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Sirkiä C, Laakkonen E, Nordenswan E, Karlsson L, Korja R, Karlsson H, Kataja EL. Sense of coherence, its components and depressive and anxiety symptoms in expecting women and their partners - A FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2024; 39:100930. [PMID: 38056383 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Expecting mothers with high sense of coherence (SOC) exhibit improved physical, emotional, and childbearing health. However, the dimensions of SOC and the factor structure of the SOC-13 scale during prenatal period is slightly known. Especially the differences in experiencing SOC and its components (comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness) among both expecting parents (mothers and fathers) is poorly understood. The association between SOC and mood disorder symptoms (depression and anxiety) during pregnancy is scarcely studied. METHODS The structure of the SOC-13 scale, differences in SOC experiences, and the associations between SOC and depressive and anxiety symptoms were studied in a sample of 2784 pregnant women (mothers) and 1661 men/partners (fathers) belonging to the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Self-reports (SOC-13, EPDS, SCL-90: ANX) from gestational week 24 were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and invariance testing was carried out to investigate the factorial structure of SOC-13 among both groups (mothers and fathers). Group comparisons were used to study differences in the level of SOC among mothers vs. fathers, low vs. high depression and anxiety subgroups, and multiparous vs. nulliparous mothers. RESULTS A two-factor model for SOC-13 consisting of comprehensibility-manageability and meaningfulness fitted the data best. Mothers reported higher levels of meaningfulness, whereas fathers reported higher levels of comprehensibility-manageability. SOC was significantly higher among fathers vs. mothers, but mothers with depressive symptoms reported higher SOC than fathers with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS During pregnancy, SOC can be viewed as a two-dimensional (vs. one- or three-dimensional) concept, and mothers and fathers have differences in the components of SOC. Importantly, mothers vs. fathers with depressive symptoms express higher overall SOC indicating that pregnancy may relate to higher than usual SOC especially among women with psychological distress. Understanding how expecting mothers and fathers experience SOC during pregnancy, particularly in relation to depressive symptoms, helps midwives and maternity care providers to focus health promoting support more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sirkiä
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Eero Laakkonen
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Nordenswan
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Departments of Psychiatry and Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Departments of Psychiatry and Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Departments of Psychiatry and Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Galiana L, Sánchez-Ruiz J, Gómez-Salgado J, Larkin PJ, Sansó N. Validation of the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale in a sample of nursing students: Evidence of validity, reliability, longitudinal invariance and changes in general self-efficacy and resilience in a two-wave cross-lagged panel model. Nurse Educ Pract 2024; 74:103865. [PMID: 38128375 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale in a sample of nursing students, by: 1) offering evidence of validity and reliability; 2) studying the longitudinal measurement invariance of the scale; 3) providing evidence on the changes in the levels of self-efficacy that occur after one year of nursing education; and 4) offering longitudinal evidence on the relationship between nursing students' self-efficacy and resilience levels. BACKGROUND Nurses' general self-efficacy has been related to both personal and organizational outcomes. In Spain, some competencies the students must acquire during the Degree in Nursing implicitly refer to self-efficacy. For the measurement of general self-efficacy, the General Self-Efficacy Scale is one of the most widely used in Europe. DESIGN A longitudinal design was used. Research took place at the University of Valencia and the University of the Balearic Islands (Spain). Participants were 324 nursing students, in the first year of the Nursing Degree. METHODS The five-item General Self-Efficacy scale and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale were used. Analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability estimates, confirmatory factor analysis, a longitudinal measurement invariance routine and several competing cross-lagged models. RESULTS Evidence of reliability shown by the scale was adequate and a one-factor solution for the structure was found. Additionally, the five-item GSE showed evidence of invariance over time. A causal effect of self-efficacy on nursing students' levels of resilience was found. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy scale is a brief instrument that can contribute to the assessment of some of the basic competencies of the Degree in Nursing, which improve during their education and how these changes are related to other skills important for the nursing profession, such as resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Galiana
- Advanced Research Methods Applied to Quality of Life promotion - ARMAQoL, Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz
- Advanced Research Methods Applied to Quality of Life promotion - ARMAQoL, Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Philip J Larkin
- Chair of Palliative Care Nursing. Palliative and Supportive Care Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noemí Sansó
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IDISBA). Valldemossa Road, Km 7.5, Palma 07122, Spain; Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.
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Ross LT, Heming B, Lane A. Family Unpredictability and Sense of Coherence: Relationships With Anxiety and Depression in Two Samples. Psychol Rep 2022:332941221080409. [PMID: 35331056 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221080409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sense of coherence (SOC) refers to beliefs about how comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful one's life is. We investigated how SOC relates to family of origin unpredictability and psychological functioning in two samples. College students (N=172, 78% female; M=18.9 years old; 78% white/Caucasian) who recalled more family unpredictability while growing up also reported weaker SOC beliefs and poorer mental health. Furthermore, SOC mediated the negative impact of family unpredictability on anxiety but not on depression. Among adults (N=220, 47% female, 50% male, 3% gender nonconforming; M=40.2 years old; 60% Caucasian), correlations among family chaos, SOC, and psychological functioning were even stronger, overall. One mediation was detected: the relationship between family unpredictability and anxiety was partially explained by adults' perceptions regarding the manageability of their life. This is the first study to explore the relationships among SOC, family chaos, and psychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T Ross
- 2343College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Alexa Lane
- 2343College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
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Grevenstein D, Bluemke M. Measurement Invariance of the SOC-13 Sense of Coherence Scale Across Gender and Age Groups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Sense of coherence (SOC) describes an individual’s ability to deal with life challenges (manageability), comprehend the environment (comprehensibility), and perceive life and its challenges as meaningful (meaningfulness). We examine measurement invariance (MI) of the SOC-13 scale across gender and age groups in a matched sample of N = 1,816 (50% females; age range 16–83 years). A two-factor model, with a common factor for manageability/comprehensibility items and a second factor for meaningfulness items, best represented the SOC-13 in all groups. Full metric, partial scalar, and full strict invariance held across gender groups. Across age groups, full metric, partial scalar, and partial strict invariance could be established. We conclude that SOC-13 is a reliable and valid measure. Measurement is comparable across gender and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Bluemke
- GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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Boelen PA, O'Connor M. Is a sense of coherence associated with prolonged grief, depression, and satisfaction with life after bereavement? A longitudinal study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1599-1610. [PMID: 35912828 PMCID: PMC9804467 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in psychological factors maintaining healthy functioning following adverse events. One such variable is a sense of coherence (SOC), an orientation to life comprising manageability, comprehensibility, and meaningfulness. Little research has examined the role of SOC in adjustment to bereavement. The present longitudinal study examined the role of SOC in recovery from loss, in a Danish sample (N = 221) of elderly spousally bereaved people. The aim was twofold. First, we aimed to establish the optimal measurement model of SOC, evaluating the fit of different factor solutions for the 29-item SOC-29 scale and 13-item SOC-13 scale, using confirmatory factor analysis. Second, we sought to examine associations of emerging SOC factors with symptoms levels of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression, and with satisfaction with life, assessed concurrently (at 6 months post-loss) and at two consecutive time points, 13 and 18 months post-loss. Results showed that the three-factor model of the SOC-13 (with distinct manageability, comprehensibility, and meaningfulness factors) provided a good fit to our data. With respect to our second aim, analyses showed that the three SOC factors were associated with concurrently assessed PGD, depression, and satisfaction with life. In the analyses predicting outcomes at Wave 2 and Wave 3, meaningfulness (but not manageability and comprehensibility) predicted some of the outcomes, above and beyond baseline scores of the outcomes. Findings suggest that meaningfulness may increase healthy and attenuate unhealthy responses to loss. Helping bereaved people to experience life's demands as worthy of investment and engagement is likely an important target for bereavement care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,ARQ National Psychotrauma CentreDiemenThe Netherlands
| | - Maja O'Connor
- Unit for Bereavement Research, Department of PsychologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Stojanovic M, Fries S, Grund A. Self-Efficacy in Habit Building: How General and Habit-Specific Self-Efficacy Influence Behavioral Automatization and Motivational Interference. Front Psychol 2021; 12:643753. [PMID: 34025512 PMCID: PMC8137900 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we investigate the role of self-efficacy (SE) in intentional habit building. We analyzed event sampling data from a habit building app we created that helps define and track habit data. We used hierarchical growth curve modeling and multilevel mediation to test our hypotheses. In a first study, N = 91 university students built new study habits over a period of 6 weeks in a controlled study. We found that the trait-like (Level 2) general self-efficacy predicted automaticity (i.e., habit strength) but not the experience of motivational interference (MI). In a second study with real user data, N = 265 idiographic habits have been analyzed. The specific SE associated with these habits – habit-specific self-efficacy (Level 1, HSE) – was measured during habit formation. We found that lagged HSE predicted automaticity and that lagged automaticity predicted HSE, indicating a positive feedback mechanism in habit building. Furthermore, we found that lagged HSE predicted less MI during habit performance. A multilevel mediation analysis showed significant effects of lagged HSE (Level 1) and aggregated HSE (Level 2) on MI, which were both partially mediated by automaticity. These results show the importance of defining the specificity of SE beliefs and how they interact with automaticity in the habit building process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stojanovic
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Fries
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Axel Grund
- Dr. phil. habil. Axel Grund Research Scientist Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing - LUCET Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Lei H, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Li Z. Measurement Invariance and Intergenerational Parallelism of General Self-Efficacy in Adolescent and Parent Dyads. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1251. [PMID: 32581980 PMCID: PMC7287210 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
General self-efficacy refers to global beliefs about one's capabilities across a variety of tasks or conditions. It is regarded as an important, relatively stable, motivational trait, and is associated with positive outcomes in a wide range of domains. The general self-efficacy scale (GSE) is the most commonly used measure to evaluate general self-efficacy among adults and youths. This study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the GSE across age groups among adolescent and parent dyads, and to investigate the intergenerational parallelism of general self-efficacy and the moderating roles of parents' gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). Participants were 807 adolescent/parent dyads. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed that full metric and scalar measurement invariance held. Regression analysis showed that parents' self-efficacy significantly predicted their children's self-efficacy (β = 0.232, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated family SES played a moderating role (β = 0.066, p < 0.001), although parents' gender did not (β = -0.053, p = 0.288). The results demonstrated the GSE's measurement invariance across age, and further supported use of the GSE among adults and adolescents. Moreover, our findings provided evidence for the presence of this kind of intergenerational parallelism and the moderating role of family SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lei
- College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanyun Yuan
- College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihang Wang
- College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianshi Chen
- College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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The general self-efficacy scale: New evidence of structural validity, measurement invariance, and predictive properties in relationship to subjective well-being in Serbian samples. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Transition to a New Country: Acculturative and Developmental Predictors for Changes in Self-Efficacy among Adolescent Immigrants. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2143-2156. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grevenstein D, Aguilar-Raab C, Schweitzer J, Bluemke M. Through the tunnel, to the light: Why sense of coherence covers and exceeds resilience, optimism, and self-compassion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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