mRNA sequencing, adherence assays, and FACS. While no significant difference was observed at stem cell or fibroblast level between patient and control cells, patient-derived cortical neurons displayed an altered lectin blot staining pattern, enhanced adherence to a poly-L-ornithine/laminin-coated surface and decreased levels of neurons expressing T-box transcription factor brain 1. Our results suggest that changes in the sialylation pattern on the surface of specific neuronal cell types affect adhesive interactions during development, which in turn may cause subtle changes in tissue composition that could result in the occurrence of epilepsy and might impair neural development to an extent that is detrimental to the development and maintenance of normal cognitive functions.
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Roa-de La Cruz L, Martínez-Morales P, Morán-Cruz I, Milflores-Flores L, Rosas-Murrieta N, González-Ramírez C, Ortiz-Mateos C, Monterrosas-Santamaría R, González-Frías C, Rodea-Ávila C, Apresa-García T, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez L, Santos-López G, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Expression analysis of ST3GAL4 transcripts in cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:617-621. [PMID: 29749491 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ST3GAL4 gene expression is altered in different cancer types, including cervical cancer. Several mRNA transcripts have been reported for this gene; however, their expression levels in cervical cancer have not been analyzed. ST3GAL4 encodes for β‑galactosidase α‑2,3‑sialyltransferase 4, involved in the biosynthesis of the tumour antigens sLe(x) and sulfo‑sLe(x). The present study evaluated the presence of three mRNA variants (V1, V2 and V3) in cervical cancer cell lines, detecting the three variants. Additionally, the expression level of the V1 transcript of the ST3GAL4 gene was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cervical cell lines and in normal, premalignant and cervical cancer tissue. The V1 transcript of the ST3GAL4 demonstrated significant decreased expression in premalignant and malignant cervical tissues. The results suggested that deregulation of this gene could occur prior to the presence of cancer and demonstrated the importance of evaluating the expression level of V1, and its association with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Roa-de La Cruz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | | | - Irene Morán-Cruz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Lorena Milflores-Flores
- Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Nora Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - César González-Ramírez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de Zona No. 15, Tehuacán, Puebla 75710, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ortiz-Mateos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Monterrosas-Santamaría
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Celestina González-Frías
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General Regional No. 36, Puebla, Puebla 72090, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodea-Ávila
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional sXXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Teresa Apresa-García
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional sXXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Jave-Suarez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
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Abstract
Tumor-associated gangliosides play important roles in regulation of signal transduction induced by growth-factor receptors including EGFR, FGFR, HGF and PDGFR in a specific microdomain called glycosynapse in the cancer cell membranes, and in interaction with glycan recognition molecules involved in cell adhesion and immune regulation including selectins and siglecs. As the genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of tumor-associated gangliosides were identified, biological functions became clearer from the experimental results employing forced overexpression and/or knockdown/knockout of the genes. Studies on the regulatory mechanisms for their expression also achieved great advancements. Epigenetic silencing of glycan-related genes is a dominant mechanism in glycan alteration at early stages of carcinogenesis. Development of hypoxia resistance involving activation of a transcription factor HIF, and acquisition of cancer stem cell-like characteristics through epithelial-mesenchymal transition are important mechanisms for glycan modulations in the later stages of cancer progression. In the initial stages of studies, the gangliosides which specifically appear in cancers attracted attention under the name of tumor-associated gangliosides. However, it became apparent that not only the cancer-associated gangliosides but also the normal gangliosides present in nonmalignant cells and tissues perform important biological functions, and some of them tend to disappear in cancer cells resulting in the loss of the physiological functions, and this sometimes facilitates progression of cancers.
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7
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Genetic Defects Underlie the Non-syndromic Autosomal Recessive Intellectual Disability (NS-ARID). Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which appears frequently as the result of genetic mutations and may be syndromic (S-ID) or non-syndromic (NS-ID). ID causes an important economic burden, for patient's family, health systems, and society. Identifying genes that cause S-ID can easily be evaluated due to the clinical symptoms or physical anomalies. However, in the case of NS-ID due to the absence of co-morbid features, the latest molecular genetic techniques can be used to understand the genetic defects that underlie it. Recent studies have shown that non-syndromic autosomal recessive (NS-ARID) is extremely heterogeneous and contributes much more than X-linked ID. However, very little is known about the genes and loci involved in NS-ARID relative to X-linked ID, and whose complete genetic etiology remains obscure. In this review article, the known genetic etiology of NS-ARID and possible relationships between genes and the associated molecular pathways of their encoded proteins has been reviewed which will enhance our understanding about the underlying genes and mechanisms in NS-ARID.
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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Hu H, Eggers K, Chen W, Garshasbi M, Motazacker MM, Wrogemann K, Kahrizi K, Tzschach A, Hosseini M, Bahman I, Hucho T, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Kuss AW. ST3GAL3 mutations impair the development of higher cognitive functions. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:407-14. [PMID: 21907012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variants leading to impairment of intellectual performance are highly diverse and are still poorly understood. ST3GAL3 encodes the Golgi enzyme β-galactoside-α2,3-sialyltransferase-III that in humans predominantly forms the sialyl Lewis a epitope on proteins. ST3GAL3 resides on chromosome 1 within the MRT4 locus previously identified to associate with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability. We searched for the disease-causing mutations in the MRT4 family and a second independent consanguineous Iranian family by using a combination of chromosome sorting and next-generation sequencing. Two different missense changes in ST3GAL3 cosegregate with the disease but were absent in more than 1000 control chromosomes. In cellular and biochemical test systems, these mutations were shown to cause ER retention of the Golgi enzyme and drastically impair ST3Gal-III functionality. Our data provide conclusive evidence that glycotopes formed by ST3Gal-III are prerequisite for attaining and/or maintaining higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department for Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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Kaufman L, Ayub M, Vincent JB. The genetic basis of non-syndromic intellectual disability: a review. J Neurodev Disord 2010; 2:182-209. [PMID: 21124998 PMCID: PMC2974911 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), also referred to as mental retardation (MR), is frequently the result of genetic mutation. Where ID is present together with additional clinical symptoms or physical anomalies, there is often sufficient information available for the diagnosing physician to identify a known syndrome, which may then educe the identification of the causative defect. However, where co-morbid features are absent, narrowing down a specific gene can only be done by ‘brute force’ using the latest molecular genetic techniques. Here we attempt to provide a systematic review of genetic causes of cases of ID where no other symptoms or co-morbid features are present, or non-syndromic ID. We attempt to summarize commonalities between the genes and the molecular pathways of their encoded proteins. Since ID is a common feature of autism, and conversely autistic features are frequently present in individuals with ID, we also look at possible overlaps in genetic etiology with non-syndromic ID.
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Bi S, Baum LG. Sialic acids in T cell development and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1599-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huang S, Day TW, Choi MR, Safa AR. Human beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal III) attenuated Taxol-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by downregulating caspase-8 activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 331:81-8. [PMID: 19415457 PMCID: PMC4450256 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxol triggers apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells, but it also upregulates cytoprotective proteins and/or pathways that compromise its therapeutic efficacy. In this report, we found that Taxol treatment resulted in caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, Taxol-induced apoptosis was associated with caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, Taxol treatment upregulated alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal III) expression and forced expression of ST3Gal III attenuated Taxol-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ST3Gal III overexpression inhibited Taxol-triggered caspase-8 activation, indicating that ST3Gal III upregulation produces cellular resistance to Taxol and hence reduces the efficacy of Taxol therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St. R4-119, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Wang PH. Altered Sialylation and Sialyltransferase Expression in Gynecologic Cancers. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(09)60057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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