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Stanfield MK, Carrascal J, Henderson LC, Eyckens DJ. α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives for Enhanced Flame Retardant Properties in Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123230. [PMID: 34208110 PMCID: PMC8230893 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the introduction of various α-aminophosphonate compounds to an epoxy resin system, thereby improving flame retardance properties. The α-aminophosphonate scaffold allows for covalent incorporation (via the secondary amine) of the compounds into the polymer network. This work explores the synergistic effect of phosphorus and halogens (such as fluorine) to improve flame retardancy. The compounds were all prepared and isolated in analytical purity and in good yield (95%). Epoxy samples were prepared, individually incorporating each compound. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increased char yield, indicating an improved thermal resistance (with respect to the control sample). Limiting oxygen index for the control polymer was 28.0% ± 0.31% and it increased to 34.6% ± 0.33% for the fluorinated derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Stanfield
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
| | - Jeronimo Carrascal
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Daniel J. Eyckens
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
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Luo H, Rao W, Zhao P, Wang L, Liu Y, Yu C. An efficient organic/inorganic phosphorus–nitrogen–silicon flame retardant towards low-flammability epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nhung HT, Linh PD, Hanh NT, Nhan NT, Oanh HT, Tuyen ND, Van Tuyen N, Ha HM. Effect of the incorporation of organoclay and melamine cyanurate on the flame retardancy and mechanical property of polyurethane foam. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/vjch.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hac Thi Nhung
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Pham Duy Linh
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hanh
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Nhan
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Ho Thi Oanh
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Duc Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Mai Ha
- Institute of Chemistry; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay; Hanoi Viet Nam
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Shi Y, Yu B, Zheng Y, Guo J, Chen B, Pan Z, Hu Y. A combination of POSS and polyphosphazene for reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Yuying Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Jin Guo
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Bohui Chen
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Zemin Pan
- Fujian Fuchuan Investment Co, Ltd; 7 Jianshe Road Fuzhou 350001 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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Synthesis, characterization and thermal behavior of tetrakis(melamine2+) bis(melamine+) pentakis(monohydrogenphosphate) tetrahydrate. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Luo Q, Yuan Y, Dong C, Liu S, Zhao J. Intumescent flame retardancy of a DGEBA epoxy resin based on 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11847f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Only 2.5 wt% DPPA makes the epoxy resin achieve a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test due to the combination of intumescent charring and the blowing-out effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Ministry of Education
| | - Jiangqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Ministry of Education
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Synthesis and Characterization of Non-halogen Type Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants. ELASTOMERS AND COMPOSITES 2014. [DOI: 10.7473/ec.2014.49.4.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Synthesis and fire properties of rigid polyurethane foams made from a polyol derived from melamine and cardanol. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tang Q, Yang R, Song Y, He J. Investigations of Flame-Retarded Thermoplastic Poly(imide–urethane)s with Intumescent Flame Retardants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie500651t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiheng Tang
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Zhongguancun South Street 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Zhongguancun South Street 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yun Song
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Zhongguancun South Street 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu He
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, Zhongguancun South Street 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Lin J, Wu X, Zheng C, Zhang P, Li Q, Wang W, Yang Z. A novolac epoxy resin modified polyurethane acylates polymer grafted network with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hesami M, Bagheri R, Masoomi M. Flammability and thermal properties of epoxy/glass/MWNT Composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Hesami
- Chemical Engineering Department, Polymer group; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 Iran
| | - Rouhollah Bagheri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Polymer group; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 Iran
| | - Mahmood Masoomi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Polymer group; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156 Iran
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Alkali Lignin as a Carbonization Agent on the Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardancy of Intumescent Flame Retardant Coating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of alkali lignin (AL) as a carbonization agent on the thermal degradation and flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating was investigated under air condition, with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an acid source, and melamine (MEL) as a blowing agent. Compared with a traditional APP/pentaerythritol (PER) /MEL IFR system, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that APP/AL/MEL IFR system could induce the synergistic effect at a much boarder temperature range, and improve the thermal stabilities of the IFR coating. With the increase of AL loading, cone calorimeter test showed the peak heat release rate of the IFR coatings decreased from 54.86 MJ/m2to 41.06 MJ/m2.
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Cyzio K, Lubczak J. Application of products of reaction between melamine and glycidol as substrates for oligoetherols and polyurethane foams containing 1,3,5-triazine rings. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cyzio
- Rzeszów University of Technology; Department of Organic Chemistry; Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszów Poland
| | - Jacek Lubczak
- Rzeszów University of Technology; Department of Organic Chemistry; Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszów Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cichy
- Inorganic Chemistry Division “IChN”
Gliwice, Fertilizers Research Institute, Sowińskiego
11, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kużdżał
- Inorganic Chemistry Division “IChN”
Gliwice, Fertilizers Research Institute, Sowińskiego
11, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
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Guo D, Wang Q, Bai S. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/melamine phosphate composites prepared through thermal processing: thermal stability and flame retardancy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Liang B, Cao J, Hong X, Wang C. Synthesis and properties of a novel phosphorous-containing flame-retardant hardener for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen MJ, Shao ZB, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foam with a Novel Nitrogen–Phosphorus Flame Retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- Center for
Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Center for
Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for
Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for
Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for
Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric
Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric
Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Huang ST, Wang GL, Li NB, Luo HQ. Mechanism of the pH-induced aggregation reaction between melamine and phosphate. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Flame retardant epoxy resins from bisphenol-A epoxy cured with hyperbranched polyphosphate ester. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Hu Y, Song L, Xing W, Lu H, Lv P, Jie G. Effect of a triazine ring-containing charring agent on fire retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Nando G, Naik Y, Singha NK. Halogen-free flame retardant PUF: Effect of melamine compounds on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang JS, Liu Y, Zhao HB, Liu J, Wang DY, Song YP, Wang YZ. Metal compound-enhanced flame retardancy of intumescent epoxy resins containing ammonium polyphosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang Q. The investigation on the flame retardancy mechanism of nitrogen flame retardant melamine cyanurate in polyamide 6. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-008-9263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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