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Manceau H, Lefevre SD, Mirmiran A, Hattab C, Sugier HR, Schmitt C, Peoc'h K, Puy H, Ostuni MA, Gouya L, Lacapere JJ. TSPO2 translocates 5-aminolevulinic acid into human erythroleukemia cells. Biol Cell 2020; 112:113-126. [PMID: 31989647 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first precursor of heme biosynthesis pathway. The exogenous addition of ALA to cells leads to protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation that has been exploited in photodynamic diagnostic and photodynamic therapy. Several types of ALA transporters have been described depending on the cell type, but there was no clear entry pathway for erythroid cells. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has been proposed to be involved in the transport of porphyrins and heme analogs. RESULTS ALA-induced PPIX accumulation in erythroleukemia cells (UT-7 and K562) was impaired by PK 11195, a competitive inhibitor of both transmembrane proteins TSPO (1 and 2). PK 11195 did not modify the activity of the enzymes of heme biosynthesis, suggesting that ALA entry at the plasma membrane was the limiting factor. In contrast, porphobilinogen (PBG)-induced PPIX accumulation was not affected by PK 11195, suggesting that plasma membrane TSPO2 is a selective transporter of ALA. Overexpression of TSPO2 at the plasma membrane of erythroleukemia cells increased ALA-induced PPIX accumulation, confirming the role of TSPO2 in the import of ALA into the cells. CONCLUSIONS ALA-induced PPIX accumulation in erythroid cells involves TSPO2 as a selective translocator through the plasma membrane. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first characterisation of molecular mechanisms involving a new actor in ALA transport in ALA-induced PPIX accumulation in erythroleukemia cells, which could be inhibited by specific drug ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Manceau
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Unity, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Sophie D Lefevre
- UMR_S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cell, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Arienne Mirmiran
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Claude Hattab
- UMR_S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cell, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Hugo R Sugier
- Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UMR_S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cell, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92701, Colombes, France
| | - Katell Peoc'h
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Unity, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92701, Colombes, France
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- UMR_S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cell, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, INSERM U1149, Université de Paris, F-75018, Paris, France
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92701, Colombes, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lacapere
- Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), F-75005, Paris, France
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Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant metabolic disease caused by hepatic deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), the third enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway. The dominant clinical feature is acute neurovisceral attack associated with high production of potentially neurotoxic porphyrin precursors due to increased hepatic heme consumption. Current Standard of Care is based on a down-regulation of hepatic heme synthesis using heme therapy. Recurrent hyper-activation of the hepatic heme synthesis pathway affects about 5% of patients and can be associated with neurological and metabolic manifestations and long-term complications including chronic kidney disease and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Prophylactic heme infusion is an effective strategy in some of these patients, but it induces tolerance and its frequent application may be associated with thromboembolic disease and hepatic siderosis. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only curative treatment in patients with recurrent acute attacks. Emerging therapies including replacement enzyme therapy or gene therapies (HMBS-gene transfer and ALAS1-gene expression inhibition) are being developed to improve quality of life, reduce the significant morbidity associated with current therapies and prevent late complications such as hepatocellular cancer or kidney failure in HMBS mutation carriers with long-standing high production of noxious heme precursors. Herein, we provide a critical digest of the recent literature on the topic and a summary of recently developed approaches to AIP treatment and their clinical implications.
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D’Avola D, Gonzalez Aseguinolaza G. Prospect and progress of gene therapy in acute intermittent porphyria. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1191346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delia D’Avola
- Liver Unit, CIBERehd, and IDISNAt, Clinica Universidad Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez Aseguinolaza
- Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, CIMA, and IDISNA, Navarra, Spain
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Pischik E, Kauppinen R. An update of clinical management of acute intermittent porphyria. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:201-14. [PMID: 26366103 PMCID: PMC4562648 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s48605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is due to a deficiency of the third enzyme, the hydroxymethylbilane synthase, in heme biosynthesis. It manifests with occasional neuropsychiatric crises associated with overproduction of porphyrin precursors, aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The clinical criteria of an acute attack include the paroxysmal nature and various combinations of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, autonomic dysfunction, hyponatremia, muscle weakness, or mental symptoms, in the absence of other obvious causes. Intensive abdominal pain without peritoneal signs, acute peripheral neuropathy, and encephalopathy usually with seizures or psychosis are the key symptoms indicating possible acute porphyria. More than fivefold elevation of urinary porphobilinogen excretion together with typical symptoms of an acute attack is sufficient to start a treatment. Currently, the prognosis of the patients with AIP is good, but physicians should be aware of a potentially fatal outcome of the disease. Mutation screening and identification of type of acute porphyria can be done at the quiescent phase of the disease. The management of patients with AIP include following strategies: A, during an acute attack: 1) treatment with heme preparations, if an acute attack is severe or moderate; 2) symptomatic treatment of autonomic dysfunctions, polyneuropathy and encephalopathy; 3) exclusion of precipitating factors; and 4) adequate nutrition and fluid therapy. B, during remission: 1) exclusion of precipitating factors (education of patients and family doctors), 2) information about on-line drug lists, and 3) mutation screening for family members and education about precipitating factors in mutation-positive family members. C, management of patients with recurrent attacks: 1) evaluation of the lifestyle, 2) evaluation of hormonal therapy in women, 3) prophylactic heme therapy, and 4) liver transplantation in patients with severe recurrent attacks. D, follow-up of the AIP patients for long-term complications: chronic hypertension, chronic kidney insufficiency, chronic pain syndrome, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pischik
- Porphyria Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Neurology, Consultative and Diagnostic Centre with Polyclinics, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Porphyria Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Dickens S, Van den Berge S, Hendrickx B, Verdonck K, Luttun A, Vranckx JJ. Nonviral Transfection Strategies for Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Ex Vivo Gene Transfer to Skin Wounds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1601-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Dickens
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Biomedical Science Group, KUL Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Van den Berge
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Biomedical Science Group, KUL Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Biomedical Science Group, KUL Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristoff Verdonck
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Biomedical Science Group, KUL Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine—Biomedical Science Group, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan J. Vranckx
- Laboratory of Plastic Surgery and Tissue Engineering Research, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Biomedical Science Group, KUL Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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Siegesmund M, van Tuyll van Serooskerken AM, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Frank J. The acute hepatic porphyrias: current status and future challenges. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:593-605. [PMID: 20955962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The porphyrias are predominantly inherited metabolic disorders, which result from a specific deficiency of one of the eight enzymes along the pathway of haem biosynthesis. Historically, they have been classified into hepatic and erythropoietic forms, based on the primary site of expression of the prevailing dysfunctional enzyme. From a clinical point of view, however, it is more convenient to subdivide them into acute and non-acute porphyrias, thereby primarily considering the potential occurrence of life-threatening acute neurovisceral attacks. Unrecognised or untreated, such an acute porphyric attack is associated with a significant mortality of up to 10%. The acute hepatic porphyrias comprise acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency porphyria. Making a precise diagnosis may be difficult because the different types of porphyrias may show overlapping clinical and biochemical characteristics. To date, the therapeutic possibilities are limited and mainly symptomatic. In this overview we report on what is currently known about pathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics, and therapy of the acute hepatic porphyrias. We further point out actual and future challenges in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Siegesmund
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Balestrin R, Baldo G, Vieira M, Sano R, Coelho J, Giugliani R, Matte U. Transient high-level expression of ß-galactosidase after transfection of fibroblasts from GM1 gangliosidosis patients with plasmid DNA. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:283-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Balestrin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - G. Baldo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - M.B. Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica
| | - R. Sano
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - J.C. Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica
| | - R. Giugliani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - U. Matte
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Grünberg-Etkovitz N, Greenbaum L, Grinblat B, Malik Z. Proteasomal degradation regulates expression of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) mutants of acute intermittent porphyria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:819-27. [PMID: 16935474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a neuropathic disease caused by a dominant inherited deficiency in porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD). We investigated the expression and the degradation of the human PBGD-mutations G748A, G748C and 887insA following transfection into human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mutant proteins exhibited reduced protein expression compared to transfected wild-type (wt) PBGD as revealed by Western blotting. The transcription levels assessed by real-time PCR of these mutant species were identical to those of the wild type. Immuno-fluorescence microscopy revealed reduced cellular distribution of the mutated PBGDs in the cytosol and the nucleus in comparison to the wild-type PBGD. Enhanced cellular accumulation of the mutated and wild-type PBGDs was detected following inhibition of the proteasome by the inhibitors CLBL and hemin. Elevated expression of wt and mutated PBGD protein levels was either achieved by hemin or heme-arginate treatment. On the other hand, enhanced PBGD degradation was achieved by lead poisoning of ALAD in the SH-SY5Y cells concomitant with acceleration of proteasomal activity, most probably by ALAD participation in proteasomal regulation [G.G. Guo, M. Gu, J.D. Etlinger, 240-kDa proteasome inhibitor (CF-2) is identical to delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:12399-402.] Our results suggest that the difference in expression between the wild-type and mutant proteins appears to be regulated on the level of protein degradation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the PBGD cellular pool is controlled by the proteasome activity, which in turn is down regulated by hemin or up-regulated by Pb-ALAD.
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Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is characterised by neurovisceral crises the most common clinical presentation of which is abdominal pain. It is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and is potentially life-threatening. The key point in management is to suspect and confirm the diagnosis as early as possible in order to treat the attack and to avoid inappropriate treatments which may exacerbate the crisis. In this chapter we briefly outline the haem biosynthetic pathway and how deficiencies in individual enzymes give rise to the different porphyrias. We then describe the clinical features and diagnosis of AIP, followed by a discussion of pathogenesis, highlighting advances in the molecular biology of AIP and introducing the debate as to whether neurovisceral crises might result from porphyrin precursor neurotoxicity or from haem deficiency. Finally we discuss management, including family screening, avoidance of triggering factors, analgesia, maintenance of a high calorie intake, and administration of haem derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane L Herrick
- University of Manchester, Rheumatic Diseases Centre, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
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Johansson A, Nowak G, Möller C, Blomberg P, Harper P. Adenoviral-mediated expression of porphobilinogen deaminase in liver restores the metabolic defect in a mouse model of acute intermittent porphyria. Mol Ther 2004; 10:337-43. [PMID: 15294180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of gene therapy in the treatment of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a disorder caused by a partial deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in heme synthesis. The condition is biochemically characterized by accumulation of the porphyrin precursors 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). Here we present the first experiments in vivo using adenoviral vectors to replace the deficient enzyme in the liver of an AIP mouse model. The use of adenoviral vector carrying the cDNA of luciferase in wild-type mice confirmed that transgene expression after intravenous administration was found mainly in liver. When PBGD-deficient mice were administered with adenoviral vector carrying the cDNA of mouse PBGD, the hepatic PBGD activity increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The highest activity was found 7 days after injection and remained high after 29 days. The expressed enzyme was shown to correct the metabolic defect in the PBGD-deficient mice as no accumulation of ALA or PBG occurred in plasma, liver, or kidney after induction of heme synthesis by phenobarbital. The study demonstrates that hepatic PBGD expression prevents the accumulation of porphyrin precursors, suggesting a future potential for gene therapy in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Johansson
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The hepatic porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic disorders characterized by enzymatic defects in the biosynthesis of heme, a metalloporphyrin that is the principal product of porphyrin metabolism. The hepatic porphyrias are genetically transmitted as autosomal-dominant disorders with variable expression that produce a particularly severe form of neuropathy. Most medical students readily recognize acute attacks of porphyria when the classic triad of abdominal pain, psychosis, and neuropathy is present. Yet, porphyric neuropathy is a source of confusion in practice, and patients with porphyria rarely receive the correct diagnosis early in the course of the illness. Porphyric neuropathy is manifest by symptoms, signs, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities resembling acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. However, accompanying psychological features, a proximal predilection of asymmetric weakness, and electrodiagnostic findings indicative of an axonal polyradiculopathy or neuronopathy all suggest the diagnosis of porphyria. Confirmation of the diagnosis depends on use of appropriate laboratory studies. The underlying pathophysiology of porphyric neuropathy has not been established, but it may be related to direct neurotoxicity of elevated levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid. The severity of the neuropathy and the availability of potential treatments, including avoidance of provocative factors, make identification important.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Albers
- Department of Neurology, 1C325/0032 University Hospital, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor 48109-0032, USA.
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