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Sesso L, Vanzetti T, Weber J, Vaccani M, Scettrini PR, Sartori C, Ivanovic I, Romanỏ A, Bodmer M, Bacciarini LN, Struchen R, Steiner A, Graber HU. District-Wide Herd Sanitation and Eradication of Intramammary Staphylococcus aureus Genotype B Infection in Dairy Herds in Ticino, Switzerland. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00809-9. [PMID: 38788844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates successful herd sanitation and eradication of contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (S. aureus GTB) in an entire Swiss district (Ticino) including 3,364 dairy cows from 168 farms. Herd sanitation included testing of all cows using a highly GTB specific and sensitive qPCR assay, implementation of related on-farm measures, appropriate antibiotic therapy of GTB-positive cows and culling of therapy-resistant animals, respectively. A treatment index was used as an objective criterion to select GTB-positive cows eligible for culling and replacement payment. 62 herds (37%) were initially GTB-positive with a cow prevalence between 10% and 100% and were submitted to sanitation. Twenty mo after the start of the campaign, all these herds were free from S. aureus GTB, whereby 73% of them were sanitized during the first 7 mo. At the cow level, a total of 343 animals were infected. 50 of them were immediately culled and financially compensated based on their treatment index value. The remaining 293 cows were intramammarily treated with antibiotics either during lactation using the combination of cephalexin-kanamycin or penicillin-gentamicin or at dry-off using cloxacillin. Out of these cows, 275 (93.9%) were treated successfully meaning that their milk was twice GTB-negative by qPCR after therapy. For lactational treatment, control samples were taken ≥10 and ≥20 d after treatment, for dry off treatment ≥14 and ≥24 d after parturition. Neither lactation number nor SCC before treatment of the cow nor the type of therapy were associated with therapeutic cure. Using data of 30 GTB-positive and 71 GTB-negative herds (1855 observations), the impact of GTB sanitation on bulk tank milk SCC (BTSCC) was evaluated applying a linear mixed statistical model. In the year before sanitation, BTSCC was always higher in GTB positive than in GTB negative herds. After the start of the campaign, BTSCC declined rapidly in the herds under GTB sanitation and achieved values that no longer differed statistically from those of GTB-free herds after only 2 mo, remaining very similar for the rest of the campaign. The farmers were very satisfied with the outcome of the campaign as all GTB positive herds could be sanitized rapidly, sanitation was sustainable, and milk quality increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sesso
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Department of Environment, Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - T Vanzetti
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Weber
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Vaccani
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - P Riva Scettrini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio della consulenza agricola, 6501 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanỏ
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - L N Bacciarini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Struchen
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Nemati G, Romanó A, Wahl F, Berger T, Rojo LV, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: a European study of contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154550. [PMID: 37206433 PMCID: PMC10188956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy herds managements, mastitis is the leading cause of economic losses. One of the most important pathogens responsible for intra-mammary infections is Staphylococcus aureus. The genetic properties of S. aureus have a strong influence on its pathogenicity and contagiousness. In this study, we aimed to obtain a comprehensive overview of the key bovine S. aureus clinical properties, such as contagiousness and antimicrobial resistance, present in European strains. For this, 211 bovine S. aureus strains from ten European countries that were used in a previous study were used in this study. Contagiousness was assessed using qPCR for the detection of the marker gene adlb. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay and mPCR for the detection of genes involved in penicillin resistance (blaI, blaR1, and blaZ). It was found that adlb was present in CC8/CLB strains; however, in Germany, it was found in CC97/CLI and in an unknown CC/CLR strains. CC705/CLC strains from all countries were found to be susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Major resistance to penicillin/ampicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and tetracycline was detected. Resistance to oxacillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and cephalosporins was rarely observed. In addition, contagiousness and antibiotic resistance seem to correlate with different CCs and genotypic clusters. Hence, it is recommended that multilocus sequence typing or genotyping be utilized as a clinical instrument to identify the most appropriate antibiotic to use in mastitis treatment. Actualization of the breakpoints of veterinary strains is necessary to address the existing antibiotic resistance of the bacteria involved in veterinary mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Nemati
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ghazal Nemati
| | - Alicia Romanó
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Wahl
- Food Microbial Systems, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Berger
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Vazquez Rojo
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Food Microbial Systems, Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Ivanovic I, Boss R, Romanò A, Guédon E, Le-Loir Y, Luini M, Graber H. Penicillin resistance in bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Genomic evaluation of the discrepancy between phenotypic and molecular test methods. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:462-475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Udder health, veterinary costs, and antibiotic usage in free stall compared with tie stall dairy housing systems: An optimized matching approach in Switzerland. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:333-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leuenberger A, Sartori C, Boss R, Resch G, Oechslin F, Steiner A, Moreillon P, Graber H. Genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus: On-farm epidemiology and the consequences for prevention of intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3295-3309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sartori C, Boss R, Ivanovic I, Graber HU. Development of a new real-time quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B in cow milk, targeting the new gene adlb. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7834-7845. [PMID: 28755929 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The specific and reliable diagnosis of mastitis pathogens is essential for successful sanitation programs. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a new real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the very sensitive and specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B in cow milk samples. This mastitis pathogen is contagious and particularly prevalent in Switzerland and other central European countries. The new test is based on a rapid preparation of bacteria, followed by DNA isolation and qPCR for a unique target gene coding for the adhesion-like bovine protein (adlb). The inclusivity of the new target gene was 97% and the exclusivity 98%, meaning that other genotypes and bacterial species could be excluded with high reliability. The limit of detection of the new assay was 235 staphylococcal cell equivalents/mL of culture. The new test shows high intra- and interassay repeatability. Results are available within 2 d after sampling, allowing farmers and veterinarians to apply sanitation measures immediately. Based on the results of a preliminary field study, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the new qPCR assay are 99 and 100%, respectively. The new analytical procedure is straightforward and can be applied for routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Animal Physiology Group, ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Boss
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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van den Borne BHP, van Soest FJS, Reist M, Hogeveen H. Quantifying Preferences of Farmers and Veterinarians for National Animal Health Programs: The Example of Bovine Mastitis and Antimicrobial Usage in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2017. [PMID: 28626750 PMCID: PMC5454046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine udder health in Switzerland is of a relatively high level. However, antimicrobial usage (AMU) seems high in comparison to other European countries also. A new udder health and AMU improvement program could improve this situation but it is uncertain whether there is support from the field. This study aimed to quantify preferences of dairy farmers and veterinarians for the start and design characteristics of a new national udder health and AMU improvement program in Switzerland. A total of 478 dairy farmers and 98 veterinarians completed an online questionnaire. Questions on their demographics and their mindset toward AMU were complemented with an adaptive choice-based conjoint interview, a novel conjoint analysis technique to quantify preferences of respondents for characteristics of a product for which multiple trade-off decisions must be made (here a bovine udder health and AMU improvement program). The conjoint analysis was followed by a multivariate multiple regression analysis to identify groups of respondents with different program design preferences. Logistic regression models were used to associate covariates with respondents’ preference to start a new udder health and AMU improvement program. Most farmers (55%) and veterinarians (62%) were in favor of starting a new voluntary udder health and AMU improvement program, but the program design preferences agreed moderately between the two stakeholder groups. Farmers preferred an udder health and AMU improvement program that did not contain a penalty system for high AMU, was voluntary for all dairy herds, and aimed to simultaneously improve udder health and reduce AMU. Veterinarians preferred a program that had the veterinary organization and the government taking the lead in program design decision making, did not contain a penalty system for high AMU, and aimed to simultaneously improve udder health and reduce AMU. Differences between groups of farmers and veterinarians concerning their start preference were identified. Also, the magnitude of various program design preferences changed for farmers with different opinions toward AMU. The information obtained from this study may support the decision-making process and the communication to the field afterward, when discussing national strategies to improve udder health and AMU in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart H P van den Borne
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Felix J S van Soest
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Reist
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
The ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is a highly resolving and robust genotyping method for S. aureus that allows a high throughput at moderate costs and is, therefore, suitable to be used for routine purposes. For best resolution, data evaluation and data management, a miniaturized electrophoresis system is required. Together with such an electrophoresis system and the in-house developed software (freely available here) assignment of the pattern of bands to a genotype is standardized and straight forward. DNA extraction is simple (boiling prep), setting-up of the reactions is easy and they can be run on any standard PCR machine. PCR cycling is common except prolonged ramping and elongation times. Compared to spa typing and Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), RS-PCR does not require DNA sequencing what simplifies the analysis considerably and allows a high throughput. Furthermore, the resolution for bovine strains of S. aureus is at least as good as spa typing and better than MLST or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The RS-PCR data base includes presently a total of 141 genotypes and variants. The method is highly associated with the virulence gene pattern, contagiosity and pathogenicity of S. aureus strains involved in bovine mastitis. S. aureus genotype B (GTB) is contagious and causes herds problems causing large costs in the Switzerland and other European countries. All the other genotypes observed in Switzerland infect individual cows and quarters. Genotyping by RS-PCR allows the reliable prediction of the epidemiological and the pathogenic potential of S. aureus involved in bovine intramammary infection (IMI), two key factors for clinical veterinary medicine. Because of these beneficial properties together with moderate costs and a high sample throughput the goal of this publication is to give a detailed, step-by-step protocol for easily establishing and running RS-PCR for genotyping S. aureus in other laboratories.
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Hässig M, Kretschmar S. Evidence-Based Use of Antibiotics in Veal Calves with Diarrhea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2016.62005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boss R, Cosandey A, Luini M, Artursson K, Bardiau M, Breitenwieser F, Hehenberger E, Lam T, Mansfeld M, Michel A, Mösslacher G, Naskova J, Nelson S, Podpečan O, Raemy A, Ryan E, Salat O, Zangerl P, Steiner A, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:515-28. [PMID: 26601578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is globally one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in cattle. Previous studies using ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, however, demonstrated in Swiss cows that Staph. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections are genetically heterogeneous, with Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) and GTC being the most prominent genotypes. Furthermore, Staph. aureus GTB was found to be contagious, whereas Staph. aureus GTC and all the remaining genotypes were involved in individual cow disease. In addition to RS-PCR, other methods for subtyping Staph. aureus are known, including spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). They are based on sequencing the spa and various housekeeping genes, respectively. The aim of the present study was to compare the 3 analytic methods using 456 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from milk of bovine intramammary infections and bulk tanks obtained from 12 European countries. Furthermore, the phylogeny of animal Staph. aureus was inferred and the zoonotic transfer of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans was studied. The analyzed strains could be grouped into 6 genotypic clusters, with CLB, CLC, and CLR being the most prominent ones. Comparing the 3 subtyping methods, RS-PCR showed the highest resolution, followed by spa typing and MLST. We found associations among the methods but in many cases they were unsatisfactory except for CLB and CLC. Cluster CLB was positive for clonal complex (CC)8 in 99% of the cases and typically positive for t2953; it is the cattle-adapted form of CC8. Cluster CLC was always positive for tbl 2645 and typically positive for CC705. For CLR and the remaining subtypes, links among the 3 methods were generally poor. Bovine Staph. aureus is highly clonal and a few clones predominate. Animal Staph. aureus always evolve from human strains, such that every human strain may be the ancestor of a novel animal-adapted strain. The zoonotic transfer of IMI- and milk-associated strains of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans seems to be very limited and different hosts are not considered as a source for mutual, spontaneous infections. Spillover events, however, may happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boss
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Cosandey
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Bardiau
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Breitenwieser
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany
| | - E Hehenberger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Th Lam
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Mansfeld
- Carinthian Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Kirchengasse 43, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - A Michel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Mösslacher
- Animal Health Organisation Upper Austria, Bahnhofplatz 1, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - J Naskova
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevalsvn 72, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Podpečan
- Ambulatory Clinic for Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva ul. 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Raemy
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - O Salat
- Veterinary Clinic of Haute Auvergne, Allauzier, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - P Zangerl
- Federal Institute for Alpine Dairying BAM, 6200 Jenbach, Austria
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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