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Alves MB, Vasconcelos AG, Silva de Carvalho AÉ, Slompo RC, Sá BS, Gonçalves MJL, Lima Moura LNRDC, Brito AKDS, França JVDS, Martins MDCDCE, Rizzo MDS, Soares S, Bastos V, Saldanha de Araujo F, Mogharbel BF, Carvalho KATD, Oliveira H, Plácido A, Arcanjo DDR, Barbosa EA, Leite JRDSDA. Lycopene from Red Guava ( Psidium guajava L.): From Hepatoprotective Effect to Its Use as Promising Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:905. [PMID: 37375852 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a carotenoid with potential use in the treatment of chronic illnesses. Here, different formulations of lycopene were studied: lycopene-rich extract from red guava (LEG), purified lycopene from red guava (LPG) and a self-emulsifying drug delivery system loaded with LPG (nanoLPG). The effects of administering orally various doses of LEG to hypercholesterolemic hamsters were evaluated regarding the liver function of the animals. The cytotoxicity of LPG in Vero cells was analyzed by a crystal violet assay and by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, nanoLPG was employed in stability tests. LPG and nanoLPG were tested for their cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes and antioxidant capacity on cells in an endothelial dysfunction model in an isolated rat aorta. Finally, the effect of different nanoLPG concentrations on the expression of immune-related genes (IL-10, TNF-α, COX-2 and IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using real-time PCR was also analyzed. Results suggest that LEG, despite not being able to improve blood markers indicative of liver function in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, reduced hepatic degenerative changes. Additionally, LPG did not show cytotoxicity in Vero cells. In relation to nanoLPG, the effects produced by heat stress evaluated by Dynamics Light Scattering (DLS) and visually were loss of color, texture change and phase separation after 15 days without interfering with the droplet size, so the formulation proved to be efficient in stabilizing the encapsulated lycopene. Although LPG and nanoLPG showed moderate toxicity to keratinocytes, which may be related to cell lineage characteristics, both revealed potent antioxidant activity. LPG and nanoLPG showed vasoprotective effects in aortic preparations. The gene expression assay indicates that, although no significant differences were observed in the expression of IL-10 and TNF-α, the PBMCs treated with nanoLPG showed a reduction in transcriptional levels of IFN-γ and an increased expression of COX-2. Thus, the work adds evidence to the safety of the use of lycopene by humans and shows that tested formulations, mainly nanoLPG due to its stability, stand out as promising and biosafe products for the treatment of diseases that have oxidative stress and inflammation in their etiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Bernardes Alves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Andreanne Gomes Vasconcelos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal (UDF), Brasília 70390-045, Brazil
- People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inovação LTDA, Brasília 70790-120, Brazil
| | - Amandda Évelin Silva de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco (LHCT), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Sá
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal (UDF), Brasília 70390-045, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Karolinne da Silva Brito
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - José Vinícius de Sousa França
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo de Carvalho E Martins
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dos Santos Rizzo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center (DMOR/CCS), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Susana Soares
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Plácido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUP), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Bioprospectum, UPTEC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Eder Alves Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inovação LTDA, Brasília 70790-120, Brazil
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Laranjeira T, Costa A, Faria-Silva C, Ribeiro D, de Oliveira JMPF, Simões S, Ascenso A. Sustainable Valorization of Tomato By-Products to Obtain Bioac-Tive Compounds: Their Potential in Inflammation and Cancer Management. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051701. [PMID: 35268802 PMCID: PMC8911995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato producing and processing industries present undoubted potential for industrial discarded products valorization whether due to the overproduction of fresh tomatoes or to the loss during processing. Although tomato by-products are not yet considered a raw material, several studies have suggested innovative and profitable applications. It is often referred to as “tomato pomace” and is quite rich in a variety of bioactive compounds. Lycopene, vitamin C, β-carotene, phenolic compounds, and tocopherol are some of the bioactives herein discussed. Tomato by-products are also rich in minerals. Many of these compounds are powerful antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties besides modulating the immune system. Several researchers have focused on the possible application of natural ingredients, especially those extracted from foods, and their physiological and pharmacological effects. Herein, the effects of processing and further applications of the bioactive compounds present in tomato by-products were carefully reviewed, especially regarding the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The aim of this review was thus to highlight the existing opportunities to create profitable and innovative applications for tomato by-products in health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Laranjeira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (C.F.-S.)
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.R.); (J.M.P.F.d.O.)
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.R.); (J.M.P.F.d.O.)
| | - Sandra Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (C.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreia Ascenso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.C.); (C.F.-S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (A.A.)
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Yasmeen, Iqubal MK, Khan MA, Agarwal NB, Ali J, Baboota S. Nanoformulations-based advancement in the delivery of phytopharmaceuticals for skin cancer management. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tarshish E, Hermoni K, Sharoni Y, Wertz PW, Dayan N. Effects of golden tomato extract on skin appearance-outlook into gene expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts and on trans-epidermal water loss and skin barrier in human subjects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3022-3030. [PMID: 34668310 PMCID: PMC9545714 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scope Two experiments were performed to test the effects of rich tomato extract (Golden Tomato Extract, GTE) on human skin. In one experiment, the effects of this extract on gene expression in cultured human dermal fibroblasts were examined. In a second experiment, human subjects consumed the extract and trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), and aspects of skin appearance were monitored. Methods and results Primary human dermal fibroblasts in culture were treated with the extract. After six hours, RNA was extracted, and gene expression was examined using Affymetrix Human Clariom D array processing. For the clinical study, 65 human subjects consumed a capsule once a day for 16 weeks, and various skin parameters were assessed at predetermined time intervals. Among the genes upregulated by GTE are genes that augment innate immunity, enhance DNA repair, and the ability to detoxify xenobiotics. GTE significantly reduced TEWL in subjects who had high TEWL at baseline, but it had no effect on TEWL in subjects who had lower TEWL at baseline. Conclusions Golden tomato extract may provide benefits to the skin by enhancing innate immunity and other defense mechanisms in the dermis and by providing antioxidants to the skin surface to optimize TEWL and the appearance of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoav Sharoni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Song X, Luo Y, Ma L, Hu X, Simal-Gandara J, Wang LS, Bajpai VK, Xiao J, Chen F. Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:331-346. [PMID: 33794344 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunyu Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chugh N, Koul A. Altered presence of extra cellular matrix components in murine skin cancer: Modulation by Azadirachta indica leaf extract. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:197-208. [PMID: 34012866 PMCID: PMC8116721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Although, the anticancer potential of Aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract (AAILE) has been robustly established against cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in mice, however, its ability in modulating tumor associated extra cellular matrix (ECM) is largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was conceived to explore changes in ECM during murine skin cancer and its chemoprevention by AAILE. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Skin tumors were induced using a two-stage model of carcinogenesis employing topical application of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as carcinogen and promoter respectively. AAILE was administered orally to the animals. Male Laca mice were divided into four groups: control, AAILE, DMBA/TPA and AAILE + DMBA/TPA. RESULTS The tumors obtained in DMBA/TPA and AAILE + DMBA/TPA groups were histologically identified as SCC. Tumor induction in these groups was accompanied by raised serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels when compared to control counterparts. Assessment of hydroxyproline levels and histochemical staining with sirius red and trichrome stain revealed an increase in collagen in tumors of DMBA/TPA group. An increase in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) levels was also observed in DMBA/TPA group as made evident by biochemical studies and histochemical staining using mucicarmine and alcian blue-periodic acid schiff's stain. Administration of AAILE to DMBA/TPA treated animals caused a decrease in collagen and GAG levels along with a decrease in serum CEA levels. CONCLUSION Skin tumors exhibited altered presence of ECM components which is indicative of a modified ECM. AAILE administration antagonised tumor associated ECM alterations which may be contributing to its chemopreventive activity as reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Chugh
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - A. Koul
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Mechanistic understanding of β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene in cancer prevention in animal models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158652. [PMID: 32035228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the potential function of carotenoids in the chemoprevention of cancers, mechanistic understanding of carotenoid action on genetic and epigenetic signaling pathways is critically needed for human studies. The use of appropriate animal models is the most justifiable approach to resolve mechanistic issues regarding protective effects of carotenoids at specific organs and tissue sites. While the initial impetus for studying the benefits of carotenoids in cancer prevention was their antioxidant capacity and pro-vitamin A activity, significant advances have been made in the understanding of the action of carotenoids with regards to other mechanisms. This review will focus on two common carotenoids, provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin and non-provitamin A carotenoid lycopene, as promising chemopreventive agents or chemotherapeutic compounds against cancer development and progression. We reviewed animal studies demonstrating that β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene effectively prevent the development or progression of various cancers and the potential mechanisms involved. We highlight recent research that the biological functions of β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene are mediated, partially via their oxidative metabolites, through their effects on key molecular targeting events, such as NF-κB signaling pathway, RAR/PPARs signaling, SIRT1 signaling pathway, and p53 tumor suppressor pathways. The molecular targets by β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene, offer new opportunities to further our understanding of common and distinct mechanisms that involve carotenoids in cancer prevention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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