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Waheed N, Mahmoud A, Rambarat CA, Pepine CJ. Advances in small-molecule therapy for managing angina pectoris in the elderly. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1471-1481. [PMID: 31107109 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1615881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: As our population ages, the prevalence of angina is growing, leading to increased morbidity and decreased quality of life. The management of angina in the elderly is challenging due to drug intolerance and/or drug resistance as well as frailty. Over the past decades, many new therapeutic small molecules have been investigated for the management of angina. Although none of these studies have specifically focused on the therapies for the elderly, they offer promising new avenues for the treatment of angina in the elderly. Areas covered: Herein, the authors provide a review of the recently published literature on the use of small-molecule therapies for angina management in the elderly and provide a brief overview of these therapies. Expert opinion: A variety of therapeutic classes of existing and newer small molecules are emerging for the management of angina in the elderly. An individualized approach to the management of angina in this growing population is critical for good outcomes. Many small molecules are in their initial stages of clinical use, and further research should be conducted on their utility, especially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Waheed
- Resident Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Ahmad Mahmoud
- Resident Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Cecil A Rambarat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Zhao Y, Yang N, Gao J, Li H, Cai W, Zhang X, Ma Y, Niu X, Yang G, Zhou X, Li Y. The Effect of Different l-Carnitine Administration Routes on the Development of Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29178259 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE l-Carnitine (LC) is abundant in red meat and is widely added to health supplements and food. This study focuses on the adverse effects of oral supplementation of 1.3% LC in ApoE-/- mice and whether the parenteral administration of LC (subcutaneously, sub) has any impact on the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are randomly divided into three groups (n = 15). All mice are fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The number of Ly6Chi monocytes; degree of atherosclerosis; plasma LC, γ-butyrobetaine (γBB), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels; and microbial community composition are analyzed. Compared with the HFD and HFD ± LC (sub) groups, the number of Ly6Chi monocytes, atherosclerotic plaque area, and plasma γBB and TMAO levels are increased in the HFD ± LC (oral) group (p < 0.001). Plasma LC levels in the HFD ± LC (sub) group are higher than those in other groups. The levels of γBB, TMAO, and Ly6Chi monocytes are positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area (p < 0.01), and TMAO is positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and negatively correlated with Firmicutes at the phylum level. CONCLUSION In contrast with oral LC administration, subcutaneous LC administration, which bypasses its conversion to TMAO in the liver, does not have a detrimental effect on the development of atherosclerosis in male ApoE-/- mice. Taking LC parenterally may be preferable among patients who require LC supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinmao Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulong Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Guohong Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Pingjin Hospital Heart Center, Logistics University of PAPF, Tianjin, China
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Dastan F, Talasaz AH, Mojtahedzadeh M, Karimi A, Salehiomran A, Bina P, Jalali A. Randomized Trial of Carnitine for the Prevention of Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 30:7-13. [PMID: 28982550 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common complications in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine administration on postoperative AF and the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) following CABG. The effects of L-carnitine on the incidence of acute kidney injury after CABG were also assessed. One hundred thirty-four patients undergoing elective CABG, without a history of AF or previous L-carnitine treatment, were randomly assigned to an L-carnitine group (3000 mg/d L-carnitine) or a control group. CRP levels, as a biomarker of inflammation, were assessed in all the patients before surgery as baseline levels and 48 hours postoperatively. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, as a kidney biomarker, was also measured in the patients before surgery and 2 hours thereafter. The incidence of AF was 13.4% in our population. The incidence of AF was decreased in the L-carnitine group (7.5% in the L-carnitine group vs 19.4% in the control group; P = 0.043) and the postoperative CRP level (8.79 ± 6.9 in the L-carnitine group, and 10.83 ± 5.7 in the control group; P = 0.021). The postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration demonstrated no significant rise after surgery compared with the preoperative concentration (72.54 ± 20.30 in the L-carnitine group vs 67.68 ± 22.71 in the placebo group; P = 0.19). Our study showed that L-carnitine administration before CABG might inhibit and reduce the incidence of AF after CABG. It seems that a rise in the CRP level, as an inflammation marker, may be associated with the incidence of AF. Inflammation as measured by CRP was also reduced in the carnitine group, compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Dastan
- School of Pharmacy, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Abbassali Karimi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Salehiomran
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payvand Bina
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Jalali
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Baghaei A, Solgi R, Jafari A, Abdolghaffari AH, Golaghaei A, Asghari MH, Baeeri M, Ostad SN, Sharifzadeh M, Abdollahi M. Molecular and biochemical evidence on the protection of cardiomyocytes from phosphine-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis by acetyl-L-carnitine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:30-37. [PMID: 26773361 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) on pathologic changes of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, ATP production, oxidative stress, and cellular apoptosis/necrosis induced by aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning. The study groups included: the Sham that received almond oil only; the AlP that received oral LD50 dose of aluminum; the AC-100, AC-200, and AC-300 which received concurrent oral LD50 dose of AlP and single 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of ALCAR by intraperitoneal injection. After 24 h, the rats were sacrificed; the heart and blood sample were taken for measurement of biochemical and mitochondrial factors. The results specified that ALCAR significantly attenuated the oxidative stress (elevated ROS and plasma iron levels) caused by AlP poisoning. ALCAR also increased the activity of cytochrome oxidase, which in turn amplified ATP production. Furthermore, flow cytometric assays and caspase activity indicated that ALCAR prohibited AlP-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Baghaei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; and Poisoning & Toxicology Research Center; and Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Reza Solgi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Golaghaei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; and Poisoning & Toxicology Research Center; and Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
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Rydzik AM, Brem J, Struwe WB, Kochan GT, Benesch JL, Schofield CJ. Ejection of structural zinc leads to inhibition of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4954-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Xiang Y, Piao SG, Zou HB, Jin J, Fang MR, Lei DM, Gao BH, Yang CW, Li C. L-carnitine protects against cyclosporine-induced pancreatic and renal injury in rats. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:3127-34. [PMID: 24157049 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-carnitine has protective effects against various types of injury. This study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of L-carnitine on pancreatic and renal injuries caused by cyclosporine (CsA). METHODS Rats maintained on a low sodium diet were given vehicle (olive oil, 1 mL/kg/d), CsA (15 mg/kg/d), L-carnitine (50 or 200 mg/kg/d), or a combination of CsA and L-carnitine for 4 weeks. The impact of L-carnitine on pancreatic injury was assessed by blood glucose levels, plasma insulin concentrations, and hemoglobulin A1c (HbA1c). In addition, the protective effects of L-carnitine against CsA-induced kidney injury were evaluated in terms of renal function, histopathology (inflammatory cell influx and tubulointerstitial fibrosis), oxidative stress (8-hydroxy 2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), transforming growth factor-betal (TGF-β1), apoptosis (caspase-3), and autophagy (LC3-II). RESULTS CsA treatment caused diabetes, renal dysfunction, tubulointerstitial inflammation (ED-1-positive cells), and fibrosis, which were accompanied by an increase in 8-OHdG production and upregulation of TGF-β1, caspase-3, and LC3-II. Concomitant administration of L-carnitine increased plasma insulin concentrations, decreasing plasma glucose and HbA1c levels. In the kidney, L-carnitine induced dose-dependent improvement of renal function, inflammation, and fibrosis in parallel with suppression of the expression of TGF-β1 and 8-OHdG. Furthermore, the administration of L-carnitine at a high dose inhibited the expression of caspase-3 and LC3-II. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that L-carnitine has a protective effect against CsA-induced pancreatic and renal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiang
- Nephrology & Dialysis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, YanBian University Hospital, YanJi, JiLin, PR China
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Ringseis R, Keller J, Eder K. Mechanisms underlying the anti-wasting effect of l-carnitine supplementation under pathologic conditions: evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:1421-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gómez LA, Heath SHD, Hagen TM. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation reverses the age-related decline in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity in interfibrillar mitochondria without changing the L-carnitine content in the rat heart. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:99-106. [PMID: 22322067 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aging heart displays a loss of bioenergetic reserve capacity partially mediated through lower fatty acid utilization. We investigated whether the age-related impairment of cardiac fatty acid catabolism occurs, at least partially, through diminished levels of L-carnitine, which would adversely affect carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acyl-CoA uptake into mitochondria for β-oxidation. Old (24-28 mos) Fischer 344 rats were fed±acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR; 1.5% [w/v]) for up to four weeks prior to sacrifice and isolation of cardiac interfibrillar (IFM) and subsarcolemmal (SSM) mitochondria. IFM displayed a 28% (p<0.05) age-related loss of CPT1 activity, which correlated with a decline (41%, p<0.05) in palmitoyl-CoA-driven state 3 respiration. Interestingly, SSM had preserved enzyme function and efficiently utilized palmitate. Analysis of IFM CPT1 kinetics showed both diminished V(max) and K(m) (60% and 49% respectively, p<0.05) when palmitoyl-CoA was the substrate. However, no age-related changes in enzyme kinetics were evident with respect to L-carnitine. ALCAR supplementation restored CPT1 activity in heart IFM, but not apparently through remediation of L-carnitine levels. Rather, ALCAR influenced enzyme activity over time, potentially by modulating conditions in the aging heart that ultimately affect palmitoyl-CoA binding and CPT1 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gómez
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Mingorance C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Justo ML, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Herrera MD. Critical update for the clinical use of L-carnitine analogs in cardiometabolic disorders. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7:169-76. [PMID: 21490942 PMCID: PMC3072740 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) and propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) are two naturally occurring carnitine derivates formed by carnitine acetyltransferase. The beneficial cardiovascular effects of ALC and PLC have been extensively evaluated in animals and humans during the last 20 years. For instance, many clinical trials have suggested ALC and PLC as potential strategies in the management of peripheral arterial disease, heart and cerebral ischemia, and congestive heart failure. As a result, several experts have already aimed to revise the clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic use of ALC and PLC. On the basis of their conclusions, our aim was a critical review of the effectiveness of ALC and PLC in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Therefore we also describe recent studies that have addressed the emerging use of ALC and PLC amelioration of the insulin resistant state and its related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mingorance
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Miguel-Carrasco JL, Monserrat MT, Mate A, Vázquez CM. Comparative effects of captopril and l-carnitine on blood pressure and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 632:65-72. [PMID: 20123095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. The aim of this work was to study and compare the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidant properties of l-carnitine and captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Antioxidant enzyme activity/regulation (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) was measured in the erythrocytes and hearts of SHR. The molecular expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type I receptor (AT(1) receptor) and NF-kappaB/IkappaB system was also measured in the hearts of these animals. Both l-carnitine and captopril augmented the antioxidant defense capacity in SHRs. This effect was mediated by an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, an increase in the plasma total antioxidant capacity and a reduction of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion production in the heart. The administration of both compounds to hypertensive animals also produced an upregulation of eNOS and a normalization of ACE, angiotensin AT(1) receptor, and the NF-kappaB/IkappaB system expression. In addition, captopril reduced the arterial blood pressure and the relative heart weights back to control values, whereas l-carnitine caused only a partial reduction of blood pressure values and did not alter the cardiac hypertrophy found in SHRs. In conclusion, we have found that l-carnitine and captopril have a similar antioxidant effect in the hearts of hypertensive rats. The molecular regulation of antioxidant enzymes through an inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and a modulation of the NF-kappaB/IkappaB system seems to be responsible for this antioxidant effect.
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Oyanagi E, Yano H, Kato Y, Fujita H, Utsumi K, Sasaki J. L-Carnitine suppresses oleic acid-induced membrane permeability transition of mitochondria. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 26:778-86. [PMID: 18683897 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Membrane permeability transition (MPT) of mitochondria has an important role in apoptosis of various cells. The classic type of MPT is characterized by increased Ca(2+) transport, membrane depolarization, swelling, and sensitivity to cyclosporin A. In this study, we investigated whether L-carnitine suppresses oleic acid-induced MPT using isolated mitochondria from rat liver. Oleic acid-induced MPT in isolated mitochondria, inhibited endogenous respiration, caused membrane depolarization, and increased large amplitude swelling, and cytochrome c (Cyt. c) release from mitochondria. L-Carnitine was indispensable to beta-oxidation of oleic acid in the mitochondria, and this reaction required ATP and coenzyme A (CoA). In the presence of ATP and CoA, L-carnitine stimulated oleic acid oxidation and suppressed the oleic acid-induced depolarization, swelling, and Cyt. c release. L-Carnitine also contributed to maintaining mitochondrial function, which was decreased by the generation of free fatty acids with the passage of time after isolation. These results suggest that L-carnitine acts to maintain mitochondrial function and suppresses oleic acid-mediated MPT through acceleration of beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Okayama University Graduate School, Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata, Okayama, Japan
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Najafi M, Garjani A, Maleki N, Eteraf Oskouei T. Antiarrhythmic and arrhythmogenic effects of L-carnitine in ischemia and reperfusion. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 146:210-3. [PMID: 19145320 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 120-min reperfusion. The hearts (n=8-12) were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution enriched with L-carnitine (0.5, 2.5 and 5 mM) for 10 min before and after ischemia or reperfusion and for the whole period of ischemia and reperfusion. Two-hour perfusion with L-carnitine during ischemia/reperfusion markedly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently decreased the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT, maximum 65%). The incidence of reperfusion ventricular fibrillation (VF) also decreased from 63% (control) to 17% in hearts perfused with 5 mM L-carnitine, as reflected by a significant (p<0.05) decline in VF duration from 218+/-99 sec in control to 19+/-19 sec. Perfusion of etomoxir (palmitoylcarnitinetransferase-1 inhibitor) along with L-carnitine reversed the antiarrhythmogenic action of L-carnitine. Interestingly, short time preischemic administration of L-carnitine produced a concentration-dependent arrhythmogenic effects on both ischemia and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. These results show that L-carnitine produced a protective effect against reperfusion arrhythmias only when it was perfused for the whole period of the experiment. This protective action was reversed by concomitant use of etomoxir, suggesting that the efficacy of L-carnitine is due to its mitochondrial action but cannot be solely attributed to increased fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Najafi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Briet F, Keith M, Leong-Poi H, Kadakia A, Aba-Alkhail K, Giliberto JP, Stewart D, Errett L, David Mazer C. Triple nutrient supplementation improves survival, infarct size and cardiac function following myocardial infarction in rats. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:691-699. [PMID: 18359616 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We evaluated the impact of triple nutrient supplementation (TNS: carnitine, taurine and coenzyme Q(10)) vs. carnitine alone (CARN) or placebo on survival, infarct size, cardiac function and metabolic gene expression using a model of myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were randomized to three groups divided in two independent studies prior to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD): TNS vs. Placebo and TNS vs. CARN. Nutrient supplementation [L-carnitine (300 mg/day), coenzyme Q(10) (15 mg/kg body weight/day) and taurine (0.1M)] was administered daily for four weeks prior to and for 10 days after MI. At that time, cardiac function and infarct size were measured. Metabolic gene (mRNA) expression in the peri-infarct tissue of left ventricle from TNS, placebo or corresponding time-control rats (TNS or placebo without LAD ligation) was measured 10 days after MI. When compared to placebo, TNS significantly improved survival (60% vs. 34%, p<0.02), cardiac function, and reduced infarct size (30+/-7% vs. 42+/-9%, p<0.001). Although CARN improved survival like TNS (45% vs. 50%, not significant), it did not reduce infarct size (32+/-14% vs. 19+/-10%, p<0.05) or delay myocardial remodeling. In the placebo group, MI was associated with a significantly altered pattern of metabolic gene expression (glucose transporter 1, liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; p<0.01 for all three) in the left ventricle peri-infarct tissue. In contrast, gene expression was normalized in the group receiving TNS. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the potential cardioprotective impact of TNS during myocardial ischemia. In contrast to carnitine supplementation alone, TNS improved survival as well as cardiac function, gene expression and delayed remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Briet
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Xie J, Zeng Q, Wang L. The protective effect of L-carnitine on ischemia-reperfusion heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 26:188-91. [PMID: 16850743 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the protective effect of L-carnitine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart,all harvested isolated hearts were perfused on Langendorff apparatus with oxygenized K-H solution for 20 min. The hearts were then exposed to ischemia for 30 min. Following the ischemia the hearts were re-perfused with K-H solution for 120 min to serve as the control group A. Either 5 or 10 mmol/L of L-carnitine was added into the K-H solution for 20 min at the beginning of reperfusion to generate group B and group C, respectively. The derivatives of the intraventricular pressure curve (DP/DT), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary flux were monitored during the entire experiment. The levels of ATP, hepatin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tissue, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphate kinase (CPK), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration in the coronary efflux were all measured. Compared with the control group, the treatment with L-carnitine resulted in better results, i. e., higher DP/DTmax and LVDP. At the same time, ventricular fibrillation was reduced, and the levels of ATP, hepatin and SOD were all elevated. However, the concentrations of MDA, CPK and LDH were all reduced. In conclusion, L-carnitine has a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is partly due to its prevention of energy loss and its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
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Foitzik K, Hoting E, Förster T, Pertile P, Paus R. L-carnitine-L-tartrate promotes human hair growth in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2008; 16:936-45. [PMID: 17927577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The trimethylated amino acid l-carnitine plays a key role in the intramitochondrial transport of fatty acids for beta-oxidation and thus serves important functions in energy metabolism. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that l-carnitine, a frequently employed dietary supplement, may also stimulate hair growth by increasing energy supply to the massively proliferating and energy-consuming anagen hair matrix. Hair follicles (HFs) in the anagen VI stage of the hair cycle were cultured in the presence of 0.5-50 microm of l-carnitine-l-tartrate (CT) for 9 days. At day 9, HFs treated with 5 microm or 0.5 microm of CT showed a moderate, but significant stimulation of hair shaft elongation compared with vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05). Also, CT prolonged the duration of anagen VI, down regulated apoptosis (as measured by TUNEL assay) and up regulated proliferation (as measured by Ki67 immunohistology) of hair matrix keratinocytes (P < 0.5). By immunohistology, intrafollicular immunoreactivity for TGFbeta2, a key catagen-promoting growth factor, in the dermal papilla and TGF-beta II receptor protein in the outer root sheath and dermal papilla was down regulated. As shown by caspase activity assay, caspase 3 and 7, which are known to initiate apoptosis, are down regulated at day 2 and day 4 after treatment of HFs with CT compared with vehicle-treated control indicating that CT has an immediate protective effect on HFs to undergo programmed cell death. Our findings suggest that l-carnitine stimulates human scalp hair growth by up regulation of proliferation and down regulation of apoptosis in follicular keratinocytes in vitro. They further encourage one to explore topical and nutraceutical administration of l-carnitine as a well-tolerated, relatively safe adjuvant treatment in the management of androgenetic alopecia and other forms of hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Foitzik
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Xue YZ, Wang LX, Liu HZ, Qi XW, Wang XH, Ren HZ. l-carnitine as an Adjunct Therapy to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 21:445-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-007-6056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Sotomayor MA, Mingorance C, Rodriguez-Rodriguez R, Marhuenda E, Herrera MD. l-carnitine and its propionate: improvement of endothelial function in SHR through superoxide dismutase-dependent mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:884-91. [PMID: 17654045 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701416467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism underlying the antioxidant properties of l-carnitine (LC) and propionyl-l-carnitine (PLC) on spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive WKY, animals were treated with either PLC or LC (200 mg kg(- 1)). Aorta was dissected and contraction to (R)-( - )-phenylephrine (Phe) and relaxation to carbachol (CCh) were assessed in the presence or not of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, l-NAME. [image omitted] production was evaluated by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and its participation on relaxation was observed after incubation with superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase. Protein expressions of eNOS, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD were studied by western blot. Both LC and PLC treatments improved endothelial function of SHR through increasing NO participation and decreasing [image omitted] probably involving higher Cu/Zn-SOD expression. PLC treatment augmented eNOS expression in SHR. Surprisingly, LC increased [image omitted] produced by aorta from WKY and thus diminished NO and damaged endothelial function. Conversely, PLC did not affect CCh-induced relaxation in WKY. These results demonstrate that LC and PLC prevent endothelial dysfunction in SHR through an antioxidant effect.
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Abstract
Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is frequently the decisive event that delimits the frontier between survival and death. Thus mitochondrial membranes constitute the battleground on which opposing signals combat to seal the cell's fate. Local players that determine the propensity to MMP include the pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, proteins from the mitochondrialpermeability transition pore complex, as well as a plethora of interacting partners including mitochondrial lipids. Intermediate metabolites, redox processes, sphingolipids, ion gradients, transcription factors, as well as kinases and phosphatases link lethal and vital signals emanating from distinct subcellular compartments to mitochondria. Thus mitochondria integrate a variety of proapoptotic signals. Once MMP has been induced, it causes the release of catabolic hydrolases and activators of such enzymes (including those of caspases) from mitochondria. These catabolic enzymes as well as the cessation of the bioenergetic and redox functions of mitochondria finally lead to cell death, meaning that mitochondria coordinate the late stage of cellular demise. Pathological cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion, intoxication with xenobiotics, neurodegenerative diseases, or viral infection also relies on MMP as a critical event. The inhibition of MMP constitutes an important strategy for the pharmaceutical prevention of unwarranted cell death. Conversely, induction of MMP in tumor cells constitutes the goal of anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit "Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity," Université de Paris-Sud XI, Villejuif, France
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Tarantini G, Scrutinio D, Bruzzi P, Boni L, Rizzon P, Iliceto S. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial. Cardiology 2006; 106:215-23. [PMID: 16685128 DOI: 10.1159/000093131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of L-carnitine in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) prevents left ventricular remodeling. Current study was aimed to assess the effect of L-carnitine administration on mortality and heart failure in patients with anterior AMI. METHODS CEDIM 2 trial was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial planned to enroll 4,000 patients with acute anterior AMI. The trial was interrupted after the enrolment of 2,330 patients because of the lower than expected enrolment rate. The primary end point was a composite of death and heart failure at 6 months; 5-day mortality was the secondary end point. RESULTS During the 6-month follow-up, the primary end-point was not significantly different between the L-carnitine and placebo group (9.2 vs. 10.5%, p = 0.27). A reduction in mortality was seen in the L-carnitine arm on day 5 (secondary end-point) from randomization (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.37-0.98, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS In CEDIM 2 trial L-carnitine therapy led to a reduction in early mortality (secondary end-point) without affecting the risk of death and heart failure at 6 months in patients with anterior AMI, leading to a non-significant finding with respect to the primary end-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tarantini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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