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Kreft ME, Tratnjek L, Lasič E, Hevir N, Rižner TL, Kristan K. Different Culture Conditions Affect Drug Transporter Gene Expression, Ultrastructure, and Permeability of Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Pharm Res 2020; 37:170. [PMID: 32820417 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize a commercially available primary human nasal epithelial cell culture and its gene expression of a wide range of drug transporters under different culture conditions. METHODS Human nasal cells were cultured in three different types of culture media at the air-liquid (A-L) or liquid-liquid (L-L) interfaces for 1 or 3 wks. The effects of the different cell culture conditions were evaluated using light and electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, permeation studies with dextran, and gene expression profiling of 84 drug transporters. RESULTS The type of culture medium affected cell ultrastructure, TEER, and dextran permeation across epithelia. The expression of 20 drug transporter genes depended on the culture interface and/or time in culture; the A-L interface and longer time in culture favored higher expression levels of five ABC and seven SLC transporters. CONCLUSIONS Culture conditions influence the morphology, barrier formation, permeation properties, and drug transporter expression of human nasal epithelial cells, and this must be taken into consideration during the establishment and validation of in vitro models. A thorough characterization of a nasal epithelial model and its permeability properties is necessary to obtain an appropriate standardized model for the design of aerosol therapeutics and drug transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Lasič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neli Hevir
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d, Biopharma Process & Product Development, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Kristan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d, Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Drug transporters in the nasal epithelium: an overview of strategies in targeted drug delivery. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1381-97. [PMID: 25329195 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we discussed the expression of some ABC (e.g., P-glycoprortein, MRP and CFTR) and SLC (e.g., POT, DAT, OAT, OATP, OCT, EAAT2/GLT1 and GLUT) amino acid, metal and nucleoside transporters in the nasal mucosa. The localization and therapeutic targeting of these transporters are explored in detail. The wide array of transporters discovered so far in the nasal mucosa implies that a plethora of compounds can be delivered by targeting these transporters. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential challenges and delivery options for transporter-mediated drug targeting via the nasal route.
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Giannola LI, Sutera FM, De Caro V. Physical methods to promote drug delivery on mucosal tissues of the oral cavity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1449-62. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.809061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bahadur S, Pathak K. Physicochemical and physiological considerations for efficient nose-to-brain targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:19-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.636801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shen Y, Chen J, Liu Q, Feng C, Gao X, Wang L, Zhang Q, Jiang X. Effect of wheat germ agglutinin density on cellular uptake and toxicity of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated PEG–PLA nanoparticles in Calu-3 cells. Int J Pharm 2011; 413:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Agu R, Cowley E, Shao D, Macdonald C, Kirkpatrick D, Renton K, Massoud E. Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POT) family expression in human nasal epithelium and their drug transport potential. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:664-72. [PMID: 21366347 DOI: 10.1021/mp100234z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and functional expression of peptide transporters (PEPT1 and PEPT2, PHT1, PHT2) in human nasal epithelium was investigated. Quantitative/reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR/RT-PCR), Western blotting and indirect immuno-histochemistry were used to investigate the functional gene and protein expression for the transporters. Uptake and transport studies were performed using metabolically stable peptides [β-alanyl-L-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) and β-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine)]. The effects of concentration, temperature, polarity, competing peptides, and inhibitors on peptide uptake and transport were investigated. PCR products corresponding to PEPT1 (150 bp), PEPT2 (127 bp), PHT1 (110 bp) and PHT2 (198 bp) were detected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting confirmed the functional expression of PEPT1 and PEPT2 genes. The uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA was concentration-dependent and saturable (Vmax =4.1 ( 0.07 μmol/min/mg protein, Km = 0.6 ( 0.07 μM). The optimal pH for intracellular accumulation of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA was 6.5. Whereas dipeptides and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) significantly inhibited peptide uptake and transport, L-Phe had no effect on peptide transport. The permeation of β-alanyl-L-histidine was concentration-, direction-, and temperature-dependent. The uptake, permeation, qPCR/RT-PCR and protein expression data showed that the human nasal epithelium functionally expresses proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigius Agu
- Biopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS B3H3J5, Canada.
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Zhang H, Schmidt M, Murry DJ, Donovan MD. Permeation and systemic absorption of R- and S-baclofen across the nasal mucosa. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2717-23. [PMID: 21283988 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Baclofen, an antispasmodic agent that acts as a GABA(B) agonist, resembles phenylalanine in structure and has been reported to be a substrate of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1). The objective of this study was to investigate the absorption of baclofen across the nasal mucosa both in vitro and in vivo. Baclofen transport was measured across excised bovine olfactory and respiratory mucosae to investigate site-specific uptake of baclofen, and the intranasal bioavailability of R- and S-baclofen was determined in rats. Increasing flux with increasing baclofen donor concentration and the absence of polarized transport was observed in vitro, and similar distribution profiles were observed for both enantiomers following intranasal administration in rats. The absence of stereospecificity in nasal absorption indicates limited involvement of the amino acid or other transporters in the nasal absorption of baclofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Lee MK, Yoo JW, Lin H, Kim YS, Kim DD, Choi YM, Park SK, Lee CH, Roh HJ. Air-Liquid Interface Culture of Serially Passaged Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Monolayer forIn VitroDrug Transport Studies. Drug Deliv 2008; 12:305-11. [PMID: 16188730 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500177009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish a drug transport study using human nasal epithelial (HNE) cell monolayers cultured by the air-liquid interface (ALI) method using serum-free medium (BEGM:DME/F12, 50:50). The cells were developed and characterized in comparison to those that have been previously cultured by the liquid-covered culture (LCC) method. The epithelial cell monolayer cultured by the ALI method resulted in a significantly higher transepithelial electrical resistance value (3,453 +/- 302 ohm x cm(2)) that was maintained (>1,000 ohm x cm(2)) for up to 20 days compared with that cultured by the LCC method. Observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed mature cilia after 2 weeks in the ALI culture, while flatten unhealthy ciliated cells were observed in the LCC method. After 21 days, higher level of MUC5AC and 8 mRNA were expressed in ALI culture which confirmed the secretory differentiation of HNE monolayers in vitro. No significant difference in the permeability coefficients of a model hydrophilic marker ((14)C-mannitol) and a lipophilic drug (budesonide) was observed between the two conditions on day 7. The passage 2-3 of the HNE monolayer using ALI condition retained the morphology and differentiated features of normal epithelium. Thus it would be a suitable model for in vitro nasal drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ki Lee
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Choi MK, Arote R, Kim SY, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Cho CS, Kim DD. Transfection of primary human nasal epithelial cells using a biodegradable poly (ester amine) based on polycaprolactone and polyethylenimine as a gene carrier. J Drug Target 2008; 15:684-90. [PMID: 18041636 DOI: 10.1080/10611860701603331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize poly (ester amine) (PEA)/pGL3 complexes and investigate their transfection efficiency in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. Particle size, zeta potential, and gel retardation characteristics of PEA /pGL3 complexes were also measured. After treatment of DNase-I, protection and release assay of PEA/pGL3 complexes were performed. To assess the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, measurement of relative luciferase activity and MTS assay were performed. PEA/pGL3 complexes showed effective and stable DNA condensation with the particle sizes below 200 nm, implicating their potential for intracellular delivery. PEA/pGL3 complexes successfully transfected into the HNE cells with higher viability of the cells. These results suggested that, the PEA can be used as an efficient cationic polymeric vehicle which provides a versatile platform for further investigation of structure property relationship along with the controlled degradation, significant low cytotoxicity, and high transfection efficiency of the primary HNE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Dimova S, Brewster ME, Noppe M, Jorissen M, Augustijns P. The use of human nasal in vitro cell systems during drug discovery and development. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:107-22. [PMID: 15582362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nasal route is widely used for the administration of drugs for both topical and systemic action. At an early stage in drug discovery and during the development process, it is essential to gain a thorough insight of the nasal absorption potential, metabolism and toxicity of the active compound and the components of the drug formulation. Human nasal epithelial cell cultures may provide a reliable screening tool for pharmaco-toxicological assessment of potential nasal drug formulations. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the information relevant for the development of a human nasal epithelial cell culture model useful during drug discovery and development. A primary goal in the development of in vitro cell culture systems is to maintain differentiated morphology and biochemical features, resembling the original tissue as closely as possible. The potential and limitations of the existing in vitro human nasal models are summarized. The following topics related to cell culture methodology are discussed: (i) primary cultures versus cell lines; (ii) cell-support substrate; (iii) medium and medium supplements; and (iv) the air-liquid interface model versus liquid-liquid. Several considerations with respect to the use of in vitro systems for pharmaceutical applications (transport, metabolism, assessment of ciliary toxicity) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimova
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Cui CY, Lu WL, Xiao L, Zhang SQ, Huang YB, Li SL, Zhang RJ, Wang GL, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Sublingual Delivery of Insulin: Effects of Enhancers on the Mucosal Lipid Fluidity and Protein Conformation, Transport, and in Vivo Hypoglycemic Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:2279-88. [PMID: 16327166 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to evaluate effects of enhancers for sublingual delivering insulin on the mucosal lipid fluidity and protein conformation, transport, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity in normal rats. The effects on sublingual mucosa, and aggregation states of insulin were estimated using fluorescence polarization, and circular dichroism method, respectively. The human immortalized oral epithelial cell monolayer was used for evaluating transport of insulin. Hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), chitosan, polyethylene-polypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polysorbate 80, egg lecithin, or oleic acid, was used as a penetration enhancer, respectively. The fluidity of sublingual mucosal lipid was markedly reduced by these enhancers excluding polysorbate 80, and the secondary structure of the mucosal proteins was also influenced by these enhancers. The hexamers of insulin were dissociated to monomers only by chitosan, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, and egg lecithin. Nonetheless, plasma glucose levels in normal rats were significantly lowered after sublingual administration of insulin with an enhancer compared with those without an enhancer at the same time-point. The enhancing effects may be due to one or multiple factors: increasing the mucosal lipid fluidity, directly loosing the tight junction of epithelia, and dissociating the hexamers of insulin to monomers. Among these, the opened tight junction may correlate most with the enhancing effect in the mucosal permeability. Because the aggregates of insulin exist, the dissociation of the aggregates by an enhancer would benefit the permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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