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Mata A, Amaral J. Desirable Biases: Self-Enhancement Is Seen as Biased and Bad, Other-Enhancement Is Seen as Biased but Good. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People who describe themselves as better than others are evaluated negatively, particularly when such self-enhancement is perceived as biased. This research replicates this finding, but it shows the opposite pattern for other-enhancement. People making flattering descriptions of their relatives and loved ones were seen as biased but likeable, whereas people who did not do so were seen as more realistic but less likeable. Critically, the enhancement of other people only inspired favorable impressions when it was perceived as sincere (i.e., true in the eyes of the enhancer). Moreover, and in line with an attributional account, the fewer people shared that assessment, the more it was perceived to reveal about the enhancer and how much they liked the target of the enhancement. This research suggests a nuanced version of the role of bias perception in impression formation, whereby biased appraisals are expected in certain domains, and they can inspire favorable impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mata
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa
| | - João Amaral
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa
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Vaz A, Mata A, Critcher CR. Analogies Offer Value Through the Struggle to Make Them Work: Making Sense of the Psychological Immune System. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Vaz
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Mata
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clayton R. Critcher
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Weber S, Williams-Arya P, Bowers K, Wamsley F, Doarn CR, Smith J. Effectiveness of Interdisciplinary Leadership Training for Early Career Professionals in the Field of Developmental Disabilities. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1036-1042. [PMID: 33961209 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to describe the curriculum and self-reported outcomes on measures of interdisciplinary leadership skills for work within the field of developmental disabilities from trainees in one interprofessional training program. METHODS The paper highlights one program's curriculum and strategy for capturing self-report survey measures from trainees in cohorts from 2014-2018 (n = 86) on two surveys (Interdisciplinary Attitudes and Skills and Leadership Self-Evaluation Form) and three time points across the training year: before training (T1), mid-year (T2), and after training (T3). RESULTS Data from 86 trainees are reported including demographics (nearly 80% white, 92% female), non-descriptive statistics due to non-normative samples, and tertiles demonstrating changes between time points. Significant differences between medians are reported between T1-T3 specifically related to utilizing interdisciplinary skills and gains in leadership competencies. Specific utilization of skills was reported to be 'Greatly' attributable to the LEND program related to sharing ideas and asking for help across disciplines. DISCUSSION Trainees' self-report from before training to after training indicates an increase in competence and utilization of interdisciplinary skills to be expected from participation in the curriculum. Self-report measures are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Weber
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) Program, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Pamela Williams-Arya
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) Program, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine Bowers
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 5041, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Frank Wamsley
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) Program, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Doarn
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Kettering G12A, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) Program, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Miron-Shatz T, Holzer H, Revel A, Weissman A, Tarashandegan D, Hurwitz A, Gal M, Ben-Chetrit A, Weintraub A, Ravhon A, Tsafrir A. 'Luckily, I don't believe in statistics': survey of women's understanding of chance of success with futile fertility treatments. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:463-470. [PMID: 33250411 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Why are women who face poor prognoses for success in assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment choosing to pursue procedures using their own eggs, despite receiving information that their chances of success are very low. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on an anonymous questionnaire distributed to women aged between 43 and 45 years, undergoing ART using their own oocytes, at six public outpatient fertility clinics and three public in-hospital IVF units in Israel between 2015 and 2016. The main outcome measure was personal estimation of chance to achieve a live birth after the current ART treatment cycle and the cumulative estimated rate after all the treatment cycles the patient intended to undergo. RESULTS Response rate was 70.0%, with 91 participants of mean age 43.8 ± 0.7 years. Participants estimated their delivery rates after the next ART treatment cycle at 49.0 ± 31.8% (response rate 93.4%) and their cumulative delivery rates after all the ART treatments they would undergo at 57.7 ± 36.3% (response rate 90.1%). This is significantly higher than the predicted success rates of 5% and 15%, respectively (both P < 0.001), which are based on national register data. Nearly one-half of patients rated themselves as having a better than average chance of conception (47.3%). CONCLUSION Women do not pursue futile treatments because they lack information. Despite being informed of the low success rates of conception using ART treatments, many patients of advanced maternal age have unrealistically high expectations from ART, essentially ignoring their estimated prognosis when deciding on treatment continuation. Future work should examine the psychological reasons behind continuing futile fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Miron-Shatz
- Ono Academic College, Center for Medical Decision Making, Tzahal St 104, Kiryat Ono, Israel; Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Hananel Holzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center Ein Kerem POB 12000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Revel
- Reproductive Medicine and In Vitro fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center (formerly Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ariel Weissman
- IVF Unit- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Ha-Lokhamim St 62, Holon, 5822012, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Danit Tarashandegan
- Ono Academic College, Center for Medical Decision Making, Tzahal St 104, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Arye Hurwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center Ein Kerem POB 12000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Gal
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Chetrit
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Amir Weintraub
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Amir Ravhon
- IVF Unit- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Ha-Lokhamim St 62, Holon, 5822012, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Avi Tsafrir
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel.
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Lynch BP, vanDellen MR. A
multi‐motive
framework for predicting variability in
self‐enhancement. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heck PR, Krueger JI. Self-Enhancement Error Motivates Social Projection. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.5.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social projection is the tendency to assume that others are similar to the self, whereas self-enhancement is the tendency to see them as inferior. Although these concepts appear to be in conflict, we suggest that both can stem from the same motive of self-protection. In three studies, we show that respondents overestimate the prevalence of self-enhancement bias in others and predict that most self-enhancement entails an error in judgment. Critically, we find that social projection is strongest among those who learn that they have committed a self-enhancement error. Those who receive feedback saying that their positive self-evaluations are false project this outcome onto others. We also find that self-enhancement errors degrade perceptual accuracy. We discuss how self-protection motives affect both self-evaluation and social projection, and how social judgments that appear inductively rational may stem from arational processes of need satisfaction.
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Krueger JI, Heck PR, Evans AM, DiDonato TE. Social game theory: Preferences, perceptions, and choices. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1778249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim I. Krueger
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Anthony M. Evans
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Krueger JI. Controlled Eccentricity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim I. Krueger
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer St., Providence, RI 02912, E-mail:
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Heck PR, Meyer MN. Information Avoidance in Genetic Health: Perceptions, Norms, and Preferences. SOCIAL COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2019.37.3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Tappin BM, McKay RT. Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Perceived Moral Superiority and Moral Behavior Using Economic Games. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617750736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most people report that they are superior to the average person on various moral traits. The psychological causes and social consequences of this phenomenon have received considerable empirical attention. The behavioral correlates of self-perceived moral superiority (SPMS), however, remain unknown. We present the results of two preregistered studies (Study 1, N = 827; Study 2, N = 825), in which we indirectly assessed participants’ SPMS and used two incentivized economic games to measure their engagement in moral behavior. Across studies, SPMS was unrelated to trust in others and to trustworthiness, as measured by the trust game, and unrelated to fairness, as measured by the dictator game. This pattern of findings was robust to a range of analyses, and, in both studies, Bayesian analyses indicated moderate support for the null over the alternative hypotheses. We interpret and discuss these findings and highlight interesting avenues for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M. Tappin
- Department of Psychology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan T. McKay
- Department of Psychology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Krueger JI, Heck PR, Asendorpf JB. Self-enhancement: Conceptualization and Assessment. COLLABRA-PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-enhancement bias is conventionally construed as an unwarranted social comparison in social psychology and a misperception of social reality in personality psychology. Researchers in both fields rely heavily on discrepancy scores to represent self-enhancement and fail to distinguish between a general tendency or bias to self-enhance and a self-enhancement error, or false perception of own excellence. We critically review prominent discrepancy measures and then propose a decision-theoretic alternative that [a] mitigates confounds between self-positivity and self-superiority, [b] separates error from bias, and [c] discourages reliance on measures that reify self-enhancement as a stable personality trait. To evaluate our hypotheses, we re-analyze data collected in our laboratory and perform a series of simulation studies. We share these materials with interested researchers.
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Steinmetz J, Sezer O, Sedikides C. Impression mismanagement: People as inept self-presenters. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krueger JI, Ullrich J, Chen LJ. Expectations and Decisions in the Volunteer's Dilemma: Effects of Social Distance and Social Projection. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1909. [PMID: 28018257 PMCID: PMC5147464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Volunteer’s Dilemma (VoD) one individual needs to bear a cost so that a public good can be provided. Expectations regarding what others will do play a critical role because they would ideally be negatively correlated with own decisions; yet, a social-projection heuristic generates positive correlations. In a series of 2-person-dilemma studies with over 1,000 participants, we find that expectations are indeed correlated with own choice, and that people tend to volunteer more than game-theoretic benchmarks and their own expectations would allow. We also find strong evidence for a social-distance heuristic, according to which a person’s own probability to volunteer and the expectation that others will volunteer decrease as others become socially more remote. Experimentally induced expectations make opposite behavior more likely, but respondents underweight these expectations. As a result, there is a small but systematic effect of over-volunteering among psychologically close individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim I Krueger
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Johannes Ullrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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