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Blankenship DD, Moussessian A, Chapin E, Young DA, Wesley Patterson G, Plaut JJ, Freedman AP, Schroeder DM, Grima C, Steinbrügge G, Soderlund KM, Ray T, Richter TG, Jones-Wilson L, Wolfenbarger NS, Scanlan KM, Gerekos C, Chan K, Seker I, Haynes MS, Barr Mlinar AC, Bruzzone L, Campbell BA, Carter LM, Elachi C, Gim Y, Hérique A, Hussmann H, Kofman W, Kurth WS, Mastrogiuseppe M, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Nimmo F, Paty C, Plettemeier D, Schmidt BE, Zolotov MY, Schenk PM, Collins S, Figueroa H, Fischman M, Tardiff E, Berkun A, Paller M, Hoffman JP, Kurum A, Sadowy GA, Wheeler KB, Decrossas E, Hussein Y, Jin C, Boldissar F, Chamberlain N, Hernandez B, Maghsoudi E, Mihaly J, Worel S, Singh V, Pak K, Tanabe J, Johnson R, Ashtijou M, Alemu T, Burke M, Custodero B, Tope MC, Hawkins D, Aaron K, Delory GT, Turin PS, Kirchner DL, Srinivasan K, Xie J, Ortloff B, Tan I, Noh T, Clark D, Duong V, Joshi S, Lee J, Merida E, Akbar R, Duan X, Fenni I, Sanchez-Barbetty M, Parashare C, Howard DC, Newman J, Cruz MG, Barabas NJ, Amirahmadi A, Palmer B, Gawande RS, Milroy G, Roberti R, Leader FE, West RD, Martin J, Venkatesh V, Adumitroaie V, Rains C, Quach C, Turner JE, O’Shea CM, Kempf SD, Ng G, Buhl DP, Urban TJ. Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON). SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2024; 220:51. [PMID: 38948073 PMCID: PMC11211191 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-024-01072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon. REASON will investigate processes governing this material exchange by characterizing the distribution of putative non-ice material (e.g., brines, salts) in the subsurface, searching for an ice-ocean interface, characterizing the ice shell's global structure, and constraining the amplitude of Europa's radial tidal deformations. REASON will accomplish these science objectives using a combination of radar measurement techniques including altimetry, reflectometry, sounding, interferometry, plasma characterization, and ranging. Building on a rich heritage from Earth, the moon, and Mars, REASON will be the first ice-penetrating radar to explore the outer solar system. Because these radars are untested for the icy worlds in the outer solar system, a novel approach to measurement quality assessment was developed to represent uncertainties in key properties of Europa that affect REASON performance and ensure robustness across a range of plausible parameters suggested for the icy moon. REASON will shed light on a never-before-seen dimension of Europa and - in concert with other instruments on Europa Clipper - help to investigate whether Europa is a habitable world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Moussessian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Elaine Chapin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Duncan A. Young
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Plaut
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Adam P. Freedman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Dustin M. Schroeder
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Cyril Grima
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Krista M. Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Trina Ray
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Thomas G. Richter
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Laura Jones-Wilson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | - Kirk M. Scanlan
- Geodesy & Earth Observation Division, DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher Gerekos
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Kristian Chan
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Ilgin Seker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mark S. Haynes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | | | - Bruce A. Campbell
- Smithsonian Institution, Center for Earth & Planetary Studies, MRC 315, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Lynn M. Carter
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Charles Elachi
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Yonggyu Gim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Alain Hérique
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hauke Hussmann
- Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wlodek Kofman
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CNES, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Centrum Badan Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (CBK PAN), Warsaw, Poland
| | - William S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | | | | | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Dept. Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Carol Paty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA
| | | | - Britney E. Schmidt
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Zolotov
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | | | - Simon Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Harry Figueroa
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mark Fischman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Eric Tardiff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Andy Berkun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mimi Paller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | | | - Gregory A. Sadowy
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Kevin B. Wheeler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Emmanuel Decrossas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Yasser Hussein
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Curtis Jin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Frank Boldissar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Neil Chamberlain
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Brenda Hernandez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Elham Maghsoudi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Jonathan Mihaly
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Shana Worel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Vik Singh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Kyung Pak
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Jordan Tanabe
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Robert Johnson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mohammad Ashtijou
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Tafesse Alemu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Michael Burke
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Brian Custodero
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Michael C. Tope
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - David Hawkins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Kim Aaron
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | | | - Donald L. Kirchner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Karthik Srinivasan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Julie Xie
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Brad Ortloff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Ian Tan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Tim Noh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Duane Clark
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Vu Duong
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Shivani Joshi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Jeng Lee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Elvis Merida
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Ruzbeh Akbar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Xueyang Duan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Ines Fenni
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | - Chaitali Parashare
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Duane C. Howard
- Center for Quantum Computing, Amazon Web Services, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | | | - Marvin G. Cruz
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | | | - Ahmadreza Amirahmadi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Brendon Palmer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Rohit S. Gawande
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Grace Milroy
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Rick Roberti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Frank E. Leader
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Richard D. West
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Jan Martin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Vijay Venkatesh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Virgil Adumitroaie
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Christine Rains
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Cuong Quach
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Jordi E. Turner
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - Colleen M. O’Shea
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - Scott D. Kempf
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Gregory Ng
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Dillon P. Buhl
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
| | - Timothy J. Urban
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758 USA
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2
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Doran PT, Hayes A, Grasset O, Coustenis A, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Hedman N, Al Shehhi O, Ammannito E, Fujimoto M, Groen F, Moores JE, Mustin C, Olsson-Francis K, Peng J, Praveenkumar K, Rettberg P, Sinibaldi S, Ilyin V, Raulin F, Suzuki Y, Xu K, Whyte LG, Zaitsev M, Buffo J, Kminek G, Schmidt B. The COSPAR planetary protection policy for missions to Icy Worlds: A review of history, current scientific knowledge, and future directions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:86-99. [PMID: 38670657 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent discoveries related to the habitability and astrobiological relevance of the outer Solar System have expanded our understanding of where and how life may have originated. As a result, the Icy Worlds of the outer Solar System have become among the highest priority targets for future spacecraft missions dedicated to astrobiology-focused and/or direct life detection objectives. This, in turn, has led to a renewed interest in planetary protection concerns and policies for the exploration of these worlds and has been a topic of discussion within the COSPAR (Committee on Space Research) Panel on Planetary Protection. This paper summarizes the results of those discussions, reviewing the current knowledge and the history of planetary protection considerations for Icy Worlds as well as suggesting ways forward. Based on those discussions, we therefore suggest to (1) Establish a new definition for Icy Worlds for Planetary Protection that captures the outer Solar System moons and dwarf planets like Pluto, but excludes more primitive bodies such as comets, centaurs, and asteroids: Icy Worlds in our Solar System are defined as all bodies with an outermost layer that is believed to be greater than 50 % water ice by volume and have enough mass to assume a nearly round shape. (2) Establish indices for the lower limits of Earth life with regards to water activity (LLAw) and temperature (LLT) and apply them into all areas of the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy. These values are currently set at 0.5 and -28 °C and were originally established for defining Mars Special Regions; (3) Establish LLT as a parameter to assign categorization for Icy Worlds missions. The suggested categorization will have a 1000-year period of biological exploration, to be applied to all Icy Worlds and not just Europa and Enceladus as is currently the case. (4) Have all missions consider the possibility of impact. Transient thermal anomalies caused by impact would be acceptable so long as there is less than 10-4 probability of a single microbe reaching deeper environments where temperature is >LLT in the period of biological exploration. (5) Restructure or remove Category II* from the policy as it becomes largely redundant with this new approach, (6) Establish that any sample return from an Icy World should be Category V restricted Earth return.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Doran
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - A Hayes
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6801, USA
| | | | - A Coustenis
- LESIA, Paris Observatory, PSL University, CNRS, Paris University, 92195, Meudon Cedex, France
| | - O Prieto-Ballesteros
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Hedman
- Committee, Policy and Legal Affairs Section, Office for Outer Space Affairs, United Nations Office at Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - M Fujimoto
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - F Groen
- Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, 20546, USA
| | | | - C Mustin
- Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France
| | - K Olsson-Francis
- AstrobiologyOU, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - J Peng
- China National Space Administration, Beijing, China
| | | | - P Rettberg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Research Group Astrobiology, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Sinibaldi
- European Space Agency, ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - V Ilyin
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - F Raulin
- Univ Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Y Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo,7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Xu
- Laboratory of Space Microbiology, Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, Chinese Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China
| | - L G Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Zaitsev
- Planetary Physics Department, Space Research Inst. of Russian Acad. of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Buffo
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - G Kminek
- European Space Agency, ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands
| | - B Schmidt
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6801, USA
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Lee HJ, Bar-Cohen Y, Badescu M, Sherrit S, Hockman B, Bryant S, Howell SM, Lesage E, Smith M. Through-Ice Acoustic Communication for Ocean Worlds Exploration. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2776. [PMID: 38732881 PMCID: PMC11086343 DOI: 10.3390/s24092776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Subsurface exploration of ice-covered planets and moons presents communications challenges because of the need to communicate through kilometers of ice. The objective of this task is to develop the capability to wirelessly communicate through kilometers of ice and thus complement the potentially failure-prone tethers deployed behind an ice-penetrating probe on Ocean Worlds. In this paper, the preliminary work on the development of wireless deep-ice communication is presented and discussed. The communication test and acoustic attenuation measurements in ice have been made by embedding acoustic transceivers in glacial ice at the Matanuska Glacier, Anchorage, Alaska. Field test results show that acoustic communication is viable through ice, demonstrating the transmission of data and image files in the 13-18 kHz band over 100 m. The results suggest that communication over many kilometers of ice thickness could be feasible by employing reduced transmitting frequencies around 1 kHz, though future work is needed to better constrain the likely acoustic attenuation properties through a refrozen borehole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jae Lee
- NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (Y.B.-C.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (S.B.); (S.M.H.); (E.L.); (M.S.)
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4
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Wakita S, Johnson BC, Silber EA, Singer KN. Multiring basin formation constrains Europa's ice shell thickness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8455. [PMID: 38507497 PMCID: PMC10954210 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Jupiter's moon Europa hosts a subsurface ocean under an ice shell of uncertain thickness. Europa has two multiring basins that exhibit several concentric rings. The formation of these multiring basins is thought to be sensitive to the thickness and thermal structure of the ice shell. Here, we simulate multiring basin forming impacts on Europa finding that a total ice shell greater than 20 kilometers thick is required to reproduce observed ring structures. Thin ice shells (<15 kilometers thick) result in compressional tectonics inconsistent with observed ring structures. Our simulations are also sensitive to the thermal structure of the ice shell and indicate that Europa's at least 20-kilometer ice shell is composed of a 6- to 8-kilometer-thick conductive lid overlying warm convecting ice. The constraints on Europa's ice shell structure resulting from this work are directly relevant to our understanding of the potential habitability of Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Wakita
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brandon C. Johnson
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Silber
- Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Carré L, Henneke G, Henry E, Flament D, Girard É, Franzetti B. DNA Polymerization in Icy Moon Abyssal Pressure Conditions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:151-162. [PMID: 36622808 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of stable liquid water oceans beneath the ice crust of moons within the Solar System is of great interest for astrobiology. In particular, subglacial oceans may present hydrothermal processes in their abysses, similarly to terrestrial hydrothermal vents. Therefore, terrestrial extremophilic deep life can be considered a model for putative icy moon extraterrestrial life. However, the comparison between putative extraterrestrial abysses and their terrestrial counterparts suffers from a potentially determinant difference. Indeed, some icy moons oceans may be so deep that the hydrostatic pressure would exceed the maximal pressure at which hydrothermal vent organisms have been isolated. While terrestrial microorganisms that are able to survive in such conditions are known, the effect of high pressure on fundamental biochemical processes is still unclear. In this study, the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases are investigated for the first time. The effect on both strand displacement and primer extension activities is measured, and pressure tolerance is compared between enzymes of various thermophilic organisms isolated at different depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carré
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Ghislaine Henneke
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Brest, Plouzané, France
| | - Etienne Henry
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Brest, Plouzané, France
| | - Didier Flament
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Brest, Plouzané, France
| | - Éric Girard
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Franzetti
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
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6
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Soderlund KM, Rovira-Navarro M, Le Bars M, Schmidt BE, Gerkema T. The Physical Oceanography of Ice-Covered Moons. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:25-53. [PMID: 37669566 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040323-101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In the outer solar system, a growing number of giant planet satellites are now known to be abodes for global oceans hidden below an outer layer of ice. These planetary oceans are a natural laboratory for studying physical oceanographic processes in settings that challenge traditional assumptions made for Earth's oceans. While some driving mechanisms are common to both systems, such as buoyancy-driven flows and tides, others, such as libration, precession, and electromagnetic pumping, are likely more significant for moons in orbit around a host planet. Here, we review these mechanisms and how they may operate across the solar system, including their implications for ice-ocean interactions. Future studies should continue to advance our understanding of each of these processes as well as how they may act together in concert. This interplay also has strong implications for habitability as well as testing oceanic hypotheses with future missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Marc Rovira-Navarro
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA;
| | - Michael Le Bars
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille, France;
| | - Britney E Schmidt
- Departments of Astronomy and of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| | - Theo Gerkema
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands;
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7
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Vance SD, Craft KL, Shock E, Schmidt BE, Lunine J, Hand KP, McKinnon WB, Spiers EM, Chivers C, Lawrence JD, Wolfenbarger N, Leonard EJ, Robinson KJ, Styczinski MJ, Persaud DM, Steinbrügge G, Zolotov MY, Quick LC, Scully JEC, Becker TM, Howell SM, Clark RN, Dombard AJ, Glein CR, Mousis O, Sephton MA, Castillo-Rogez J, Nimmo F, McEwen AS, Gudipati MS, Jun I, Jia X, Postberg F, Soderlund KM, Elder CM. Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023; 219:81. [PMID: 38046182 PMCID: PMC10687213 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission. Synthesizing the mission's science measurements, as well as incorporating remote observations by Earth-based observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, and other space-based resources, to constrain Europa's habitability, is a complex task and is guided by the mission's Habitability Assessment Board (HAB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Everett Shock
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Britney E. Schmidt
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Jonathan Lunine
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Kevin P. Hand
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - William B. McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Spiers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Chase Chivers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Justin D. Lawrence
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Honeybee Robotics, Altadena, CA USA
| | - Natalie Wolfenbarger
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Erin J. Leonard
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | - Divya M. Persaud
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Zolotov
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel M. Howell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Dombard
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Olivier Mousis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Mark A. Sephton
- Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Murthy S. Gudipati
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Insoo Jun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Xianzhe Jia
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Frank Postberg
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista M. Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Catherine M. Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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8
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Weber JM, Marlin TC, Prakash M, Teece BL, Dzurilla K, Barge LM. A Review on Hypothesized Metabolic Pathways on Europa and Enceladus: Space-Flight Detection Considerations. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1726. [PMID: 37629583 PMCID: PMC10456045 DOI: 10.3390/life13081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enceladus and Europa, icy moons of Saturn and Jupiter, respectively, are believed to be habitable with liquid water oceans and therefore are of interest for future life detection missions and mission concepts. With the limited data from missions to these moons, many studies have sought to better constrain these conditions. With these constraints, researchers have, based on modeling and experimental studies, hypothesized a number of possible metabolisms that could exist on Europa and Enceladus if these worlds host life. The most often hypothesized metabolisms are methanogenesis for Enceladus and methane oxidation/sulfate reduction on Europa. Here, we outline, review, and compare the best estimated conditions of each moon's ocean. We then discuss the hypothetical metabolisms that have been suggested to be present on these moons, based on laboratory studies and Earth analogs. We also detail different detection methods that could be used to detect these hypothetical metabolic reactions and make recommendations for future research and considerations for future missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Weber
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA (B.L.T.); (K.D.); (L.M.B.)
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9
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Abstract
As the most volcanically active celestial body in the Solar System, Io is a natural satellite of Jupiter due to its proximity to the planet and the fact that it is in mean motion resonance, known as the Laplace resonance, with the natural satellites Europa and Ganymede. This natural satellite is a good candidate to be visited by future missions. In this sense, the present work has the goal of studying and mapping the best initial orbital conditions for orbits around Io, considering the symmetrical or asymmetical perturbative effects of a third body (Jupiter) and the J2 term from the mass configuration of Io. The initial orbital parameters of the probe were investigated through a set of numerical simulations. The results showed that although most orbits around Io have lifetimes of less than 6 months, some regions were found where the initial conditions of the orbits provided satisfactory times for the accomplishment of future missions around Io.
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10
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Leonard EJ, Howell SM, Mills A, Senske DA, Patthoff DA, Hay HCFC, Pappalardo RT. Finding Order in Chaos: Quantitative Predictors of Chaos Terrain Morphology on Europa. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097309. [PMID: 35866056 PMCID: PMC9287068 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for chaos terrain formation on Europa have long been a source of debate in the scientific community. There exist numerous theoretical and numerical models for chaos formation, but to date there has been a lack of quantifiable observations that can be used to constrain models and permit comparison to the outputs of these chaos models. Here, we use mapping and statistical analysis to develop a quantitative description of chaos terrain and their observed morphologies. For nine chaos features, we map every block, or region of pre-existing terrain within disrupted matrix. We demonstrate that chaos terrains follow a continuous spectrum of morphologies between two endmembers, platy and knobby. We find that any given chaos terrain's morphology can be quantified by means of the linearized exponential slope of its cumulative block area distribution. This quantitative metric provides a new diagnostic parameter in future studies of chaos terrain formation and comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Leonard
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - S. M. Howell
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - A. Mills
- University of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
| | - D. A. Senske
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - H. C. F. C. Hay
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - R. T. Pappalardo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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11
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Culberg R, Schroeder DM, Steinbrügge G. Double ridge formation over shallow water sills on Jupiter's moon Europa. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2007. [PMID: 35440535 PMCID: PMC9018861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Jupiter's moon Europa is a prime candidate for extraterrestrial habitability in our solar system. The surface landforms of its ice shell express the subsurface structure, dynamics, and exchange governing this potential. Double ridges are the most common surface feature on Europa and occur across every sector of the moon, but their formation is poorly understood, with current hypotheses providing competing and incomplete mechanisms for the development of their distinct morphology. Here we present the discovery and analysis of a double ridge in Northwest Greenland with the same gravity-scaled geometry as those found on Europa. Using surface elevation and radar sounding data, we show that this double ridge was formed by successive refreezing, pressurization, and fracture of a shallow water sill within the ice sheet. If the same process is responsible for Europa's double ridges, our results suggest that shallow liquid water is spatially and temporally ubiquitous across Europa's ice shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Culberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Dustin M Schroeder
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Singer KN, White OL, Schmitt B, Rader EL, Protopapa S, Grundy WM, Cruikshank DP, Bertrand T, Schenk PM, McKinnon WB, Stern SA, Dhingra RD, Runyon KD, Beyer RA, Bray VJ, Ore CD, Spencer JR, Moore JM, Nimmo F, Keane JT, Young LA, Olkin CB, Lauer TR, Weaver HA, Ennico-Smith K. Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1542. [PMID: 35351895 PMCID: PMC8964750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The New Horizons spacecraft returned images and compositional data showing that terrains on Pluto span a variety of ages, ranging from relatively ancient, heavily cratered areas to very young surfaces with few-to-no impact craters. One of the regions with very few impact craters is dominated by enormous rises with hummocky flanks. Similar features do not exist anywhere else in the imaged solar system. Here we analyze the geomorphology and composition of the features and conclude this region was resurfaced by cryovolcanic processes, of a type and scale so far unique to Pluto. Creation of this terrain requires multiple eruption sites and a large volume of material (>104 km3) to form what we propose are multiple, several-km-high domes, some of which merge to form more complex planforms. The existence of these massive features suggests Pluto’s interior structure and evolution allows for either enhanced retention of heat or more heat overall than was anticipated before New Horizons, which permitted mobilization of water-ice-rich materials late in Pluto’s history. Giant icy volcanos (cryovolcanos) on Pluto are unique in the imaged solar system and provide evidence for unexpected, active geology late in Pluto’s history.
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13
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Nguyen K, Kumar P. Morphological Phenotypes, Cell Division, and Gene Expression of Escherichia coli under High Concentration of Sodium Sulfate. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020274. [PMID: 35208727 PMCID: PMC8875244 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium and sulfate ions are among the suggested abundant ions on Europa, a moon of Jupiter. In order to investigate the potential habitability of Europa, we study the effects of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) on a non-halophilic bacterium by subjecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) to a wide range of Na2SO4 concentrations (0–1.0 m). We discover that, as the concentration of sodium sulfate increases, the biomass doubling time increases and the cell growth is completely inhibited at 1.0 m Na2SO4. Furthermore, we find that E. coli exhibits three distinct morphological phenotypes—(i) shortened, (ii) normal, and (iii) elongated/filamented cells at 0.6 m and 0.8 m Na2SO4. We have examined the expression of different genes involved in sodium and sulfate transport (nhaA, nhaB, cysZ, sbp), osmotically driven transport of water (aqpZ), sulfate metabolism (cysN), fatty acid production (fabA), and a global transcriptional regulator (osmZ). Our results suggest that the expression of these genes is not affected significantly at high concentrations of sodium sulfate in the exponential growth phase. Using our experimental data and the existing data in the literature, we show that the osmotic pressure difference may play a major role in determining the growth inhibition of E. coli and B. subtilis at high concentrations of salt.
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14
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How Well Do We Know Europa’s Topography? An Evaluation of the Variability in Digital Terrain Models of Europa. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13245097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jupiter’s moon Europa harbors one of the most likely environments for extant extraterrestrial life. Determining whether Europa is truly habitable requires understanding the structure and thickness of its ice shell, including the existence of perched water or brines. Stereo-derived topography from images acquired by NASA Galileo’s Solid State Imager (SSI) of Europa are often used as a constraint on ice shell structure and heat flow, but the uncertainty in such topography has, to date, not been rigorously assessed. To evaluate the current uncertainty in Europa’s topography we generated and compared digital terrain models (DTMs) of Europa from SSI images using both the open-source Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) software and the commercial SOCET SET® software. After first describing the criteria for assessing stereo quality in detail, we qualitatively and quantitatively describe both the horizontal resolution and vertical precision of the DTMs. We find that the horizontal resolution of the SOCET SET® DTMs is typically 8–11× the root mean square (RMS) pixel scale of the images, whereas the resolution of the ASP DTMs is 9–13× the maximum pixel scale of the images. We calculate the RMS difference between the ASP and SOCET SET® DTMs as a proxy for the expected vertical precision (EP), which is a function of the matching accuracy and stereo geometry. We consistently find that the matching accuracy is ~0.5 pixels, which is larger than well-established “rules of thumb” that state that the matching accuracy is 0.2–0.3 pixels. The true EP is therefore ~1.7× larger than might otherwise be assumed. In most cases, DTM errors are approximately normally distributed, and errors that are several times the derived EP occur as expected. However, in two DTMs, larger errors (differences) occur and correlate with real topography. These differences primarily result from manual editing of the SOCET SET® DTMs. The product of the DTM error and the resolution is typically 4–8 pixel2 if calculated using the RMS image scale for SOCET SET® DTMs and the maximum images scale for the ASP DTMs, which is consistent with recent work using martian data sets and suggests that the relationship applies more broadly. We evaluate how ASP parameters affect DTM quality and find that using a smaller subpixel refinement kernel results in DTMs with smaller (better) resolution but, in some cases, larger gaps, which are sometimes reduced by increasing the size of the correlation kernel. We conclude that users of ASP should always systematically evaluate the choice of parameters for a given dataset.
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15
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Ashkenazy Y, Tziperman E. Dynamic Europa ocean shows transient Taylor columns and convection driven by ice melting and salinity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6376. [PMID: 34737306 PMCID: PMC8569204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep (~100 km) ocean of Europa, Jupiter's moon, covered by a thick icy shell, is one of the most probable places in the solar system to find extraterrestrial life. Yet, its ocean dynamics and its interaction with the ice cover have received little attention. Previous studies suggested that Europa's ocean is turbulent using a global model and taking into account non-hydrostatic effects and the full Coriolis force. Here we add critical elements, including consistent top and bottom heating boundary conditions and the effects of icy shell melting and freezing on ocean salinity. We find weak stratification that is dominated by salinity variations. The ocean exhibits strong transient convection, eddies, and zonal jets. Transient motions organize in Taylor columns parallel to Europa's axis of rotation, are static inside of the tangent cylinder and propagate equatorward outside the cylinder. The meridional oceanic heat transport is intense enough to result in a nearly uniform ice thickness, that is expected to be observable in future missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Ashkenazy
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Negev, 84990, Israel.
| | - Eli Tziperman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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16
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Thompson SP, Kennedy H, Butler BM, Day SJ, Safi E, Evans A. Laboratory exploration of mineral precipitates from Europa's subsurface ocean. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1455-1479. [PMID: 34667451 PMCID: PMC8493616 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The precipitation of hydrated phases from a chondrite-like Na-Mg-Ca-SO4-Cl solution is studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, under rapid- (360 K h-1, T = 250-80 K, t = 3 h) and ultra-slow-freezing (0.3 K day-1, T = 273-245 K, t = 242 days) conditions. The precipitation sequence under slow cooling initially follows the predictions of equilibrium thermodynamics models. However, after ∼50 days at 245 K, the formation of the highly hydrated sulfate phase Na2Mg(SO4)2·16H2O, a relatively recent discovery in the Na2Mg(SO4)2-H2O system, was observed. Rapid freezing, on the other hand, produced an assemblage of multiple phases which formed within a very short timescale (≤4 min, ΔT = 2 K) and, although remaining present throughout, varied in their relative proportions with decreasing temperature. Mirabilite and meridianiite were the major phases, with pentahydrite, epsomite, hydrohalite, gypsum, blödite, konyaite and loweite also observed. Na2Mg(SO4)2·16H2O was again found to be present and increased in proportion relative to other phases as the temperature decreased. The results are discussed in relation to possible implications for life on Europa and application to other icy ocean worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Thompson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Kennedy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Butler
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Day
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Emmal Safi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Astrophysics Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Aneurin Evans
- Astrophysics Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
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17
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Fayolle EC, Noell AC, Johnson PV, Hodyss R, Ponce A. Viability of Bacillus subtilis Spores Exposed to Ultraviolet Light at Ocean World Surface Temperatures. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:889-896. [PMID: 32580565 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated microorganism survival under temperature and ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions found at the surface of ice-covered ocean worlds. These studies were motivated by a desire to understand the ability of resilient forms of life to survive under such conditions as a proxy for potential endogenic life and to inform planetary protection protocols for future missions. To accomplish this, we irradiated Bacillus subtilis spores with solar-like UV photons at temperatures ranging from room temperature down to 11 K and reported survival fractions with respect to fluence. We observed an increase in survival at low temperatures and found that the inactivation rate follows an Arrhenius-type behavior above 60 K. For solar-photon fluxes and surface temperatures at Europa and Enceladus, we found that Bacillus subtilis spores would be inactivated in less than an hour when in direct sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Fayolle
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Aaron C Noell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Paul V Johnson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Robert Hodyss
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Adrian Ponce
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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18
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Longo A, Damer B. Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E52. [PMID: 32349245 PMCID: PMC7281141 DOI: 10.3390/life10050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two widely-cited alternative hypotheses propose geological localities and biochemical mechanisms for life's origins. The first states that chemical energy available in submarine hydrothermal vents supported the formation of organic compounds and initiated primitive metabolic pathways which became incorporated in the earliest cells; the second proposes that protocells self-assembled from exogenous and geothermally-delivered monomers in freshwater hot springs. These alternative hypotheses are relevant to the fossil record of early life on Earth, and can be factored into the search for life elsewhere in the Solar System. This review summarizes the evidence supporting and challenging these hypotheses, and considers their implications for the search for life on various habitable worlds. It will discuss the relative probability that life could have emerged in environments on early Mars, on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, and also the degree to which prebiotic chemistry could have advanced on Titan. These environments will be compared to ancient and modern terrestrial analogs to assess their habitability and biopreservation potential. Origins of life approaches can guide the biosignature detection strategies of the next generation of planetary science missions, which could in turn advance one or both of the leading alternative abiogenesis hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Longo
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- Department of Geology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bruce Damer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA or
- Digital Space Research, Boulder Creek, CA 95006, USA
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19
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Sayag R. Rifting of Extensional Flows on a Sphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:214502. [PMID: 31809186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.214502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The front of a fluid that displaces a less viscous fluid in shear-dominated flows is known to be stable. We show that in predominantly extensional flows on a sphere, a similar front of a strain-rate-softening fluid can become unstable and evolve fingerlike patterns comprised of rifts and tongues. The number of rifts and tongues declines with time and is selected by competition between interfacial hoop stress, geometric stretching, momentum dissipation, and spatial curvature. Our results elucidate fracture dynamics in complex fluids under extension and are applicable to a wide range of systems, including planetary-scale ice shelves as in snowball epochs and icy moons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roiy Sayag
- Department of Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
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20
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Rettberg P, Antunes A, Brucato J, Cabezas P, Collins G, Haddaji A, Kminek G, Leuko S, McKenna-Lawlor S, Moissl-Eichinger C, Fellous JL, Olsson-Francis K, Pearce D, Rabbow E, Royle S, Saunders M, Sephton M, Spry A, Walter N, Wimmer Schweingruber R, Treuet JC. Biological Contamination Prevention for Outer Solar System Moons of Astrobiological Interest: What Do We Need to Know? ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:951-974. [PMID: 30762429 PMCID: PMC6767865 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that scientific investments in space exploration are not compromised by terrestrial contamination of celestial bodies, special care needs to be taken to preserve planetary conditions for future astrobiological exploration. Significant effort has been made and is being taken to address planetary protection in the context of inner Solar System exploration. In particular for missions to Mars, detailed internationally accepted guidelines have been established. For missions to the icy moons in the outer Solar System, Europa and Enceladus, the planetary protection requirements are so far based on a probabilistic approach and a conservative estimate of poorly known parameters. One objective of the European Commission-funded project, Planetary Protection of Outer Solar System, was to assess the existing planetary protection approach, to identify inherent knowledge gaps, and to recommend scientific investigations necessary to update the requirements for missions to the icy moons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rettberg
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Petra Rettberg, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Research Group Astrobiology, Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - André Antunes
- GEMM—Group for Extreme and Marine Microbiology, Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - John Brucato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Florence, Italy
| | - Patricia Cabezas
- Science Connect–European Science Foundation (ESF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Geoffrey Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wheaton College, Massachusetts, Norton, Massachusetts
| | - Alissa Haddaji
- Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Montpellier, France
| | - Gerhard Kminek
- Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Leuko
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Fellous
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wheaton College, Massachusetts, Norton, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Olsson-Francis
- Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, School of Environment, Earth & Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
| | - Samuel Royle
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Saunders
- Independent Consultant for the US National Academies of Sciences (NAS), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Sephton
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Spry
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI, Mountain View, California
| | - Nicolas Walter
- Science Connect–European Science Foundation (ESF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Wimmer Schweingruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Abteilung Extraterrestrische Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Hendrix AR, Hurford TA, Barge LM, Bland MT, Bowman JS, Brinckerhoff W, Buratti BJ, Cable ML, Castillo-Rogez J, Collins GC, Diniega S, German CR, Hayes AG, Hoehler T, Hosseini S, Howett CJ, McEwen AS, Neish CD, Neveu M, Nordheim TA, Patterson GW, Patthoff DA, Phillips C, Rhoden A, Schmidt BE, Singer KN, Soderblom JM, Vance SD. The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:1-27. [PMID: 30346215 PMCID: PMC6338575 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize the work of the NASA Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG) Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds (ROW) group. The aim of this group is to assemble the scientific framework that will guide the exploration of ocean worlds, and to identify and prioritize science objectives for ocean worlds over the next several decades. The overarching goal of an Ocean Worlds exploration program as defined by ROW is to "identify ocean worlds, characterize their oceans, evaluate their habitability, search for life, and ultimately understand any life we find." The ROW team supports the creation of an exploration program that studies the full spectrum of ocean worlds, that is, not just the exploration of known ocean worlds such as Europa but candidate ocean worlds such as Triton as well. The ROW team finds that the confirmed ocean worlds Enceladus, Titan, and Europa are the highest priority bodies to target in the near term to address ROW goals. Triton is the highest priority candidate ocean world to target in the near term. A major finding of this study is that, to map out a coherent Ocean Worlds Program, significant input is required from studies here on Earth; rigorous Research and Analysis studies are called for to enable some future ocean worlds missions to be thoughtfully planned and undertaken. A second finding is that progress needs to be made in the area of collaborations between Earth ocean scientists and extraterrestrial ocean scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Hendrix
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona
- Address correspondence to: Amanda R. Hendrix, Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719
| | | | - Laura M. Barge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael T. Bland
- Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Jeff S. Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Bonnie J. Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Morgan L. Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Julie Castillo-Rogez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Serina Diniega
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Alexander G. Hayes
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tori Hoehler
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California
| | - Sona Hosseini
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Catherine D. Neish
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Neveu
- NASA HQ/Universities Space Association, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tom A. Nordheim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Cynthia Phillips
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Britney E. Schmidt
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jason M. Soderblom
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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22
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Suer TA, Padovan S, Whitten JL, Potter RW, Shkolyar S, Cable M, Walker C, Szalay J, Parker C, Cumbers J, Gentry D, Harrison T, Naidu S, Trammell HJ, Reimuller J, Budney CJ, Lowes LL. FIRE - Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounter: A conceptual design for a New Frontiers mission to Io. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2017; 60:1080-1100. [PMID: 33162637 PMCID: PMC7646308 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual design is presented for a low complexity, heritage-based flyby mission to Io, Jupiter's innermost Galilean satellite and the most volcanically active body in the Solar System. The design addresses the 2011 Decadal Surveys recommendation for a New Frontiers class mission to Io and is based upon the result of the June 2012 NASA-JPL Planetary Science Summer School. A science payload is proposed to investigate the link between the structure of Io's interior, it's volcanic activity, it's surface composition, and it's tectonics. A study of Io's atmospheric processes and Io's role in the Jovian magnetosphere is also planned. The instrument suite includes a visible/near IR imager, a magnetic field and plasma suite, a dust analyzer and a gimbaled high gain antenna to perform radio science investigations. Payload activity and spacecraft operations would be powered by three Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generators (ASRG). The primary mission includes 10 flybys with close-encounter altitudes as low as 100 km. The mission risks are mitigated by ensuring that relevant components are radiation tolerant and by using redundancy and flight-proven parts in the design. The spacecraft would be launched on an Atlas V rocket with a delta-v of 1.3 km/s. Three gravity assists (Venus, Earth, Earth) would be used to reach the Jupiter system in a 6-year cruise. The resulting concept demonstrates the rich scientific return of a flyby mission to Io.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry-Ann Suer
- Institut de Mineralogie, de Physique des Materiaux, et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC) Sorbonne Universites - UPMC, Univ Paris 06, France
| | - Sebastiano Padovan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of Planetary Physics, Rutherfordstraße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jennifer L. Whitten
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 315, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, United States
| | - Ross W.K. Potter
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Svetlana Shkolyar
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Jocelyn St NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Morgan Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United Statess
| | - Catherine Walker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United Statess
| | - Jamey Szalay
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Charles Parker
- John Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, MD 20723, United States
| | - John Cumbers
- SynBioBeta LLC, Mountain View, CA 94040, United States
| | | | - Tanya Harrison
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, AR, United States
| | - Shantanu Naidu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United Statess
| | | | | | - Charles J. Budney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United Statess
| | - Leslie L. Lowes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United Statess
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Domagal-Goldman SD, Wright KE, Adamala K, Arina de la Rubia L, Bond J, Dartnell LR, Goldman AD, Lynch K, Naud ME, Paulino-Lima IG, Singer K, Walther-Antonio M, Abrevaya XC, Anderson R, Arney G, Atri D, Azúa-Bustos A, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Brennecka GA, Carns R, Chopra A, Colangelo-Lillis J, Crockett CJ, DeMarines J, Frank EA, Frantz C, de la Fuente E, Galante D, Glass J, Gleeson D, Glein CR, Goldblatt C, Horak R, Horodyskyj L, Kaçar B, Kereszturi A, Knowles E, Mayeur P, McGlynn S, Miguel Y, Montgomery M, Neish C, Noack L, Rugheimer S, Stüeken EE, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Imari Walker S, Wong T. The Astrobiology Primer v2.0. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:561-653. [PMID: 27532777 PMCID: PMC5008114 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Domagal-Goldman
- 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- 2 Virtual Planetary Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- 3 University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado, USA
- 4 Present address: UK Space Agency, UK
| | - Katarzyna Adamala
- 5 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jade Bond
- 7 Department of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kennda Lynch
- 10 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Naud
- 11 Institute for research on exoplanets (iREx) , Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ivan G Paulino-Lima
- 12 Universities Space Research Association , Mountain View, California, USA
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- 14 Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ximena C Abrevaya
- 16 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE) , UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rika Anderson
- 17 Department of Biology, Carleton College , Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giada Arney
- 18 University of Washington Astronomy Department and Astrobiology Program , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dimitra Atri
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Bowman
- 19 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Regina Carns
- 22 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya Chopra
- 23 Planetary Science Institute, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jesse Colangelo-Lillis
- 24 Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University , and the McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Julia DeMarines
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carie Frantz
- 27 Department of Geosciences, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah, USA
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente
- 28 IAM-Departamento de Fisica, CUCEI , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Douglas Galante
- 29 Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Glass
- 30 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | | | | | - Colin Goldblatt
- 33 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Rachel Horak
- 34 American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Betül Kaçar
- 36 Harvard University , Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- 37 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Knowles
- 38 Johnson & Wales University , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Mayeur
- 39 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shawn McGlynn
- 40 Earth Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamila Miguel
- 41 Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR 7293, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Neish
- 43 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Lena Noack
- 44 Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- 45 Department of Astronomy, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 46 University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- 47 University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 48 University of California , Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Sara Imari Walker
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 50 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Wong
- 51 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Willis PA, Creamer JS, Mora MF. Implementation of microchip electrophoresis instrumentation for future spaceflight missions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6939-63. [PMID: 26253225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive discussion of the role that microchip electrophoresis (ME) instrumentation could play in future NASA missions of exploration, as well as the current barriers that must be overcome to make this type of chemical investigation possible. We describe how ME would be able to fill fundamental gaps in our knowledge of the potential for past, present, or future life beyond Earth. Despite the great promise of ME for ultrasensitive portable chemical analysis, to date, it has never been used on a robotic mission of exploration to another world. We provide a current snapshot of the technology readiness level (TRL) of ME instrumentation, where the TRL is the NASA systems engineering metric used to evaluate the maturity of technology, and its fitness for implementation on missions. We explain how the NASA flight implementation process would apply specifically to ME instrumentation, and outline the scientific and technology development issues that must be addressed for ME analyses to be performed successfully on another world. We also outline research demonstrations that could be accomplished by independent researchers to help advance the TRL of ME instrumentation for future exploration missions. The overall approach described here for system development could be readily applied to a wide range of other instrumentation development efforts having broad societal and commercial impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA,
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26
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Kimura J, Kitadai N. Polymerization of Building Blocks of Life on Europa and Other Icy Moons. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:430-41. [PMID: 26060981 PMCID: PMC4490594 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The outer Solar System may provide a potential habitat for extraterrestrial life. Remote sensing data from the Galileo spacecraft suggest that the jovian icy moons--Europa, Ganymede, and possibly Callisto--may harbor liquid water oceans underneath their icy crusts. Although compositional information required for the discussion of habitability is limited because of significantly restricted observation data, organic molecules are ubiquitous in the Universe. Recently, in situ spacecraft measurements and experiments suggest that amino acids can be formed abiotically on interstellar ices and comets. These amino acids could be continuously delivered by meteorite or comet impacts to icy moons. Here, we show that polymerization of organic monomers, in particular amino acids and nucleotides, could proceed spontaneously in the cold environment of icy moons, in particular the jovian icy moon Europa as a typical example, based on thermodynamic calculations, though kinetics of formation are not addressed. Observed surface temperature on Europa is 120 and 80 K in the equatorial region and polar region, respectively. At such low temperatures, Gibbs energies of polymerization become negative, and the estimated thermal structure of the icy crust should contain a shallow region (i.e., at a depth of only a few kilometers) favorable for polymerization. Investigation of the possibility of organic monomer polymerization on icy moons could provide good constraints on the origin and early evolution of extraterrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kimura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Kitadai
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Noell AC, Ely T, Bolser DK, Darrach H, Hodyss R, Johnson PV, Hein JD, Ponce A. Spectroscopy and viability of Bacillus subtilis spores after ultraviolet irradiation: implications for the detection of potential bacterial life on Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:20-31. [PMID: 25590531 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most habitable environments in the Solar System outside of Earth may exist underneath the ice on Europa. In the near future, our best chance to look for chemical signatures of a habitable environment (or life itself) will likely be at the inhospitable icy surface. Therefore, it is important to understand the ability of organic signatures of life and life itself to persist under simulated europan surface conditions. Toward that end, this work examined the UV photolysis of Bacillus subtilis spores and their chemical marker dipicolinic acid (DPA) at temperatures and pressures relevant to Europa. In addition, inactivation curves for the spores at 100 K, 100 K covered in one micron of ice, and 298 K were measured to determine the probability for spore survival at the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectra of irradiated DPA showed a loss of carboxyl groups to CO2 as expected but unexpectedly showed significant opening of the heterocyclic ring, even for wavelengths>200 nm. Both DPA and B. subtilis spores showed identical unknown spectral bands of photoproducts after irradiation, further highlighting the importance of DPA in the photochemistry of spores. Spore survival was enhanced at 100 K by ∼5× relative to 298 K, but 99.9% of spores were still inactivated after the equivalent of ∼25 h of exposure on the europan surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Noell
- NASA Astrobiology Institute and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
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28
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Roth L, Saur J, Retherford KD, Strobel DF, Feldman PD, McGrath MA, Nimmo F. Transient Water Vapor at Europa’s South Pole. Science 2014; 343:171-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1247051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Roth
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Saur
- Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Darrell F. Strobel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul D. Feldman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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29
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Pappalardo RT, Vance S, Bagenal F, Bills BG, Blaney DL, Blankenship DD, Brinckerhoff WB, Connerney JEP, Hand KP, Hoehler TM, Leisner JS, Kurth WS, McGrath MA, Mellon MT, Moore JM, Patterson GW, Prockter LM, Senske DA, Schmidt BE, Shock EL, Smith DE, Soderlund KM. Science potential from a Europa lander. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:740-773. [PMID: 23924246 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of a future soft landing on the surface of Europa is enticing, as it would create science opportunities that could not be achieved through flyby or orbital remote sensing, with direct relevance to Europa's potential habitability. Here, we summarize the science of a Europa lander concept, as developed by our NASA-commissioned Science Definition Team. The science concept concentrates on observations that can best be achieved by in situ examination of Europa from its surface. We discuss the suggested science objectives and investigations for a Europa lander mission, along with a model planning payload of instruments that could address these objectives. The highest priority is active sampling of Europa's non-ice material from at least two different depths (0.5-2 cm and 5-10 cm) to understand its detailed composition and chemistry and the specific nature of salts, any organic materials, and other contaminants. A secondary focus is geophysical prospecting of Europa, through seismology and magnetometry, to probe the satellite's ice shell and ocean. Finally, the surface geology can be characterized in situ at a human scale. A Europa lander could take advantage of the complex radiation environment of the satellite, landing where modeling suggests that radiation is about an order of magnitude less intense than in other regions. However, to choose a landing site that is safe and would yield the maximum science return, thorough reconnaissance of Europa would be required prior to selecting a scientifically optimized landing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pappalardo
- Planetary Sciences Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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30
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Goordial J, Lamarche-Gagnon G, Lay CY, Whyte L. Left Out in the Cold: Life in Cryoenvironments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Life on the Edge and Astrobiology: Who Is Who in the Polyextremophiles World? CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Mora MF, Stockton AM, Willis PA. Microchip capillary electrophoresis instrumentation for in situ analysis in the search for extraterrestrial life. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2624-38. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yarus M. Darwinian behavior in a cold, sporadically fed pool of ribonucleotides. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:870-83. [PMID: 22946838 PMCID: PMC3444769 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A testable, explicit origin for Darwinian behavior, feasible on a chaotic early Earth, would aid origins discussion. Here I show that a pool receiving unreliable supplies of unstable ribonucleotide precursors can recurrently fill this role. By using numerical integration, the differential equations governing a sporadically fed pool are solved, yielding quantitative constraints for the proliferation of molecules that also have a chemical phenotype. For example, templated triphosphate nucleotide joining is >10(4) too slow, suggesting that a group more reactive than pyrophosphate activated primordial nucleotides. However, measured literature rates are sufficient if the Initial Darwinian Ancestor (IDA) resembles a 5'-5' cofactor-like dinucleotide RNA, synthesized via activation with a phosphorimidazolide-like group. A sporadically fed pool offers unforeseen advantages; for example, the pool hosts a novel replicator which is predominantly unpaired, even though it replicates. Such free template is optimized for effective selection during its replication. Pool nucleotides are also subject to a broadly based selection that impels the population toward replication, effective selection, and Darwinian behavior. Such a primordial pool may have left detectable modern traces. A sporadically fed ribonucleotide pool also fits a recognizable early Earth environment, has recognizable modern descendants, and suits the early shape of the phylogenetic tree of Earthly life. Finally, analysis points to particular data now needed to refine the hypothesis. Accordingly, a kinetically explicit chemical hypothesis for a terran IDA can be justified, and informative experiments seem readily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yarus
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA.
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34
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Angel SM, Gomer NR, Sharma SK, McKay C. Remote Raman spectroscopy for planetary exploration: a review. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:137-50. [PMID: 22449277 DOI: 10.1366/11-06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the current state of standoff Raman spectroscopy as it applies to remote planetary applications, including standoff instrumentation, the technique's ability to identify biologically and geologically important analytes, and the feasibility to make standoff Raman measurements under various planetary conditions. This is not intended to be an exhaustive review of standoff Raman and many excellent papers are not mentioned. Rather it is intended to give the reader a quick review of the types of standoff Raman systems that are being developed and that might be suitable for astrospectroscopy, a look at specific analytes that are of interest for planetary applications, planetary measurement opportunities and challenges that need to be solved, and a brief discussion of the feasibility of making surface and plume planetary Raman measurements from an orbiting spacecraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Michael Angel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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35
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McKay CP. The search for life in our Solar System and the implications for science and society. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:594-606. [PMID: 21220283 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The search for another type of life in the Solar System addresses the fundamental question of life in the Universe. To determine if life forms we discover represent a second genesis, we must find biological material that would allow us to compare that life to the Earth's phylogenetic tree of life. An organism would be alien if, and only if, it did not link to our tree of life. In our Solar System, the worlds of interest for a search for life are Mars, Europa, Enceladus and, for biochemistry based on a liquid other than water, Titan. If we find evidence for a second genesis of life, we will certainly learn from the comparative study of the biochemistry, organismal biology and ecology of the alien life. The discovery of alien life, if alive or revivable, will pose fundamentally new questions in environmental ethics. We should plan our exploration strategy such that we conduct biologically reversible exploration. In the long term we would do well, ethically and scientifically, to strive to support any alien life discovered as part of an overall commitment to enhancing the richness and diversity of life in the Universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P McKay
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Pauer M, Musiol S, Breuer D. Gravity signals on Europa from silicate shell density variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stoker CR, Cannon HN, Dunagan SE, Lemke LG, Glass BJ, Miller D, Gomez-Elvira J, Davis K, Zavaleta J, Winterholler A, Roman M, Rodriguez-Manfredi JA, Bonaccorsi R, Bell MS, Brown A, Battler M, Chen B, Cooper G, Davidson M, Fernández-Remolar D, Gonzales-Pastor E, Heldmann JL, Martínez-Frías J, Parro V, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Sutter B, Schuerger AC, Schutt J, Rull F. The 2005 MARTE Robotic Drilling Experiment in Río Tinto, Spain: objectives, approach, and results of a simulated mission to search for life in the Martian subsurface. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:921-945. [PMID: 19032053 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2007.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Mars Astrobiology Research and Technology Experiment (MARTE) simulated a robotic drilling mission to search for subsurface life on Mars. The drill site was on Peña de Hierro near the headwaters of the Río Tinto river (southwest Spain), on a deposit that includes massive sulfides and their gossanized remains that resemble some iron and sulfur minerals found on Mars. The mission used a fluidless, 10-axis, autonomous coring drill mounted on a simulated lander. Cores were faced; then instruments collected color wide-angle context images, color microscopic images, visible-near infrared point spectra, and (lower resolution) visible-near infrared hyperspectral images. Cores were then stored for further processing or ejected. A borehole inspection system collected panoramic imaging and Raman spectra of borehole walls. Life detection was performed on full cores with an adenosine triphosphate luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay and on crushed core sections with SOLID2, an antibody array-based instrument. Two remotely located science teams analyzed the remote sensing data and chose subsample locations. In 30 days of operation, the drill penetrated to 6 m and collected 21 cores. Biosignatures were detected in 12 of 15 samples analyzed by SOLID2. Science teams correctly interpreted the nature of the deposits drilled as compared to the ground truth. This experiment shows that drilling to search for subsurface life on Mars is technically feasible and scientifically rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Stoker
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA.
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Grasby SE, Londry KL. Biogeochemistry of hypersaline springs supporting a mid-continent marine ecosystem: an analogue for martian springs? ASTROBIOLOGY 2007; 7:662-83. [PMID: 17723097 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypersaline springs that host unique mid-continent marine ecosystems were examined in central Manitoba, Canada. The springs originate from a reflux of glacial meltwater that intrudes into underlying bedrock and dissolved buried salt beds. Two spring types were distinguished based both on flow rate and geochemistry. High flow springs (greater than 10 L/s) hosted extensive marine microbial mats, which were dominated by algae but also included diverse microbes. These varied somewhat between springs as indicated by changes in profiles of fatty acid methyl esters. Culture studies confirmed the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediments at the high flow sites. In contrast, low flow springs were affected by solar evaporation, increasing salinity, and temperature. These low flow springs behaved more like closed nutrient-limited systems and did not support microbial mats. Direct comparison of the high and low flow springs revealed interesting implications for the potential to record biosignatures in the rock record. High flow springs have abundant, well-developed microbial mats, which desiccate and are cemented along the edges of the spring pools; however, the high mass flux overwhelms any geochemical signature of microbial activity. In contrast, the nutrient-limited low flow sites develop strong geochemical signatures of sulfate reduction, even in the absence of microbial mats, due to less dilution with the lower flows. Geochemical and physical evidence for life did not correlate with the abundance of microbial life but, rather, with the extent to which the biological system formed a closed ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Grasby
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Ruiz J, Montoya L, López V, Amils R. Thermal diapirism and the habitability of the icy shell of Europa. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2007; 37:287-95. [PMID: 17361321 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-007-9068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Europa's chaos and lenticulae features may have originated by thermal diapirs related to convective plumes. Warm ice plumes could be habitable, since their temperature is close to the ice melting temperature. Moreover, thermal plumes intruding into the lower stagnant lid warm several kilometers of country ice above 230 K for periods of 10(5) years, and hundreds of meters above 240 K for periods of 10(4) years. Diapir coalescence generating chaos areas should provide a large zone with temperature above approximately 240 K for thousands of years. A temperature above approximately 230 K is potentially interesting for astrobiology, since it corresponds to the lowest temperature at which microbial metabolic activity in Antarctic ice has been reported. So, the warming by thermal plumes could cause an aureole of biological activation/reactivation in the country ice. Adaptation of life to either high salinity or low temperature is similar: it requires the synthesis of compatible solutes, like trehalose or glycerol, which are efficient cryoprotectants. We therefore propose that the future astrobiological exploration of Europa should include the search for compatible solutes in chaos and lenticulae features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Camino Bajo de Huétor 50, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Cammarano F, Lekic V, Manga M, Panning M, Romanowicz B. Long-period seismology on Europa: 1. Physically consistent interior models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cammarano
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Lekic
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Panning
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - B. Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
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Panning M, Lekic V, Manga M, Cammarano F, Romanowicz B. Long-period seismology on Europa: 2. Predicted seismic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Panning
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Lekic
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - F. Cammarano
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - B. Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
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Durham WB, Stern LA, Kubo T, Kirby SH. Flow strength of highly hydrated Mg- and Na-sulfate hydrate salts, pure and in mixtures with water ice, with application to Europa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barr AC, Pappalardo RT. Onset of convection in the icy Galilean satellites: Influence of rheology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Goodman JC. Hydrothermal plume dynamics on Europa: Implications for chaos formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Manga M. Formation of bands and ridges on Europa by cyclic deformation: Insights from analogue wax experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nimmo F. Stresses generated in cooling viscoelastic ice shells: Application to Europa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barr AC. Convective instability in ice I with non-Newtonian rheology: Application to the icy Galilean satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zolotov MY. A model for low-temperature biogeochemistry of sulfur, carbon, and iron on Europa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fagents SA. Considerations for effusive cryovolcanism on Europa: The post-Galileo perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Fagents
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
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