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Lopez-Nuñez R, Suarez-Fernandez M, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan and nematophagous fungi for sustainable management of nematode pests. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:980341. [PMID: 37746197 PMCID: PMC10512356 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.980341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to large number of threats caused by herbivores and pathogens which cause important losses on crops. Plant pathogens such as nematodes can cause severe damage and losses in food security crops worldwide. Chemical pesticides were extendedly used for nematode management. However, due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment, they are now facing strong limitations by regulatory organisations such as EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative and efficient control measures, such as biological control agents or bio-based plant protection compounds. In this scenario, chitosan, a non-toxic polymer obtained from seafood waste mainly, is becoming increasingly important. Chitosan is the N-deacetylated form of chitin. Chitosan is effective in the control of plant pests and diseases. It also induces plants defence mechanisms. Chitosan is also compatible with some biocontrol microorganisms mainly entomopathogenic and nematophagous fungi. Some of them are antagonists of nematode pests of plants and animals. The nematophagous biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia has been widely studied for sustainable management of nematodes affecting economically important crops and for its capability to grow with chitosan as only nutrient source. This fungus infects nematode eggs using hyphal tips and appressoria. Pochonia chlamydosporia also colonizes plant roots endophytically, stimulating plant defences by induction of salicylic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and favours plant growth and development. Therefore, the combined use of chitosan and nematophagous fungi could be a novel strategy for the biological control of nematodes and other root pathogens of food security crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Lopez-Nuñez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Lopez-Moya F, Arnao MB, Cabrera-Escribano F, Nueda MJ, Gunsé B, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Induces Plant Hormones and Defenses in Tomato Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572087. [PMID: 33250907 PMCID: PMC7672008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use electrophysiological and metabolomic tools to determine the role of chitosan as plant defense elicitor in soil for preventing or manage root pests and diseases sustainably. Root exudates include a wide variety of molecules that plants and root microbiota use to communicate in the rhizosphere. Tomato plants were treated with chitosan. Root exudates from tomato plants were analyzed at 3, 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (dap). We found, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, that chitosan induces plant hormones, lipid signaling and defense compounds in tomato root exudates, including phenolics. High doses of chitosan induce membrane depolarization and affect membrane integrity. 1H-NMR showed the dynamic of exudation, detecting the largest number of signals in 20 dap root exudates. Root exudates from plants irrigated with chitosan inhibit ca. twofold growth kinetics of the tomato root parasitic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. and reduced ca. 1.5-fold egg hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos Carlos Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Nueda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Benet Gunsé
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207759. [PMID: 33092207 PMCID: PMC7589425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (SM2V, SM11C2), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (CMT2, DRM5), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the Mi-1.2-carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population Mi-Vfield. On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.
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Molinari S. Systemic acquired resistance activation in solanaceous crops as a management strategy against root-knot nematodes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:888-96. [PMID: 26085141 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activators of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), such as salicylic acid (SA) and its synthetic functional analogues benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothionic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), were tested on tomato, eggplant and pepper for the control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Effects on plant fitness, nematode reproduction and root galling were screened in relation to different methods of application, to different applied dosages of chemicals and to different plant growth stages. Dosages applied to plants were in relation to plant weights. These chemicals were also tested for their possible nematotoxic activity in vitro. RESULTS Soil drenches of SA and INA and root dip application of SA and BTH inhibited nematode reproduction, at specific dosage ranges, without affecting plant growth. SA and INA were able to reduce root galling as well. Foliar sprays of both SA and BTH were ineffective against nematode attacks. Plants tolerated SA more than the other chemicals tested. BTH at elevated concentrations increased the mortality of nematode juveniles and reduced egg hatching in vitro. CONCLUSIONS SAR activators at concentrations suitable for different plant growth stages and applied by the proper method can possibly be included in IPM programmes for nematode management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
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Zhou J, Jia F, Shao S, Zhang H, Li G, Xia X, Zhou Y, Yu J, Shi K. Involvement of nitric oxide in the jasmonate-dependent basal defense against root-knot nematode in tomato plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:193. [PMID: 25914698 PMCID: PMC4392611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and nitric oxide (NO) are well-characterized signaling molecules in plant defense responses. However, their roles in plant defense against root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the transcript levels of the JA- and NO-related biosynthetic and signaling component genes were induced after RKN infection. Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection and partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate. These molecules also alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation. Importantly, NO scavenger partially inhibited JA-induced RKN defense. The pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesis significantly increased the plants' susceptibility to RKNs, which was effectively alleviated by SNP application, showing that NO may be involved in the JA-dependent RKN defense pathway. Furthermore, both JA and SNP induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression after RKN infestation. Silencing of PI2 compromised both JA- and SNP-induced RKN defense responses, suggesting that the PI2 gene mediates JA- and NO-induced defense against RKNs. This work will be important for deepening the understanding of the mechanisms involved in basal defense against RKN attack in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Feifei Jia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Shujun Shao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Guiping Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, HangzhouChina
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, HangzhouChina
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Matthews BF, Beard H, Brewer E, Kabir S, MacDonald MH, Youssef RM. Arabidopsis genes, AtNPR1, AtTGA2 and AtPR-5, confer partial resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) when overexpressed in transgenic soybean roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 24739302 PMCID: PMC4021311 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive studies using the model system Arabidopsis thaliana to elucidate plant defense signaling and pathway networks indicate that salicylic acid (SA) is the key hormone triggering the plant defense response against biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens, while jasmonic acid (JA) and derivatives are critical to the defense response against necrotrophic pathogens. Several reports demonstrate that SA limits nematode reproduction. RESULTS Here we translate knowledge gained from studies using Arabidopsis to soybean. The ability of thirty-one Arabidopsis genes encoding important components of SA and JA synthesis and signaling in conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN: Heterodera glycines) are investigated. We demonstrate that overexpression of three of thirty-one Arabidoposis genes in transgenic soybean roots of composite plants decreased the number of cysts formed by SCN to less than 50% of those found on control roots, namely AtNPR1(33%), AtTGA2 (38%), and AtPR-5 (38%). Three additional Arabidopsis genes decreased the number of SCN cysts by 40% or more: AtACBP3 (53% of the control value), AtACD2 (55%), and AtCM-3 (57%). Other genes having less or no effect included AtEDS5 (77%), AtNDR1 (82%), AtEDS1 (107%), and AtPR-1 (80%), as compared to control. Overexpression of AtDND1 greatly increased susceptibility as indicated by a large increase in the number of SCN cysts (175% of control). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the pathogen defense system gained from studies of the model system, Arabidopsis, can be directly translated to soybean through direct overexpression of Arabidopsis genes. When the genes, AtNPR1, AtGA2, and AtPR-5, encoding specific components involved in SA regulation, synthesis, and signaling, are overexpressed in soybean roots, resistance to SCN is enhanced. This demonstrates functional compatibility of some Arabidopsis genes with soybean and identifies genes that may be used to engineer resistance to nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Matthews
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hunter Beard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Eric Brewer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sara Kabir
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Margaret H MacDonald
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Reham M Youssef
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Molinari S, Fanelli E, Leonetti P. Expression of tomato salicylic acid (SA)-responsive pathogenesis-related genes in Mi-1-mediated and SA-induced resistance to root-knot nematodes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:255-64. [PMID: 24118790 PMCID: PMC6638815 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5, considered as markers for salicylic acid (SA)-dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was examined in the roots and shoots of tomato plants pre-treated with SA and subsequently infected with root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne incognita). PR-1 was up-regulated in both roots and shoots of SA-treated plants, whereas the expression of PR-5 was enhanced only in roots. The over-expression of PR-1 in the whole plant occurred as soon as 1 day after SA treatment. Up-regulation of the PR-1 gene was considered to be the main marker of SAR elicitation. One day after treatment, plants were inoculated with active juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita. The number of J2s that entered the roots and started to develop was significantly lower in SA-treated than in untreated plants at 5 and 15 days after inoculation. The expression pattern of PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 was also examined in the roots and shoots of susceptible and Mi-1-carrying resistant tomato plants infected by RKNs. Nematode infection produced a down-regulation of PR genes in both roots and shoots of SA-treated and untreated plants, and in roots of Mi-carrying resistant plants. Moreover, in resistant infected plants, PR gene expression, in particular PR-1 gene expression, was highly induced in shoots. Thus, nematode infection was demonstrated to elicit SAR in shoots of resistant plants. The data presented in this study show that the repression of host defence SA signalling is associated with the successful development of RKNs, and that SA exogenously added as a soil drench is able to trigger a SAR-like response to RKNs in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute of Plant Protection (IPP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Zinovieva SV, Vasyukova NI, Udalova ZV, Gerasimova NG. The Participation of salicylic and jasmonic acids in genetic and induced resistance of tomato to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919). BIOL BULL+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359013030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zinovieva SV, Vasyukova NI, Udalova ZV, Gerasimova NG, Ozeretskovskaya OL. Involvement of salicylic acid in induction of nematode resistance in plants. BIOL BULL+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359011050177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sun Y, Yin J, Cao H, Li C, Kang L, Ge F. Elevated CO2 influences nematode-induced defense responses of tomato genotypes differing in the JA pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19751. [PMID: 21629688 PMCID: PMC3101209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO(2) concentrations can affect the induced defense of plants against chewing herbivores but little is known about whether elevated CO(2) can change the induced defense of plants against parasitic nematodes. This study examined the interactions between the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and three isogenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) genotypes grown under ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (750 ppm) CO(2) in growth chambers. In a previous study with open-top chambers in the field, we reported that elevated CO(2) increased the number of nematode-induced root galls in a JA-defense-dominated genotype but not in a wild-type or JA-defense-recessive genotype. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that elevated CO(2) will favor the salicylic acid (SA)-pathway defense but repress the jasmonic acid (JA)-pathway defense of plants against plant-parasitic nematodes. Our data showed that elevated CO(2) reduced the JA-pathway defense against M. incognita in the wild-type and in a genotype in which defense is dominated by the JA pathway (a JA-defense-dominated genotype) but up-regulated the SA-pathway defense in the wild type and in a JA-defense-recessive genotype (jasmonate-deficient mutant). Our results suggest that, in terms of defense genes, secondary metabolites, and volatile organic compounds, induced defense of nematode-infected plants could be affected by elevated CO(2), and that CO(2)-induced changes of plant resistance may lead to genotype-specific responses of plants to nematodes under elevated CO(2). The changes in resistance against nematodes, however, were small relative to those reported for chewing insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Molinari S. Natural genetic and induced plant resistance, as a control strategy to plant-parasitic nematodes alternative to pesticides. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:311-23. [PMID: 21184231 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are pests of a wide range of economically important crops, causing severe losses to agriculture. Natural genetic resistance of plants is expected to be a valid solution of the many problems nematodes cause all over the world. Progress in resistance applications is particularly important for the less-developed countries of tropical and subtropical regions, since use of resistant cultivars may be the only possible and economically feasible control strategy in those farming systems. Resistance is being considered of particular importance also in modern high-input production systems of developed countries, as the customary reliance on chemical nematicides has been restricted or has come to an end. This review briefly describes the genetic bases of resistance to nematodes in plants and focuses on the chances and problems of its exploitation as a key element in an integrated management program. Much space is dedicated to the major problem of resistance durability, in that the intensive use of resistant cultivars is likely to increasingly induce the selection of virulent populations able to "break" the resistance. Protocols of pest-host suitability are described, as bioassays are being used to evaluate local nematode populations in their potential to be selected on resistant germplasm and endanger resistant crops. The recent progress in using robust and durable resistances against nematodes as an efficient method for growers in vegetable cropping systems is reported, as well as the possible use of chemicals that do not show any unfavorable impact on environment, to induce in plants resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Molinari
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via G Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Vasyukova NI, Zinovieva SV, Udalova ZV, Gerasimova NG, Ozeretskovskaya OL, Sonin MD. Jasmonic acid and tomato resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 428:448-50. [PMID: 19994787 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496609050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N I Vasyukova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiipr. 33, Moscow, 119071 Russia
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Vasyukova NI, Pridvorova SM, Gerasimova NG, Chalenko GI, Ozeretskovskaya OL, Udalova ZV, Zinov'eva SV. The involvement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and salicylic acid in the induction of resistance of tomato plants infested with gall nematode Meloidogyne incognita. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 416:382-5. [PMID: 18047025 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496607050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N I Vasyukova
- Bach Institute o f Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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