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Abstract
Aspergilli have been widely used in the production of organic acids, enzymes, and secondary metabolites for almost a century. Today, several GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Aspergillus species hold a central role in the field of industrial biotechnology with multiple profitable applications. Since the 1990s, research has focused on the use of Aspergillus species in the development of cell factories for the production of recombinant proteins mainly due to their natively high secretion capacity. Advances in the Aspergillus-specific molecular toolkit and combination of several engineering strategies (e.g., protease-deficient strains and fusions to carrier proteins) resulted in strains able to generate high titers of recombinant fungal proteins. However, the production of non-fungal proteins appears to still be inefficient due to bottlenecks in fungal expression and secretion machinery. After a brief overview of the different heterologous expression systems currently available, this review focuses on the filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus and their use in recombinant protein production. We describe key steps in protein synthesis and secretion that may limit production efficiency in Aspergillus systems and present genetic engineering approaches and bioprocessing strategies that have been adopted in order to improve recombinant protein titers and expand the potential of Aspergilli as competitive production platforms.
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Zhao G, Xu Y, Ouyang H, Luo Y, Sun S, Wang Z, Yang J, Jin C. Protein O-mannosylation affects protein secretion, cell wall integrity and morphogenesis in Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103440. [PMID: 32758529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) initiate O-mannosylation of proteins in the ER. Trichoderma reesei strains displayed a single representative of each PMT subfamily, Trpmt1, Trpmt2 and Trpmt4. In this work, two knockout strains ΔTrpmt1and ΔTrpmt4were obtained. Both mutants showed retarded growth, defective cell walls, reduced conidiation and decreased protein secretion. Additionally, the ΔTrpmt1strain displayed a thermosensitive growth phenotype, while the ΔTrpmt4 strain showed abnormal polarity. Meanwhile, OETrpmt2 strain, in which the Trpmt2 was over-expressed, exhibited increased conidiation, enhanced protein secretion and abnormal polarity. Using a lectin enrichment method and MS/MS analysis, 173 O-glycoproteins, 295 O-glycopeptides and 649 O-mannosylation sites were identified as the targets of PMTs in T. reesei. These identified O-mannoproteins are involved in various physiological processes such as protein folding, sorting, transport, quality control and secretion, as well as cell wall integrity and polarity. By comparing proteins identified in the mutants and its parent strain, the potential specific protein substrates of PMTs were identified. Based on our results, TrPMT1 is specifically involved inO-mannosylation of intracellular soluble proteins and secreted proteins, specially glycosidases. TrPMT2 is involved inO-mannosylation of secreted proteins and GPI-anchor proteins, and TrPMT4 mainly modifies multiple transmembrane proteins. The TrPMT1-TrPMT4 complex is responsible for O-mannosylation of proteins involved in cell wall integrity. Overexpression of TrPMT2 enhances protein secretion, which might be a new strategy to improve expression efficiency in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haomiao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanming Luo
- Public Technology Service Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shutao Sun
- Public Technology Service Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China.
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Using response surface methodology optimize culture conditions for human lactoferrin production in desert Chlorella. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:130-135. [PMID: 30508587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the expression conditions for human lactoferrin production, we have constructed the transgenic chlorella with human lactoferrin named as GTD8A1-HLF, the original chlorella was separated from Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang China. To further improve the production of human lactoferrin, a sequential methodology was used to optimize human lactoferrin production by GTD8A1-HLF. First, a screening trial using a Plackett-Burman design was done, and variables with statistically significant effects on human lactoferrin bio-production were identified. These were further optimized by central composite design experiments and response surface methodology. Finally, we found that the maximum human lactoferrin production (52.70 mg/L) was achieved under the following optimized conditions: Initial pH 5.0, NaNO3 concentration of 0.600 mol/L, FeSO4 concentration of 0.006 mol/L, and a CuSO4 concentration of 0.002 mol/L, with the other medium components constituting the basal culture medium BBM. The yield of HLF protein under optimized culture conditions was approximately 4-fold higher than that obtained by using the basal culture medium BBM. The findings are significant for the potential industrial use of GTD8A1-HLF.
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Yu XC, Ma SL, Xu Y, Fu CH, Jiang CY, Zhou CY. Construction and application of a novel genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae for expressing proteases. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Matthews CB, Wright C, Kuo A, Colant N, Westoby M, Love JC. Reexamining opportunities for therapeutic protein production in eukaryotic microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2432-2444. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Angel Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Noelle Colant
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
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Yamada O, Machida M, Hosoyama A, Goto M, Takahashi T, Futagami T, Yamagata Y, Takeuchi M, Kobayashi T, Koike H, Abe K, Asai K, Arita M, Fujita N, Fukuda K, Higa KI, Horikawa H, Ishikawa T, Jinno K, Kato Y, Kirimura K, Mizutani O, Nakasone K, Sano M, Shiraishi Y, Tsukahara M, Gomi K. Genome sequence of Aspergillus luchuensis NBRC 4314. DNA Res 2016; 23:507-515. [PMID: 27651094 PMCID: PMC5144674 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Awamori is a traditional distilled beverage made from steamed Thai-Indica rice in Okinawa, Japan. For brewing the liquor, two microbes, local kuro (black) koji mold Aspergillus luchuensis and awamori yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved. In contrast, that yeasts are used for ethanol fermentation throughout the world, a characteristic of Japanese fermentation industries is the use of Aspergillus molds as a source of enzymes for the maceration and saccharification of raw materials. Here we report the draft genome of a kuro (black) koji mold, A. luchuensis NBRC 4314 (RIB 2604). The total length of nonredundant sequences was nearly 34.7 Mb, comprising approximately 2,300 contigs with 16 telomere-like sequences. In total, 11,691 genes were predicted to encode proteins. Most of the housekeeping genes, such as transcription factors and N-and O-glycosylation system, were conserved with respect to Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae An alternative oxidase and acid-stable α-amylase regarding citric acid production and fermentation at a low pH as well as a unique glutamic peptidase were also found in the genome. Furthermore, key biosynthetic gene clusters of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B were absent when compared with A. niger genome, showing the safety of A. luchuensis for food and beverage production. This genome information will facilitate not only comparative genomics with industrial kuro-koji molds, but also molecular breeding of the molds in improvements of awamori fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Masayuki Machida
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Hosoyama
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Goto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Taiki Futagami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Koike
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asai
- Computational Biology Research Center, AIST, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Kazuro Fukuda
- Asahi Breweries, LTD, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8602, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Higa
- Industrial Technology Center, Okinawa Prefectural Government, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horikawa
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | | | - Koji Jinno
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Kirimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Mizutani
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nakasone
- Kinki University Faculty of Engineering, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Shiraishi
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | | | - Katsuya Gomi
- Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: from production to purification. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47 Suppl 1:51-63. [PMID: 27838289 PMCID: PMC5156500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopharmaceuticals dates from the 19th century and within 5–10 years, up to 50% of all drugs in development will be biopharmaceuticals. In the 1980s, the biopharmaceutical industry experienced a significant growth in the production and approval of recombinant proteins such as interferons (IFN α, β, and γ) and growth hormones. The production of biopharmaceuticals, known as bioprocess, involves a wide range of techniques. In this review, we discuss the technology involved in the bioprocess and describe the available strategies and main advances in microbial fermentation and purification process to obtain biopharmaceuticals.
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Structures of almond hydroxynitrile lyase isoenzyme 5 provide a rationale for the lack of oxidoreductase activity in flavin dependent HNLs. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ozawa K, Iwasa H, Sasaki N, Kinoshita N, Hiratsuka A, Yokoyama K. Identification and characterization of thermostable glucose dehydrogenases from thermophilic filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:173-183. [PMID: 27510979 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH), which contains FAD as a cofactor, catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-1,5-lactone, and plays an important role in biosensors measuring blood glucose levels. In order to obtain a novel FAD-GDH gene homolog, we performed degenerate PCR screening of genomic DNAs from 17 species of thermophilic filamentous fungi. Two FAD-GDH gene homologs were identified and cloned from Talaromyces emersonii NBRC 31232 and Thermoascus crustaceus NBRC 9129. We then prepared the recombinant enzymes produced by Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Absorption spectra and enzymatic assays revealed that the resulting enzymes contained oxidized FAD as a cofactor and exhibited glucose dehydrogenase activity. The transition midpoint temperatures (T m) were 66.4 and 62.5 °C for glycosylated FAD-GDHs of T. emersonii and T. crustaceus prepared by using P. pastoris as a host, respectively. Therefore, both FAD-GDHs exhibited high thermostability. In conclusion, we propose that these thermostable FAD-GDHs could be ideal enzymes for use as thermotolerant glucose sensors with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Ozawa
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hisanori Iwasa
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Noriko Sasaki
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nao Kinoshita
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Atsunori Hiratsuka
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Yokoyama
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan. .,School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0982, Japan.
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Rubio MV, Zubieta MP, Franco Cairo JPL, Calzado F, Paes Leme AF, Squina FM, Prade RA, de Lima Damásio AR. Mapping N-linked glycosylation of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the secretome of Aspergillus nidulans grown on lignocellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:168. [PMID: 27508003 PMCID: PMC4977673 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Aspergillus includes microorganisms that naturally degrade lignocellulosic biomass, secreting large amounts of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that characterize their saprophyte lifestyle. Aspergillus has the capacity to perform post-translational modifications (PTM), which provides an additional advantage for the use of these organisms as a host for the production of heterologous proteins. In this study, the N-linked glycosylation of CAZymes identified in the secretome of Aspergillus nidulans grown on lignocellulose was mapped. RESULTS Aspergillus nidulans was grown in glucose, xylan and pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) for 96 h, after which glycoproteomics and glycomics were carried out on the extracellular proteins (secretome). A total of 265 proteins were identified, with 153, 210 and 182 proteins in the glucose, xylan and SCB substrates, respectively. CAZymes corresponded to more than 50 % of the total secretome in xylan and SCB. A total of 182 N-glycosylation sites were identified, of which 121 were detected in 67 CAZymes. A prevalence of the N-glyc sequon N-X-T (72.2 %) was observed in N-glyc sites compared with N-X-S (27.8 %). The amino acids flanking the validated N-glyc sites were mainly composed of hydrophobic and polar uncharged amino acids. Selected proteins were evaluated for conservation of the N-glyc sites in Aspergilli homologous proteins, but a pattern of conservation was not observed. A global analysis of N-glycans released from the proteins secreted by A. nidulans was also performed. While the proportion of N-glycans with Hex5 to Hex9 was similar in the xylan condition, a prevalence of Hex5 was observed in the SCB and glucose conditions. CONCLUSIONS The most common and frequent N-glycosylated motifs, an overview of the N-glycosylation of the CAZymes and the number of mannoses found in N-glycans were analyzed. There are many bottlenecks in protein production by filamentous fungi, such as folding, transport by vesicles and secretion, but N-glycosylation in the correct context is a fundamental event for defining the high levels of secretion of target proteins. A comprehensive analysis of the protein glycosylation processes in A. nidulans will assist with a better understanding of glycoprotein structures, profiles, activities and functions. This knowledge can help in the optimization of heterologous expression and protein secretion in the fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ventura Rubio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Mariane Paludetti Zubieta
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - João Paulo Lourenço Franco Cairo
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Felipe Calzado
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Fabio Marcio Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Rolf Alexander Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
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Gene Expression Systems in Industrial Ascomycetes: Advancements and Applications. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Anyaogu DC, Mortensen UH. Manipulating the glycosylation pathway in bacterial and lower eukaryotes for production of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yemets AI, Tanasienko IV, Krasylenko YA, Blume YB. Plant-based biopharming of recombinant human lactoferrin. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:989-1002. [PMID: 24803187 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are currently recognized as pharmaceuticals, enzymes, food constituents, nutritional additives, antibodies and other valuable products for industry, healthcare, research, and everyday life. Lactoferrin (Lf), one of the promising human milk proteins, occupies the expanding biotechnological food market niche due to its important versatile properties. Lf shows antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antioxidant activities, modulates cell growth rate, binds glycosaminoglycans and lipopolysaccharides, and also inputs into the innate/specific immune responses. Development of highly efficient human recombinant Lf expression systems employing yeasts, filamentous fungi and undoubtedly higher plants as bioreactors for the large-scale Lf production is a biotechnological challenge. This review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the existing non-animal Lf expression systems from the standpoint of protein yield and its biological activity. Special emphasis is put on the benefits of monocot plant system for Lf expression and the biosafety aspects of the transgenic Lf-expressing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla I Yemets
- Department of Genomics and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
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Nevalainen H, Peterson R. Making recombinant proteins in filamentous fungi- are we expecting too much? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24578701 PMCID: PMC3936196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts used for the production of recombinant proteins are typically high-protein secreting mutant strains that have been selected for a specific purpose, such as efficient production of cellulose-degrading enzymes. Somewhat surprisingly, sequencing of the genomes of a series of mutant strains of the cellulolytic Trichoderma reesei, widely used as an expression host for recombinant gene products, has shed very little light on the nature of changes that boost high-level protein secretion. While it is generally agreed and shown that protein secretion in filamentous fungi occurs mainly through the hyphal tip, there is growing evidence that secretion of proteins also takes place in sub-apical regions. Attempts to increase correct folding and thereby the yields of heterologous proteins in fungal hosts by co-expression of cellular chaperones and foldases have resulted in variable success; underlying reasons have been explored mainly at the transcriptional level. The observed physiological changes in fungal strains experiencing increasing stress through protein overexpression under strong gene promoters also reflect the challenge the host organisms are experiencing. It is evident, that as with other eukaryotes, fungal endoplasmic reticulum is a highly dynamic structure. Considering the above, there is an emerging body of work exploring the use of weaker expression promoters to avoid undue stress. Filamentous fungi have been hailed as candidates for the production of pharmaceutically relevant proteins for therapeutic use. One of the biggest challenges in terms of fungally produced heterologous gene products is their mode of glycosylation; fungi lack the functionally important terminal sialylation of the glycans that occurs in mammalian cells. Finally, exploration of the metabolic pathways and fluxes together with the development of sophisticated fermentation protocols may result in new strategies to produce recombinant proteins in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nevalainen
- Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, SydneyNSW, Australia
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Aguiar TQ, Maaheimo H, Heiskanen A, Wiebe MG, Penttilä M, Domingues L. Characterization of the Ashbya gossypii secreted N-glycome and genomic insights into its N-glycosylation pathway. Carbohydr Res 2013; 381:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang L, Shi J, Jiang D, Stupak J, Ou J, Qiu Q, An N, Li J, Yang D. Expression and characterization of recombinant human alpha-antitrypsin in transgenic rice seed. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:300-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Production of recombinant proteins by filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1119-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ghosal S, Macher JM, Ahmed K. Raman microspectroscopy-based identification of individual fungal spores as potential indicators of indoor contamination and moisture-related building damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6088-95. [PMID: 22533607 DOI: 10.1021/es203782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an application of Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) for the rapid characterization and identification of individual spores from several species of microfungi. The RMS-based methodology requires minimal sample preparation and small sample volumes for analyses. Hence, it is suitable for preserving sample integrity while providing micrometer-scale spatial resolution required for the characterization of individual cells. We present the acquisition of unique Raman spectral signatures from intact fungal spores dispersed on commercially available aluminum foil substrate. The RMS-based method has been used to compile a reference library of Raman spectra from several species of microfungi typically associated with damp indoor environments. The acquired reference spectral library has subsequently been used to identify individual microfungal spores through direct comparison of the spore Raman spectra with the reference spectral signatures in the library. Moreover, the distinct peak structures of Raman spectra provide detailed insight into the overall chemical composition of spores. We anticipate potential application of this methodology in the fields of public health, forensic sciences, and environmental microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Ghosal
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, United States.
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Shah P, Powell ALT, Orlando R, Bergmann C, Gutierrez-Sanchez G. Proteomic analysis of ripening tomato fruit infected by Botrytis cinerea. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2178-92. [PMID: 22364583 DOI: 10.1021/pr200965c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a model necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes gray mold as it infects different organs on more than 200 plant species, is a significant contributor to postharvest rot in fresh fruit and vegetables, including tomatoes. By describing host and pathogen proteomes simultaneously in infected tissues, the plant proteins that provide resistance and allow susceptibility and the pathogen proteins that promote colonization and facilitate quiescence can be identified. This study characterizes fruit and fungal proteins solubilized in the B. cinerea-tomato interaction using shotgun proteomics. Mature green, red ripe wild type and ripening inhibited (rin) mutant tomato fruit were infected with B. cinerea B05.10, and the fruit and fungal proteomes were identified concurrently 3 days postinfection. One hundred eighty-six tomato proteins were identified in common among red ripe and red ripe-equivalent ripening inhibited (rin) mutant tomato fruit infected by B. cinerea. However, the limited infections by B. cinerea of mature green wild type fruit resulted in 25 and 33% fewer defense-related tomato proteins than in red and rin fruit, respectively. In contrast, the ripening stage of genotype of the fruit infected did not affect the secreted proteomes of B. cinerea. The composition of the collected proteins populations and the putative functions of the identified proteins argue for their role in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Shah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
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Kotz A, Wagener J, Engel J, Routier FH, Echtenacher B, Jacobsen I, Heesemann J, Ebel F. Approaching the secrets of N-glycosylation in Aspergillus fumigatus: characterization of the AfOch1 protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15729. [PMID: 21206755 PMCID: PMC3012087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mannosyltransferase Och1 is the key enzyme for synthesis of elaborated protein N-glycans in yeast. In filamentous fungi genes implicated in outer chain formation are present, but their function is unclear. In this study we have analyzed the Och1 protein of Aspergillus fumigatus. We provide first evidence that poly-mannosylated N-glycans exist in A. fumigatus and that their synthesis requires AfOch1 activity. This implies that AfOch1 plays a similar role as S. cerevisiae ScOch1 in the initiation of an N-glycan outer chain. A Δafoch1 mutant showed normal growth under standard and various stress conditions including elevated temperature, cell wall and oxidative stress. However, sporulation of this mutant was dramatically reduced in the presence of high calcium concentrations, suggesting that certain proteins engaged in sporulation require N-glycan outer chains to be fully functional. A characteristic feature of AfOch1 and Och1 homologues from other filamentous fungi is a signal peptide that clearly distinguishes them from their yeast counterparts. However, this difference does not appear to have consequences for its localization in the Golgi. Replacing the signal peptide of AfOch1 by a membrane anchor had no impact on its ability to complement the sporulation defect of the Δafoch1 strain. The mutant triggered a normal cytokine response in infected murine macrophages, arguing against a role of outer chains as relevant Aspergillus pathogen associated molecular patterns. Infection experiments provided no evidence for attenuation in virulence; in fact, according to our data the Δafoch1 mutant may even be slightly more virulent than the control strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kotz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Engel
- Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Echtenacher
- Institute for Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ilse Jacobsen
- Department for Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Ebel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Cloning and heterologous expression of the extracellular alpha-galactosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillus sojae under the control of gpdA promoter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Expression and export: recombinant protein production systems for Aspergillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Sklenar J, Niku-Paavola ML, Santos S, Man P, Kruus K, Novotny C. Isolation and characterization of novel pI 4.8 MnP isoenzyme from white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ribeiro O, Wiebe M, Ilmén M, Domingues L, Penttilä M. Expression of Trichoderma reesei cellulases CBHI and EGI in Ashbya gossypii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1437-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Patel N, Choy V, Malouf P, Thibault J. Growth of Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 in stirred tank and reciprocating plate bioreactors. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Chill L, Trinh L, Azadi P, Ishihara M, Sonon R, Karnaukhova E, Ophir Y, Golding B, Shiloach J. Production, purification, and characterization of human alpha1 proteinase inhibitor from Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:828-44. [PMID: 18828177 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha one proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI) was cloned and expressed in Aspergillus niger, filamentious fungus that can grow in defined media and can perform glycosylation. Submerged culture conditions were established using starch as carbon source, 30% dissolved oxygen concentration, pH 7.0 and 28 degrees C. Eight milligrams per liter of active alpha1-PI were secreted to the growth media in about 40 h. Controlling the protein proteolysis was found to be an important factor in the production. The effects of various carbon sources, pH and temperature on the production and stability of the protein were tested and the product was purified and characterized. Two molecular weights variants of the recombinant alpha1-PI were produced by the fungus; the difference is attributed to the glycosylated part of the molecule. The two glycoproteins were treated with PNGAse F and the released glycans were analyzed by HPAEC, MALDI/TOF-MS, NSI-MS(n), and GC-MS. The MALDI and NSI- full MS spectra of permethylated N-glycans revealed that the N-glycans of both variants contain a series of high-mannose type glycans with 5-20 hexose units. Monosaccharide analysis showed that these were composed of N-acetylglucos-amine, mannose, and galactose. Linkage analysis revealed that the galactosyl component was in the furanoic conformation, which was attaching in a terminal non-reducing position. The Galactofuranose-containing high-mannnose type N-glycans are typical structures, which recently have been found as part of several glycoproteins produced by Aspergillus niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Chill
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A Room 170, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Approaches for refining heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krogh K, Kastberg H, Jørgensen C, Berlin A, Harris P, Olsson L. Cloning of a GH5 endoglucanase from genus Penicillium and its binding to different lignins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Lecault V, Patel N, Thibault J. An image analysis technique to estimate the cell density and biomass concentration ofTrichoderma reesei. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:402-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Production of the Aspergillus aculeatus endo-1,4-β-mannanase in A. niger. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:611-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cellulase production from spent lignocellulose hydrolysates by recombinant Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2366-74. [PMID: 19251882 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02479-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant Aspergillus niger strain expressing the Hypocrea jecorina endoglucanase Cel7B was grown on spent hydrolysates (stillage) from sugarcane bagasse and spruce wood. The spent hydrolysates served as excellent growth media for the Cel7B-producing strain, A. niger D15[egI], which displayed higher endoglucanase activities in the spent hydrolysates than in standard medium with a comparable monosaccharide content (e.g., 2,100 nkat/ml in spent bagasse hydrolysate compared to 480 nkat/ml in standard glucose-based medium). In addition, A. niger D15[egI] was also able to consume or convert other lignocellulose-derived compounds, such as acetic acid, furan aldehydes, and phenolic compounds, which are recognized as inhibitors of yeast during ethanolic fermentation. The results indicate that enzymes can be produced from the stillage stream as a high-value coproduct in second-generation bioethanol plants in a way that also facilitates recirculation of process water.
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32
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Developing Aspergillus as a host for heterologous expression. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:53-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Lecault V, Patel N, Thibault J. Morphological Characterization and Viability Assessment of Trichoderma reesei by Image Analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:734-40. [PMID: 17373824 DOI: 10.1021/bp0602956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The production of cellulase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a critical step in the industrial process leading to cellulose ethanol. As a result of the lack of quantitative analysis tools, the intimate relationship that exists between the morphological and physiological states of the microorganism, the shear field in the bioreactor, and the process performance is not yet fully understood. A semiautomatic image analysis protocol was developed to characterize the mycelium morphology and to estimate its percentage viability during the fermentation process based on four morphological types (unbranched, branched, entangled, and clumped microorganisms). Pictures taken under bright field microscopy combined with images of fluorescein diacetate stained fungi were used to assess the morphological parameters and the percentage viability of microorganisms simultaneously. The method was tested during the course of fed-batch fermentation in a reciprocating plate bioreactor. The use of the image analysis protocol was found to be successful in quantifying the variations in the morphology and the viability of T. reesei throughout the fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lecault
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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34
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Contribution of galactofuranose to the virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1268-77. [PMID: 18552284 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00109-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for a lethal disease called invasive aspergillosis that affects immunocompromised patients. This disease, like other human fungal diseases, is generally treated by compounds targeting the primary fungal cell membrane sterol. Recently, glucan synthesis inhibitors were added to the limited antifungal arsenal and encouraged the search for novel targets in cell wall biosynthesis. Although galactomannan is a major component of the A. fumigatus cell wall and extracellular matrix, the biosynthesis and role of galactomannan are currently unknown. By a targeted gene deletion approach, we demonstrate that UDP-galactopyranose mutase, a key enzyme of galactofuranose metabolism, controls the biosynthesis of galactomannan and galactofuranose containing glycoconjugates. The glfA deletion mutant generated in this study is devoid of galactofuranose and displays attenuated virulence in a low-dose mouse model of invasive aspergillosis that likely reflects the impaired growth of the mutant at mammalian body temperature. Furthermore, the absence of galactofuranose results in a thinner cell wall that correlates with an increased susceptibility to several antifungal agents. The UDP-galactopyranose mutase thus appears to be an appealing adjunct therapeutic target in combination with other drugs against A. fumigatus. Its absence from mammalian cells indeed offers a considerable advantage to achieve therapeutic selectivity.
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35
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Deshpande N, Wilkins MR, Packer N, Nevalainen H. Protein glycosylation pathways in filamentous fungi. Glycobiology 2008; 18:626-37. [PMID: 18504293 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is important for protein stability, secretion, and localization. In this study, we have investigated the glycan synthesis pathways of 12 filamentous fungi including those of medical/agricultural/industrial importance for which genomes have been recently sequenced. We have adopted a systems biology approach to combine the results from comparative genomics techniques with high confidence information on the enzymes and fungal glycan structures, reported in the literature. From this, we have developed a composite representation of the glycan synthesis pathways in filamentous fungi (both N- and O-linked). The N-glycosylation pathway in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum was found to be highly conserved evolutionarily across all the filamentous fungi considered in the study. In the final stages of N-glycan synthesis in the Golgi, filamentous fungi follow the high mannose pathway as in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the level of glycan mannosylation is reduced. Highly specialized N-glycan structures with galactofuranose residues, phosphodiesters, and other insufficiently trimmed structures have also been identified in the filamentous fungi. O-Linked glycosylation in filamentous fungi was seen to be highly conserved with many mannosyltransferases that are similar to those in S. cerevisiae. However, highly variable and diverse O-linked glycans also exist. We have developed a web resource for presenting the compiled data with user-friendly query options, which can be accessed at www.fungalglycans.org. This resource can assist attempts to remodel glycosylation of recombinant proteins expressed in filamentous fungal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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Karnaukhova E, Ophir Y, Trinh L, Dalal N, Punt PJ, Golding B, Shiloach J. Expression of human alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in Aspergillus niger. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:34. [PMID: 17967194 PMCID: PMC2186354 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), also known as antitrypsin, is the most abundant serine protease inhibitor (serpin) in plasma. Its deficiency is associated with development of progressive, ultimately fatal emphysema. Currently in the United States, α1-PI is available for replacement therapy as an FDA licensed plasma-derived (pd) product. However, the plasma source itself is limited; moreover, even with efficient viral inactivation steps used in manufacture of plasma products, the risk of contamination from emerging viruses may still exist. Therefore, recombinant α1-PI (r-α1-PI) could provide an attractive alternative. Although r-α1-PI has been produced in several hosts, protein stability in vitro and rapid clearance from the circulation have been major issues, primarily due to absent or altered glycosylation. Results We have explored the possibility of expressing the gene for human α1-PI in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger (A. niger), a system reported to be capable of providing more "mammalian-like" glycosylation patterns to secretable proteins than commonly used yeast hosts. Our expression strategy was based on fusion of α1-PI with a strongly expressed, secreted leader protein (glucoamylase G2), separated by dibasic processing site (N-V-I-S-K-R) that provides in vivo cleavage. SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA, and α1-PI activity assays enabled us to select the transformant(s) secreting a biologically active glycosylated r-α1-PI with yields of up to 12 mg/L. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis further confirmed that molecular mass of the r-α1-PI was similar to that of the pd-α1-PI. In vitro stability of the r-α1-PI from A. niger was tested in comparison with pd-α1-PI reference and non-glycosylated human r-α1-PI from E. coli. Conclusion We examined the suitability of the filamentous fungus A. niger for the expression of the human gene for α1-PI, a medium size glycoprotein of high therapeutic value. The heterologous expression of the human gene for α1-PI in A. niger was successfully achieved to produce the secreted mature human r-α1-PI in A. niger as a biologically active glycosylated protein with improved stability and with yields of up to 12 mg/L in shake-flask growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Karnaukhova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda,Maryland, 20892 USA.
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37
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Melzer G, Dalpiaz A, Grote A, Kucklick M, Göcke Y, Jonas R, Dersch P, Franco-Lara E, Nörtemann B, Hempel DC. Metabolic flux analysis using stoichiometric models for Aspergillus niger: comparison under glucoamylase-producing and non-producing conditions. J Biotechnol 2007; 132:405-17. [PMID: 17931730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger AB1.13 cultures with glucoamylase production (with D-glucose as substrate) and without glucoamylase production (with D-xylose as substrate) were characterized by metabolic flux analysis. Two comprehensive metabolic models for d-glucose- as well as for D-xylose-consumption were used to quantify and compare the metabolic fluxes through the central pathways of carbon metabolism at different pH-values. The models consist of the most relevant metabolic pathways for A. niger including glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, citrate cycle, energy metabolism and anaplerotic reactions comprising two intracellular compartments, the cytoplasm and mitochondrion. When D-xylose was used as the sole carbon source, the relative flux of the substrate through the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) via G6P-dehydrogenase was unaffected by the pH-value of the culture medium. About 30% of D-xylose consumed was routed through the oxidative PPP. In contrast, the flux of D-glucose (i.e., under glucoamylase-producing conditions) through the oxidative PPP was remarkably higher and, in addition was significantly affected by the pH-value of the culture medium (40% at pH 5.5, 56% at pH 3.7, respectively). Summarizing, the flux through the PPP under glucoamylase producing conditions was 30-90% higher than for non-producing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Melzer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaussstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Gasser B, Mattanovich D. Antibody production with yeasts and filamentous fungi: on the road to large scale? Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:201-12. [PMID: 17120087 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts and filamentous fungi have gained significant interest for the production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments. The opportunities and constraints of antibody (fragment) production in these hosts are highlighted as well as cell engineering strategies to overcome the constraints. Following aspects are addressed: folding, assembly and secretion of antibody related proteins, process optimization to improve productivity and quality, proteolysis, and, as a major point of interest, glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gasser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Karnaukhova E, Ophir Y, Golding B. Recombinant human alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor: towards therapeutic use. Amino Acids 2006; 30:317-32. [PMID: 16773239 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor is a well-characterized protease inhibitor with a wide spectrum of anti-protease activity. Its major physiological role is inhibition of neutrophil elastase in the lungs, and its deficiency is associated with progressive ultimately fatal emphysema. Currently in the US, only plasma-derived human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor is available for augmentation therapy, which appears to be insufficient to meet the anticipated clinical demand. Moreover, despite effective viral clearance steps in the manufacturing process, the potential risk of contamination with new and unknown pathogens still exists. In response, multiple efforts to develop recombinant versions of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, as an alternative to the plasma-derived protein, have been reported. Over the last two decades, various systems have been used to express the human gene for alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. This paper reviews the recombinant versions of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor produced in various hosts, considers current major safety and efficacy issues regarding recombinant glycoproteins as potential therapeutics, and the factors that are impeding progress in this area(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Karnaukhova
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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40
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Grimm LH, Kelly S, Krull R, Hempel DC. Morphology and productivity of filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:375-84. [PMID: 16317480 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation processes involving filamentous fungi have been optimised for decades to obtain high product yields. Several bulk chemicals like citric acid and penicillin are produced this way. A simple adaptation of cultivation parameters for new production processes is not possible though. Models explaining the correlation between process-dependent growth behaviour and productivity are therefore necessary to prevent long-lasting empiric test series. Yet, filamentous growth consists of a complex microscopic differentiation process from conidia to hyphae resulting in various macroscopically visible appearances. Early approaches to model this morphologic development are recapitulated in this review to explain current trends in this area of research. Tailoring morphology by adjusting process parameters is one side of the coin, but an ideal morphology has not even been found. This article reviews several reasons for this fact starting with nutrient supply in a fungal culture and presents recent advances in the investigation of fungal metabolism. It illustrates the challenge to unfold the relationship between morphology and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Grimm
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig, Gaussstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Avis TJ, Cheng YL, Zhao YY, Bolduc S, Neveu B, Anguenot R, Labbé C, Belzile F, Bélanger RR. The potential of Pseudozyma yeastlike epiphytes for the production of heterologous recombinant proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:304-11. [PMID: 15830195 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Basidiomycetes represent the most evolved class of fungi, they have been neglected with regard to recombinant gene expression. In this work, basidiomycetous yeasts belonging to Pseudozyma spp. were studied with respect to their amenability to heterologous protein production. Single plasmid or cotransformation experiments routinely afforded 100 to 200 independent transformants for the two tested species of Pseudozyma. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed in the correctly folded conformation, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was expressed in its active form, as revealed by its lytic activity on Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells. Protease analysis established that Pseudozyma spp. contained equivalent or less extracellular protease activity than yeasts and far less protease activity than ascomycetous filamentous fungi in similar culture conditions. This proteolytic activity was inhibited by over 97% with a combination of PMSF and Pepstatin A. N-glycosylation patterns of native Pseudozyma flocculosa secreted proteins were comprised of one or a few short glycan chains that possess a classic eukaryotic structure typical of higher fungi and animal cells. This is the first report of a Basidiomycete that possesses multiple intrinsic characteristics necessary for use as a heterologous gene expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Avis
- Département de Phytologie, Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Pavillon de l'Envirotron, Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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42
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Morelle W, Bernard M, Debeaupuis JP, Buitrago M, Tabouret M, Latgé JP. Galactomannoproteins of Aspergillus fumigatus. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:1308-16. [PMID: 16002656 PMCID: PMC1168957 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.7.1308-1316.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Galactofuranose-containing molecules have been repeatedly shown to be important antigens among human fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunogenic galactofuran determinants have been poorly characterized chemically, however. We reported here the characterization of two glycoproteins of A. fumigatus with an N-glycan containing galactofuranose. These proteins are a phospholipase C and a phytase. Chemical characterization of the N-glycan indicates that it is a mixture of Hex(5-13)HexNAc(2) oligosaccharides, the major molecular species corresponding to Hex(6-8)HexNAc(2). The N-glycan contained one galactofuranose unit that was in a terminal nonreducing position attached to the 2 position of Man. This single terminal nonreducing galactofuranose is essential for the immunoreactivity of the N-glycans assessed either with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tetra-beta-1,5-galactofuran chain of galactomannan or with Aspergillus-infected patient sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Morelle
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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43
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Wang L, Ridgway D, Gu T, Moo-Young M. Bioprocessing strategies to improve heterologous protein production in filamentous fungal fermentations. Biotechnol Adv 2004; 23:115-29. [PMID: 15694123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have long been used for the production of metabolites and enzymes. With developments in genetic engineering and molecular biology, filamentous fungi have also achieved increased attention as hosts for recombinant DNA. However, the production levels of non-fungal proteins are usually low. Despite the achievements obtained using molecular tools, the heterologous protein loss caused by extracellular fungal protease degradation persists. This review provides an overview of the potential bioprocessing strategies that can be applied to inhibit protease activity thereby enhancing heterologous protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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44
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Ward M, Lin C, Victoria DC, Fox BP, Fox JA, Wong DL, Meerman HJ, Pucci JP, Fong RB, Heng MH, Tsurushita N, Gieswein C, Park M, Wang H. Characterization of humanized antibodies secreted by Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2567-76. [PMID: 15128505 PMCID: PMC404402 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2567-2576.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different humanized immunoglobulin G1(kappa) antibodies and an Fab' fragment were produced by Aspergillus niger. The antibodies were secreted into the culture supernatant. Both light and heavy chains were initially synthesized as fusion proteins with native glucoamylase. After antibody assembly, cleavage by A. niger KexB protease allowed the release of free antibody. Purification by hydrophobic charge induction chromatography proved effective at removing any antibody to which glucoamylase remained attached. Glycosylation at N297 in the Fc region of the heavy chain was observed, but this site was unoccupied on approximately 50% of the heavy chains. The glycan was of the high-mannose type, with some galactose present, and the size ranged from Hex(6)GlcNAc(2) to Hex(15)GlcNAc(2). An aglycosyl mutant form of antibody was also produced. No significant difference between the glycosylated antibody produced by Aspergillus and that produced by mammalian cell cultures was observed in tests for affinity, avidity, pharmacokinetics, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ward
- Genencor International, Inc, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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45
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Eriksson T, Stals I, Collén A, Tjerneld F, Claeyssens M, Stålbrand H, Brumer H. Heterogeneity of homologously expressed Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) Cel7B catalytic module. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1266-76. [PMID: 15030476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic module of Hypocrea jecorina (previously Trichoderma reesei) Cel7B was homologously expressed by transformation of strain QM9414. Post-translational modifications in purified Cel7B preparations were analysed by enzymatic digestions, high performance chromatography, mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis. Of the five potential sites found in the wild-type enzyme, only Asn56 and Asn182 were found to be N-glycosylated. GlcNAc(2)Man(5) was identified as the predominant N-glycan, although lesser amounts of GlcNAc(2)Man(7) and glycans carrying a mannophosphodiester bond were also detected. Repartition of neutral and charged glycan structures over the two glycosylation sites mainly accounts for the observed microheterogeneity of the protein. However, partial deamidation of Asn259 and a partially occupied O-glycosylation site give rise to further complexity in enzyme preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torny Eriksson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
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46
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Watanabe M, Sumida N, Yanai K, Murakami T. A novel saponin hydrolase from Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:865-72. [PMID: 14766566 PMCID: PMC348887 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.865-872.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a soybean saponin hydrolase from Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta PF1225, a filamentous fungus that can degrade soybean saponin and generate soyasapogenol B. This enzyme was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of about 77 kDa and a glycoprotein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the corresponding gene (sdn1) indicated that this enzyme consisted of 612 amino acids and had a molecular mass of 65,724 Da, in close agreement with that of the apoenzyme after the removal of carbohydrates. The sdn1 gene was successfully expressed in Trichoderma viride under the control of the cellobiohydrolase I gene promoter. The molecular mass of the recombinant enzyme, about 69 kDa, was smaller than that of the native enzyme due to fewer carbohydrate modifications. Examination of the degradation products obtained by treatment of soyasaponin I with the recombinant enzyme showed that the enzyme hydrolyzed soyasaponin I to soyasapogenol B and triose [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl (1-->2)-D-glucuronopyranoside]. Also, when soyasaponin II and soyasaponin V, which are different from soyasaponin I only in constituent saccharides, were treated with the enzyme, the ratio of the reaction velocities for soyasaponin I, soyasaponin II, and soyasaponin V was 2,680:886:1. These results indicate that this enzyme recognizes the fine structure of the carbohydrate moiety of soyasaponin in its catalytic reaction. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme predicted from the DNA sequence shows no clear homology with those of any of the enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Watanabe
- Microbiological Resources and Technology Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., Odawara-shi, Kanagawa 250-0852, Japan.
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Prathumpai W, Gabelgaard JB, Wanchanthuek P, van de Vondervoort PJI, de Groot MJL, McIntyre M, Nielsen J. Metabolic control analysis of xylose catabolism in Aspergillus. Biotechnol Prog 2003; 19:1136-41. [PMID: 12892473 DOI: 10.1021/bp034020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic model for xylose catabolism in Aspergillus is proposed. From a thermodynamic analysis it was found that the intermediate xylitol will accumulate during xylose catabolism. Use of the kinetic model allowed metabolic control analysis (MCA) of the xylose catabolic pathway to be carried out, and flux control was shown to be dependent on the metabolite levels. Due to thermodynamic constraints, flux control may reside at the first step in the pathway, i.e., at the xylose reductase, even when the intracellular xylitol concentration is high. On the basis of the kinetic analysis, the general dogma specifying that flux control often resides at the step following an intermediate present at high concentrations was, therefore, shown not to hold. The intracellular xylitol concentration was measured in batch cultivations of two different strains of Aspergillus niger and two different strains of Aspergillus nidulans grown on media containing xylose, and a concentration up to 30 mM was found. Applying MCA showed that the first polyol dehydrogenase (XDH) in the catabolic pathway of xylose exerted the main flux control in the two strains of A. nidulans and A. niger NW324, but the flux control was exerted mainly at the first enzyme of the pathway (XR) of A. niger NW 296.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Prathumpai
- Center for Process Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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48
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Joosten V, Lokman C, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Punt PJ. The production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2003; 2:1. [PMID: 12605725 PMCID: PMC149433 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 01/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we will focus on the current status and views concerning the production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi. We will focus on single-chain antibody fragment production (scFv and VHH) by these lower eukaryotes and the possible applications of these proteins. Also the coupling of fragments to relevant enzymes or other components will be discussed. As an example of the fusion protein strategy, the 'magic bullet' approach for industrial applications, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Joosten
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Christien Lokman
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cees AMJJ van den Hondel
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Department of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
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Punt PJ, van Biezen N, Conesa A, Albers A, Mangnus J, van den Hondel C. Filamentous fungi as cell factories for heterologous protein production. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:200-6. [PMID: 11943375 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been used as sources of metabolites and enzymes for centuries. For about two decades, molecular genetic tools have enabled us to use these organisms to express extra copies of both endogenous and exogenous genes. This review of current practice reveals that molecular tools have enabled several new developments. But it has been process development that has driven the final breakthrough to achieving commercially relevant quantities of protein. Recent research into gene expression in filamentous fungi has explored their wealth of genetic diversity with a view to exploiting them as expression hosts and as a source of new genes. Inevitably, the progress in the 'genomics' technology will further develop high-throughput technologies for these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Punt
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Dept of Applied Microbiology and Gene Technology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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50
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Mohacek-Grosev V, Bozac R, Puppels GJ. Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of wild growing mushrooms and toadstools. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2815-2829. [PMID: 11789883 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increase of general interest in fungi because of the possible medical applications of their polysaccharide constituents called glucans, some of which are reported to have immunomodulatory properties. Since an extraction method can change the chemical composition of a substance, especially a delicate one such as fungal thallus, it is necessary and useful to know more about the studied matter in advance in order to choose the chemical procedure properly. We demonstrated the usefulness of vibrational spectroscopy in identifying different glucan types in various parts of intact fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of spores and fruiting bodies of more than 70 species belonging to 37 different genera of wild growing mushrooms. The list of the bands in 750-950 cm(-1) interval, assigned to alpha- and beta-glucans, is provided for all species studied. Vibrational spectra in the interval 1000-1200 cm(-1) could serve as an indicator of mushroom genus, although particular species cannot be identified spectroscopically. Great similarities in spectra of spores of the same genus, but different species, e.g. Tricholoma album and Trichloma sulphureum, were observed. On the other hand, spectra of cap, stalk and spores of the same mushroom show great differences, indicating variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mohacek-Grosev
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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