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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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Tong G, Baker MA, Shenvi RA. Change the channel: CysLoop receptor antagonists from nature. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3650-3662. [PMID: 33135373 PMCID: PMC8087819 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) exhibit significant structural homology and often share ligands. As a result, ligands with activity against one class can be brought to bear against another, including for development as insecticides. Receptor selectivity, metabolism and distribution must then be optimized using chemical synthesis. Here we review natural products (NPs) that ligate and inhibit the Cys-loop family of LGICs, which benefit from the unique physicochemical properties of natural product space but often present a high synthetic burden. Recent advances in chemical synthesis, however, have opened practical entries into these complex structures, several of which are highlighted. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meghan A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Grundke C, Vierengel N, Opatz T. ‐Aminonitriles: From Sustainable Preparation to Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. CHEM REC 2020; 20:989-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Hamidi H, Daraie M, Momeni T. Recent applications of the Wittig reaction in alkaloid synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 84:201-334. [PMID: 32416953 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wittig reaction is the chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide (the Wittig reagent) to afford an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. Noteworthy, this reaction results in the synthesis of alkenes in a selective and predictable fashion. Thus, it became as one of the keystone of synthetic organic chemistry, especially in the total synthesis of natural products, where the selectivity of a reaction is paramount of importance. A literature survey disclosed the existence of vast numbers of related reports and comprehensive reviews on the applications of this important name reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. However, the aim of this chapter is to underscore, the applications of the Wittig reaction in the total synthesis of one the most important and prevalent classes of natural products, the alkaloids, especially those showing important and diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Daraie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Seo JM, Hassan AH, Lee YS. An expeditious entry to rare tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones: A single-step gateway synthesis of glochidine congeners. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Advances in the Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Six‐Membered Unsaturated Heterocycles: Methodology and Application. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Khan HPA, Chakraborty TK. Diversity-Oriented Approach to N-Heterocyclic Compounds from α-Phenyl-β-enamino Ester via a Mitsunobu-Michael Reaction Sequence. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2027-2039. [PMID: 29334224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we delineate a novel route for the diastereoselective construction of diversely substituted N-heterocyclic ring systems as valuable scaffolds for natural products and pharmaceuticals, starting from an easily accessible prochiral α-phenyl-β-enamino ester. The reaction sequence relies on the unexplored reactivity of α-phenyl-β-enamino ester as a nucleophilic partner in the Mitsunobu reaction to forge the N-tethered alkene-alcohol/thiol/amine intermediate, which was subjected to an intramolecular hetero-Michael addition reaction under mild conditions to furnish the respective N-heterocyclic compounds embedded with an exocyclic chiral center in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. The methodology is amenable for a broad range of substrates based on a metal-free approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina P A Khan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru 560012, India
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8
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Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Houlsby ITT, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. Asymmetric Synthesis of the Tetraponerine Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6689-6702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ian T. T. Houlsby
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Paul M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James E. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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9
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Orejarena Pacheco JC, Lipp A, Nauth AM, Acke F, Dietz JP, Opatz T. A Highly Active System for the Metal-Free Aerobic Photocyanation of Tertiary Amines with Visible Light: Application to the Synthesis of Tetraponerines and Crispine A. Chemistry 2016; 22:5409-15. [PMID: 26929114 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient metal-free catalytic system for the aerobic photocyanation of tertiary amines with visible light is reported. The use of air as terminal oxidant offers an improved safety profile compared with pure oxygen, the used compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) light sources are highly economical, and no halogenated solvents are required. This system not only proves to be effective for a wide variety of trialkylamines, pharmaceuticals, and alkaloids but remarkably also allows the lowest catalyst loading (0.00001 mol% or 0.1 ppm) ever reported for an organic dye. Bruylants reactions and C-alkylation/decyanations were performed on the obtained α-aminonitriles to demonstrate the postfunctionalization of complex molecules. The catalytic system is furthermore applied in the short and effective syntheses of the alkaloids (±)-crispine A and the tetraponerines T7 and T8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander M Nauth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Acke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jule-Philipp Dietz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Leong RL, Xing H, Braekman JC, Kem WR. Non-competitive Inhibition of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Ladybird Beetle Alkaloids. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:2078-86. [PMID: 25370792 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ladybird beetles (Family Coccinellidae) secrete an alkaloid rich venom from their leg joints that protects them from predators. Coccinellines, the major venom constituents, are alkaloids composed of three fused piperidine rings that share a common nitrogen atom. Although many coccinellines have been isolated and chemically characterized, their pharmacological properties are essentially unknown. Using radioligand binding and functional assays we investigated the actions of several coccinellines on skeletal muscle and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The alkaloids were shown to displace the specific binding of tritiated piperidyl-N-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)-3,4-piperidine ([(3)H]-TCP), which has been shown to bind deep within the ion channel of the electric fish (Torpedo) muscle nAChR. The stereoisomers precoccinelline and hippodamine (whose nitrogens are predicted to be ionized at physiological pH) and their respective analogs N-methyl-precoccinelline and N-methyl-hippodamine (whose quaternary nitrogens are permanently charged) displayed similar IC50s for inhibition of [(3)H]-TCP binding. However, the corresponding precoccinelline and hippodamine N-oxides, coccinelline and convergine (which have an electronegative oxygen bonded to an electropositive nitrogen) displayed significantly higher binding IC50s. Finally, exochomine, a dimeric coccinelline containing the hippodamine structure, displayed the highest IC50 (lowest affinity) for displacing specific [(3)H]-TCP binding. The presence of a desensitizing concentration (10(-3) M) of carbachol (CCh) had little or no effect on the affinity of the Torpedo nAChR for the three coccinellines tested. High concentrations of the coccinellid alkaloids did not affect binding of [(3)H]-cytisine to Torpedo receptor ACh binding sites. Inhibition of the alpha7 nAChR with pre-equilibrated precoccinelline was insurmountable with respect to ACh concentration. We conclude that the coccinellines bind to one or more allosteric sites rather than to the ACh binding sites, and inhibit nAChR responses to ACh through a non-competitive mechanism. Future chemical and pharmacological investigations of other ladybird beetle alkaloids are likely to reveal other interesting alkaloids affecting ligand-gated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron L Leong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Braekman
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Brussels, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William R Kem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Aili SR, Touchard A, Escoubas P, Padula MP, Orivel J, Dejean A, Nicholson GM. Diversity of peptide toxins from stinging ant venoms. Toxicon 2014; 92:166-78. [PMID: 25448389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) represent a taxonomically diverse group of arthropods comprising nearly 13,000 extant species. Sixteen ant subfamilies have individuals that possess a stinger and use their venom for purposes such as a defence against predators, competitors and microbial pathogens, for predation, as well as for social communication. They exhibit a range of activities including antimicrobial, haemolytic, cytolytic, paralytic, insecticidal and pain-producing pharmacologies. While ant venoms are known to be rich in alkaloids and hydrocarbons, ant venoms rich in peptides are becoming more common, yet remain understudied. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques have begun to reveal the true complexity of ant venom peptide composition. In the few venoms explored thus far, most peptide toxins appear to occur as small polycationic linear toxins, with antibacterial properties and insecticidal activity. Unlike other venomous animals, a number of ant venoms also contain a range of homodimeric and heterodimeric peptides with one or two interchain disulfide bonds possessing pore-forming, allergenic and paralytic actions. However, ant venoms seem to have only a small number of monomeric disulfide-linked peptides. The present review details the structure and pharmacology of known ant venom peptide toxins and their potential as a source of novel bioinsecticides and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira R Aili
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Escoubas
- VenomeTech, 473 Route des Dolines - Villa 3, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- CNRS, UMR Écologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France; Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Graham M Nicholson
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Bosque I, Gonzalez-Gomez JC, Loza MI, Brea J. Natural tetraponerines: a general synthesis and antiproliferative activity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3982-91. [PMID: 24731136 DOI: 10.1021/jo500446f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled general methodology to access all natural tetraponerines from (+)-T1 to (+)-T8 is detailed. Two consecutive indium-mediated aminoallylations with the appropriate enantiomer of chiral N-tert-butylsulfinamide and a thermodynamic control at the aminal stereocenter allow the formation of each natural tetraponerine with excellent stereoselectivity. The use of 4-bromobutanal in the first aminoallylation leads to the formation of 5-6-5 tetraponerines, while 5-bromopentanal is required to build the scaffold of 6-6-5 tetraponerines. A cross-metathesis reaction of the second aminoallylation product with cis-3-hexene is used to elongate the side chain up to 5 carbons so as to prepare the tetraponerines T5 to T8. The anticancer activity of these heavier tetraponerines against four different carcinoma human cell lines is examined, observing a promising cytotoxic activity of (+)-T7 against breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Orhan IE. Nature: a substantial source of auspicious substances with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory action. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:379-87. [PMID: 24381529 PMCID: PMC3744902 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) is an important enzyme that breaks down of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft in neuronal junctions. Inhibition of AChE is associated with treatment of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma as well as the mechanisms of insecticide and anthelmintic drugs. Several AChE inhibitors are available in clinical use currently for the treatment of AD; however, none of them has ability, yet, to seize progress of the disease. Consequently, an extensive research has been going on finding new AChE inhibitors. In this sense, natural inhibitors have gained great attention due to their encouraging effects toward AChE. In this review, promising candidate molecules with marked AChE inhibition from both plant and animal sources will be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, The Northern Cyprus via Turkey
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Bosque I, González-Gómez JC, Guijarro A, Foubelo F, Yus M. Concise total synthesis and stereochemical analysis of tetraponerines T3 and T4. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10340-6. [PMID: 23092368 DOI: 10.1021/jo302045y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient stereocontrolled preparation of tetraponerines T3 and T4 is detailed. The sequence takes advantage of two consecutive stereoselective aminoallylations of appropriate aldehydes with chiral tert-butanesulfinamide and in situ generated allyl indium species. The absolute configuration of the carbon stereogenic center at the aminal moiety is thermodynamically controlled. This was ascertained on the basis of an exhaustive DFT configurational study of tetraponerines, which fulfils the lack of detailed structural information for these systems. It was found that the trans-transoid-configuration of the AB rings is the most stable geometry for T3 and T4. However, the C ring prefers a cis-configuration in T3 (ttc-T3) and a trans-fusion in T4 (ttt-T4). Regarding their dynamic behavior, low activation barriers were found by DFT calculations for the inversion of the nitrogen at the indolizidine framework, allowing rapid equilibration between the major configurations (ttc and ttt) in T3 and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Rouchaud A, Braekman JC. A New and Efficient Synthesis of Derivatives of Octahydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrido[1′,2′-a]imidazole. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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