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Weinmann T, Radon K, Sukalla F, Gerlich J, Barth S, Nowak D, Karnowski V. Developing an Awareness Campaign to Reduce Second Hand Smoke Among Disadvantaged Families-A Participatory M-Health Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091945. [PMID: 30200621 PMCID: PMC6164457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Children from disadvantaged families are particularly exposed to second hand smoke in their home environment. Using a mixed methods participatory approach, we aimed at identifying suitable media channels and appropriate content for a campaign increasing caregivers' knowledge about the risks of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure for their children and appropriate measures for exposure reduction. In the first phase of the mixed method design, we evaluated knowledge and norms about children's SHS and perceived barriers for avoiding it. To this end, we conducted 26 one-to-one interviews with smoking caregivers of children below the age of six years. Subsequently, we developed and illustrated core messages and identified appropriate communication channels. These were evaluated in focus group discussions by 20 of the 26 interview participants. After a final revision, 121 caregivers evaluated the campaign via an online questionnaire. Online social networks were identified as the most suitable media channel. For these, we developed animated photos with voiceovers addressing the potential consequences of SHS for children. The overall rating of the campaign messages was promising. Participants confirmed that it was important to address the issue in social media. However, sharing the pictures was considered unlikely due to the sensitive topic of the campaign, while the importance of doctors or scientists being recognizable as a source was highlighted. Employing a participatory approach, we developed an m-health campaign, which can now be disseminated in social networks to reach the target population. The effectiveness of the campaign should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weinmann
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Freya Sukalla
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Communication Studies and Media Research, LMU Munich, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Communication and Media Studies, University of Leipzig, Burgstr. 21, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jessica Gerlich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Swaantje Barth
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Veronika Karnowski
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC-Health), LMU Munich, Ludwigstr. 28, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Communication Studies and Media Research, LMU Munich, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Methodik und das Studiendesign des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) 2015. Methodik: Zielpersonen des ESA waren deutschsprachige und in Privathaushalten lebende Personen im Alter zwischen 18 und 64 Jahren. Die Ziehung der Personenstichprobe erfolgte auf Basis der Einwohnermelderegister disproportional zur Verteilung der Geburtsjahrgänge in einem zweistufigen Zufallsverfahren. Die Befragungen wurden schriftlich, telefonisch und online durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt konnte im ESA 2015 mit n = 9204 Teilnehmern eine Nettoausschöpfung von 52.2 % erreicht werden. Durch die verwendete Gewichtung konnte die Stichprobe hinsichtlich Bundesland, BIK-Gemeindegrößenklasse, Geschlecht, Jahrgangsgruppe und Schulbildung an die Verteilung in der Grundgesamtheit angepasst werden. Mit der Studie nicht erreichte Personen zeigten problematischere Konsummuster als Teilnehmer der Befragung. Schriftlich befragte Personen gaben häufiger Substanzkonsum an als telefonisch und online Befragte. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch den Einsatz verschiedener Befragungsmethoden und die Gewichtung der Daten konnte sichergestellt werden, dass mit dem ESA 2015 bevölkerungsrepräsentative Daten zum (klinisch relevanten) Konsum von legalen und illegalen Substanzen sowie Medikamenten vorliegen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, München
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), Stockholm University, Schweden
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Kohler S, Minkner P. Smoke-free laws and direct democracy initiatives on smoking bans in Germany: a systematic review and quantitative assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:685-700. [PMID: 24394216 PMCID: PMC3924468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germany's 16 states regulate smoking differently within health protection principles laid down in the federal law. All state smoke-free laws in Germany have undergone at least one change since taking effect. METHODS We systematically review federal and state laws regulating smoking, as well as petitions, popular initiatives and referenda that aimed at changing statutory smoking bans. Data generated through the systematic review were correlated with state smoking rates. RESULTS The protection from the dangers of secondhand smoke is the primary motive for smoking bans in Germany. The first smoke-free laws affecting smoking in pubs, restaurants and several other public places were introduced in 2007. In 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled in a leading decision on the smoke-free laws of two states that some common smoking ban exemptions of the introduced smoke-free laws violate the basic right to freely exercise a profession and mandated revisions. All states but Bavaria and Saarland, whose smoking bans were more and less comprehensive than those judged by the constitutional court, respectively, needed to change the smoking ban exemptions to reconcile their smoke-free laws with the constitution. Direct democracy initiatives to change smoking bans were only successful in Bavaria in 2010, but a total of 15 initiatives by citizens' or interest groups attempted to influence non-smokers protection legislation through direct democratic procedures. Early ratification of a smoking ban in a federal state correlates with a higher reduction in the smoking rate from 2005 to 2009 (Spearman's ρ = 0.51, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The federal government structure and direct democratic participation in smoke-free legislation in Germany has produced a diversity of local smoking bans and exemptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohler
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Philipp Minkner
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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Kraus L, Pabst A, Piontek D, Matos EGD. Substanzkonsum und substanzbezogene Störungen: Trends in Deutschland 1980 – 2012. SUCHT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR WISSENSCHAFT UND PRAXIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/0939-5911.a000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ziel: Untersucht wurden geschlechts- und altersspezifische Trends des Konsums von Alkohol, Tabak und Cannabis und der Einnahme von Schmerz-, Schlaf- und Beruhigungsmitteln sowie Trends substanzbezogener Störungen nach DSM-IV im Zeitraum 1980 bis 2012. Methodik: Grundlage sind Daten aus zehn Erhebungen des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA). Die Datenerhebung erfolgte schriftlich bzw. im Methodenmix. Die Antwortraten variierten zwischen 45 % und 65 %. Ergebnisse: Die durchschnittlich pro Tag konsumierte Menge Reinalkohol reduzierte sich bei Männern signifikant gegenüber dem Jahr 1995, während der Konsum unter Frauen auf niedrigerem Niveau stabil blieb. Die Anteile der aktuellen Raucher zeigen bei beiden Geschlechtern mit wenigen Ausnahmen einen klaren rückläufigen Trend. Die 12-Monats-Prävalenz des Cannabiskonsums war im Jahr 2012 höher als im Jahr 1995. Die regelmäßige Einnahme von Schmerzmitteln zeigt mit wenigen Ausnahmen eine Zunahme über die Zeit. Es wurden Anstiege in der Prävalenz der Abhängigkeit von Alkohol (1997 bis 2012), Tabak (2000 bis 2012) und Beruhigungsmitteln (2000 bis 2012) beobachtet. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Konsum legaler Substanzen ist in Deutschland insgesamt rückläufig. Mehr Anstrengungen sind nötig, um den Konsum von Cannabis und Schmerzmitteln sowie substanzbezogene Störungen auf Bevölkerungsebene zu reduzieren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, München
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), Stockholm University, Stockholm
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