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Masson O, Romanenko O, Saunier O, Kirieiev S, Protsak V, Laptev G, Voitsekhovych O, Durand V, Coppin F, Steinhauser G, de Vismes Ott A, Renaud P, Didier D, Boulet B, Morin M, Hýža M, Camps J, Belyaeva O, Dalheimer A, Eleftheriadis K, Gascó-Leonarte C, Ioannidou A, Isajenko K, Karhunen T, Kastlander J, Katzlberger C, Kierepko R, Knetsch GJ, Kónyi JK, Mietelski JW, Mirsch M, Møller B, Nikolić JK, Povinec PP, Rusconi R, Samsonov V, Sýkora I, Simion E, Steinmann P, Stoulos S, Suarez-Navarro JA, Wershofen H, Zapata-García D, Zorko B. Europe-Wide Atmospheric Radionuclide Dispersion by Unprecedented Wildfires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, April 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13834-13848. [PMID: 34585576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From early April 2020, wildfires raged in the highly contaminated areas around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP), Ukraine. For about 4 weeks, the fires spread around and into the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ) and came within a few kilometers of both the CNPP and radioactive waste storage facilities. Wildfires occurred on several occasions throughout the month of April. They were extinguished, but weather conditions and the spread of fires by airborne embers and smoldering fires led to new fires starting at different locations of the CEZ. The forest fires were only completely under control at the beginning of May, thanks to the tireless and incessant work of the firefighters and a period of sustained precipitation. In total, 0.7-1.2 TBq 137Cs were released into the atmosphere. Smoke plumes partly spread south and west and contributed to the detection of airborne 137Cs over the Ukrainian territory and as far away as Western Europe. The increase in airborne 137Cs ranged from several hundred μBq·m-3 in northern Ukraine to trace levels of a few μBq·m-3 or even within the usual background level in other European countries. Dispersion modeling determined the plume arrival time and was helpful in the assessment of the possible increase in airborne 137Cs concentrations in Europe. Detections of airborne 90Sr (emission estimate 345-612 GBq) and Pu (up to 75 GBq, mostly 241Pu) were reported from the CEZ. Americium-241 represented only 1.4% of the total source term corresponding to the studied anthropogenic radionuclides but would have contributed up to 80% of the inhalation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Masson
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | | | - Olivier Saunier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Serhii Kirieiev
- State Specialized Enterprise Ecocentre (SSE ECOCENTRE), Chornobyl, Kiev region 07270, Ukraine
| | - Valentin Protsak
- Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI), Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Gennady Laptev
- Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI), Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | | | - Vanessa Durand
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Anne de Vismes Ott
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Damien Didier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Béatrice Boulet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Maxime Morin
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-Aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Miroslav Hýža
- National Radiation Protection Institute (SÚRO), Prague 4 140 00, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Camps
- StudieCentrum voor Kernenergie - Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Olga Belyaeva
- Department of Radioecology, Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies (NAS RA), Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | | | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Catalina Gascó-Leonarte
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Unidad de Radioactividad Ambiental y Vigilancia Radiológica, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alexandra Ioannidou
- Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Division, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Krzysztof Isajenko
- Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLRP), Warsaw, PL 03-194, Poland
| | - Tero Karhunen
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), PL 14, Helsinki 00881, Finland
| | | | - Christian Katzlberger
- Department of Radiation Protection and Technical Quality Assurance, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Renata Kierepko
- The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ), Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-342,Poland
| | - Gert-Jan Knetsch
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, BA NL-3720, The Netherlands
| | - Júlia Kövendiné Kónyi
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene (NNK SSFO), National Public Health Center, Budapest H-1221, Hungary
| | - Jerzy Wojciech Mietelski
- The Henryk Nievodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ), Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-342,Poland
| | | | - Bredo Møller
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), Svanvik NO-9925, Norway
| | - Jelena Krneta Nikolić
- Department of Radiation and Environmental Protection, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade 11351, Serbia
| | - Pavel Peter Povinec
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava 842 48, Slovakia
| | - Rosella Rusconi
- Centro Regionale Radioprotezione, Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Lombardia (ARPA Lombardia), 20124 Milan, Italy
| | - Vladimir Samsonov
- National Center for Hydrometeorology, Radioactive Contamination Control, and Environmental Monitoring (BELHYDROMET), Minsk, 220114, Belarus
| | - Ivan Sýkora
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava 842 48, Slovakia
| | - Elena Simion
- National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), National Reference Laboratory, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Philipp Steinmann
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH - OFSP), Environmental Radioactivity Section, Liebefeld CH-3097, Switzerland
| | - Stylianos Stoulos
- Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Division, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - José Antonio Suarez-Navarro
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Unidad de Radioactividad Ambiental y Vigilancia Radiológica, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Herbert Wershofen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig 38116, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Zorko
- Institut "Jozef Stefan" (IJS), Ljubljana SI-100, Slovenia
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Anderson DC, Nicely JM, Salawitch RJ, Canty TP, Dickerson RR, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Apel EC, Atlas E, Bannan T, Bauguitte S, Blake NJ, Bresch JF, Campos TL, Carpenter LJ, Cohen MD, Evans M, Fernandez RP, Kahn BH, Kinnison DE, Hall SR, Harris NRP, Hornbrook RS, Lamarque JF, Le Breton M, Lee JD, Percival C, Pfister L, Pierce RB, Riemer DD, Saiz-Lopez A, Stunder BJB, Thompson AM, Ullmann K, Vaughan A, Weinheimer AJ. A pervasive role for biomass burning in tropical high ozone/low water structures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10267. [PMID: 26758808 PMCID: PMC4735513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Air parcels with mixing ratios of high O3 and low H2O (HOLW) are common features in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) mid-troposphere (300-700 hPa). Here, using data collected during aircraft sampling of the TWP in winter 2014, we find strong, positive correlations of O3 with multiple biomass burning tracers in these HOLW structures. Ozone levels in these structures are about a factor of three larger than background. Models, satellite data and aircraft observations are used to show fires in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia are the dominant source of high O3 and that low H2O results from large-scale descent within the tropical troposphere. Previous explanations that attribute HOLW structures to transport from the stratosphere or mid-latitude troposphere are inconsistent with our observations. This study suggest a larger role for biomass burning in the radiative forcing of climate in the remote TWP than is commonly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Julie M Nicely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Timothy P Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.,Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
| | - Thomas Bannan
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Blake
- Deparment of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - James F Bresch
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Teresa L Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark D Cohen
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Mathew Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain.,Department of Natural Science, National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
| | - Brian H Kahn
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Neil R P Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.,Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James D Lee
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carl Percival
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonhard Pfister
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - R Bradley Pierce
- NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Daniel D Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Anne M Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Adam Vaughan
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Xiao Y, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Yantosca R, Blake DR. Global budget of ethane and regional constraints on U.S. sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Russo RS, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Haase KB, Ambrose J, Varner RK, Talbot R, Sive BC. Bromoform and dibromomethane measurements in the seacoast region of New Hampshire, 2002–2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xiao Y, Jacob DJ, Turquety S. Atmospheric acetylene and its relationship with CO as an indicator of air mass age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yoshida Y, Wang Y, Shim C, Cunnold D, Blake DR, Dutton GS. Inverse modeling of the global methyl chloride sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Blake NJ, Blake DR, Rowland FS. Atomic chlorine concentrations derived from ethane and hydroxyl measurements over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Implication for dimethyl sulfide and bromine monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen G. An investigation of the chemistry of ship emission plumes during ITCT 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yoshida Y. A three-dimensional global model study of atmospheric methyl chloride budget and distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Singh HB. Analysis of the atmospheric distribution, sources, and sinks of oxygenated volatile organic chemicals based on measurements over the Pacific during TRACE-P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake NJ. Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide: Large-scale distributions over the western Pacific and emissions from Asia during TRACE-P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Kondo Y. Impacts of biomass burning in Southeast Asia on ozone and reactive nitrogen over the western Pacific in spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ma Y, Weber RJ, Lee YN, Orsini DA, Maxwell-Meier K, Thornton DC, Bandy AR, Clarke AD, Blake DR, Sachse GW, Fuelberg HE, Kiley CM, Woo JH, Streets DG, Carmichael GR. Characteristics and influence of biosmoke on the fine-particle ionic composition measured in Asian outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ma
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - R. J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Y.-N. Lee
- Environmental Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York USA
| | - D. A. Orsini
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - K. Maxwell-Meier
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. C. Thornton
- Department of Chemistry; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - A. R. Bandy
- Department of Chemistry; Drexel University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - A. D. Clarke
- Department of Oceanography; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - G. W. Sachse
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - H. E. Fuelberg
- Department of Meteorology; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - C. M. Kiley
- Department of Meteorology; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - J.-H. Woo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | | | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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Shirai T, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Russell-Smith J, Edwards A, Kondo Y, Koike M, Kita K, Machida T, Takegawa N, Nishi N, Kawakami S, Ogawa T. Emission estimates of selected volatile organic compounds from tropical savanna burning in northern Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Shirai
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - S. Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - F. S. Rowland
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - J. Russell-Smith
- Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre; Bushfires Council of the Northern Territory; Northern Territory Australia
| | - A. Edwards
- Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre; Bushfires Council of the Northern Territory; Northern Territory Australia
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science; Ibaraki University; Ibaraki Japan
| | - T. Machida
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - N. Takegawa
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Aichi Japan
| | - N. Nishi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - S. Kawakami
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- National Space Development Agency of Japan; Earth Observation Research Center; Tokyo Japan
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Moore KG. Long-range transport of continental plumes over the Pacific Basin: Aerosol physiochemistry and optical properties during PEM-Tropics A and B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Blake NJ. NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) Field Campaign: Comparison With PEM-West B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Blake NJ. Latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of C1-C4alkyl nitrates in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during PEM-Tropics A and B: Oceanic and continental sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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DiNunno B. Central/eastern North Pacific photochemical precursor distributions for fall/spring seasons as defined by airborne field studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Wei CF, Kotamarthi VR, Ogunsola OJ, Horowitz LW, Walters S, Wuebbles DJ, Avery MA, Blake DR, Browell EV, Sachse GW. Seasonal variability of ozone mixing ratios and budgets in the tropical southern Pacific: A GCTM perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kondo Y, Koike M, Kita K, Ikeda H, Takegawa N, Kawakami S, Blake D, Liu SC, Ko M, Miyazaki Y, Irie H, Higashi Y, Liley B, Nishi N, Zhao Y, Ogawa T. Effects of biomass burning, lightning, and convection on O3, CO, and NOyover the tropical Pacific and Australia in August–October 1998 and 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Martin BD, Fuelberg HE, Blake NJ, Crawford JH, Logan JA, Blake DR, Sachse GW. Long-range transport of Asian outflow to the equatorial Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Kita K, Kawakami S, Miyazaki Y, Higashi Y, Kondo Y, Nishi N, Koike M, Blake DR, Machida T, Sano T, Hu W, Ko M, Ogawa T. Photochemical production of ozone in the upper troposphere in association with cumulus convection over Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Jacob DJ, Field BD, Jin EM, Bey I, Li Q, Logan JA, Yantosca RM, Singh HB. Atmospheric budget of acetone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Brendan D. Field
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Emily M. Jin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Isabelle Bey
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Qinbin Li
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Abstract
Suppositions that the trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl3C(O)OH) found in nature was a consequence solely of the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents prompted this critical review of the literature on its environmental fluxes and occurrences. TCA is widely distributed in forest soils (where it was rarely used as an herbicide) and measurements suggest a soil flux of 160 000 tonnes yr(-1) in European forests alone. TCA is also produced during oxidative water treatment and the global flux could amount to 55 000 tonnes yr(-1) (from pulp and paper manufacture, potable water and cooling water treatments). By contrast, the yields of TCA from chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are small: from tetrachloroethene 13 600 tonnes yr(-1) and from 1,1,1-trichloroethane 4300 tonnes yr(-1) on a global basis, at the atmospheric burdens and removal rates typical of the late 1990s. TCA is ubiquitous in rainwater and snow. Its concentrations are highly variable and the variations cannot be connected with location or date. However, there is no significant difference between the concentrations found in Chile and in eastern Canada (by the same analysts), or between Malawi and western Canada, or between Antarctica and Switzerland, nor any significant difference globally between the concentrations in cloud, rain and snow (although local enhancement in fog water has been shown). TCA is present in old ice and firn. At the deepest levels, the firn was deposited early in the 19th century, well before the possibility of contamination by industrial production of reactive chlorine, implying a non-industrial background. This proposition is supported by plume measurements from pulp mills in Finland. TCA is ubiquitous in soils; concentrations are very variable but there are some indications that soils under coniferous trees contain higher amounts. The concentrations of TCA found in plant tissue are region-specific and may also be plant-specific, to the extent that conifers seem to contain more than other species. TCA is removed from the environment naturally. There is abundant evidence that soil microorganisms dehalogenate TCA and it is lost from within spruce needles with a half-life of 10 days. There is also recent evidence of an abiotic aqueous decarboxylation mechanism with a half-life of 22 days. The supposedly widespread effects of TCA in conifer needles are not shown in controlled experiments. At concentrations in the needles of Scots pine similar to those observed in needles in forest trees, changes consequent on TCA treatment of field laboratory specimens were almost all insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McCulloch
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, UK.
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Scheeren HA. Methyl chloride and other chlorocarbons in polluted air during INDOEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Staudt AC. Global chemical model analysis of biomass burning and lightning influences over the South Pacific in austral spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Rinsland CP. Multiyear infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of HCN, CO, C2H6, and C2H2tropospheric columns above Lauder, New Zealand (45°S latitude). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Raper JL, Kleb MM, Jacob DJ, Davis DD, Newell RE, Fuelberg HE, Bendura RJ, Hoell JM, McNeal RJ. Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics B, March-April 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Avery MA, Westberg DJ, Fuelberg HE, Newell RE, Anderson BE, Vay SA, Sachse GW, Blake DR. Chemical transport across the ITCZ in the central Pacific during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation cold phase event in March-April 1999. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Simpson IJ, Lopez JP, Johnston NAC, Swanson AL, Katzenstein AS, Meinardi S, Sive BC, Colman JJ, Atlas E, Flocke F, Vay SA, Avery MA, Rowland FS. Large-scale latitudinal and vertical distributions of NMHCs and selected halocarbons in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during the March-April 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-Tropics B). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Olson JR, Crawford JH, Davis DD, Chen G, Avery MA, Barrick JDW, Sachse GW, Vay SA, Sandholm ST, Tan D, Brune WH, Faloona IC, Heikes BG, Shetter RE, Lefer BL, Singh HB, Talbot RW, Blake DR. Seasonal differences in the photochemistry of the South Pacific: A comparison of observations and model results from PEM-Tropics A and B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Wang Y, Liu SC, Wine PH, Davis DD, Sandholm ST, Atlas EL, Avery MA, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Brune WH, Heikes BG, Sachse GW, Shetter RE, Singh HB, Talbot RW, Tan D. Factors controlling tropospheric O3, OH, NOxand SO2over the tropical Pacific during PEM-Tropics B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takegawa N, Kita K, Kondo Y, Matsumi Y, Parrish DD, Holloway JS, Koike M, Miyazaki Y, Toriyama N, Kawakami S, Ogawa T. Airborne vacuum ultraviolet resonance fluorescence instrument for in situ measurement of CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Liu H, Jacob DJ, Bey I, Yantosca RM. Constraints from210Pb and7Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Matveev V, Peleg M, Rosen D, Tov-Alper DS, Hebestreit K, Stutz J, Platt U, Blake D, Luria M. Bromine oxide-ozone interaction over the Dead Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Singh H, Chen Y, Staudt A, Jacob D, Blake D, Heikes B, Snow J. Evidence from the Pacific troposphere for large global sources of oxygenated organic compounds. Nature 2001; 410:1078-81. [PMID: 11323667 DOI: 10.1038/35074067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence of oxygenated organic compounds in the troposphere strongly influences key atmospheric processes. Such oxygenated species are, for example, carriers of reactive nitrogen and are easily photolysed, producing free radicals-and so influence the oxidizing capacity and the ozone-forming potential of the atmosphere-and may also contribute significantly to the organic component of aerosols. But knowledge of the distribution and sources of oxygenated organic compounds, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, is limited. Here we characterize the tropospheric composition of oxygenated organic species, using data from a recent airborne survey conducted over the tropical Pacific Ocean (30 degrees N to 30 degrees S). Measurements of a dozen oxygenated chemicals (carbonyls, alcohols, organic nitrates, organic pernitrates and peroxides), along with several C2-C8 hydrocarbons, reveal that abundances of oxygenated species are extremely high, and collectively, oxygenated species are nearly five times more abundant than non-methane hydrocarbons in the Southern Hemisphere. Current atmospheric models are unable to correctly simulate these findings, suggesting that large, diffuse, and hitherto-unknown sources of oxygenated organic compounds must therefore exist. Although the origin of these sources is still unclear, we suggest that oxygenated species could be formed via the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, the photochemical degradation of organic matter in the oceans, and direct emissions from terrestrial vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA.
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Jaffe D, Anderson T, Covert D, Trost B, Danielson J, Simpson W, Blake D, Harris J, Streets D. Observations of ozone and related species in the northeast Pacific during the PHOBEA campaigns: 1. Ground-based observations at Cheeka Peak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rinsland CP, Mahieu E, Zander R, Demoulin P, Forrer J, Buchmann B. Free tropospheric CO, C2H6, and HCN above central Europe: Recent measurements from the Jungfraujoch station including the detection of elevated columns during 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Wang Y, Liu SC, Yu H, Sandholm ST, Chen TY, Blake DR. Influence of convection and biomass burning outflow on tropospheric chemistry over the tropical Pacific. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Talbot RW, Dibb JE, Scheuer EM, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Singh HB, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Atlas E, Flocke F. Tropospheric reactive odd nitrogen over the South Pacific in austral springtime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Blake NJ, Blake DR, Wingenter OW, Sive BC, Kang CH, Thornton DC, Bandy AR, Atlas E, Flocke F, Harris JM, Rowland FS. Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, methyl halides, and DMS during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Wingenter OW, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Sive BC, Rowland FS, Atlas E, Flocke F. Tropospheric hydroxyl and atomic chlorine concentrations, and mixing timescales determined from hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements made over the Southern Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Dibb JE, Talbot RW, Meeker LD, Scheuer EM, Blake NJ, Blake DR, Gregory GL, Sachse GW. Constraints on the age and dilution of Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics biomass burning plumes from the natural radionuclide tracer210Pb. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Fenn MA, Browell EV, Butler CF, Grant WB, Kooi SA, Clayton MB, Gregory GL, Newell RE, Zhu Y, Dibb JE, Fuelberg HE, Anderson BE, Bandy AR, Blake DR, Bradshaw JD, Heikes BG, Sachse GW, Sandholm ST, Singh HB, Talbot RW, Thornton DC. Ozone and aerosol distributions and air mass characteristics over the South Pacific during the burning season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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