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Ueda S, Mori T, Iwamoto Y, Ushikubo Y, Miura K. Wetting properties of fresh urban soot particles: Evaluation based on critical supersaturation and observation of surface trace materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152274. [PMID: 34902417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soot particles strongly absorb solar radiation and contribute to global warming. Also, wetting properties of soot at emission can affect its lifetime. We investigated surface conditions related to wetting and hydrophobic properties of fresh soot using data from measurements taken in Tokyo. A cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter was used to clarify surface conditions of particles composed mainly of water-insoluble (WI) materials: total and active particles as CCN around critical supersaturation (Sc) of 203-nm-diameter WI particles. Averaged number fractions of inactivated particles as CCN at 1.05% supersaturation (SS), which is Sc of hydrophilic WI particles, were estimated as 1.4%. Number fractions of inactive particles changed less at 1.78%SS during rush hour and increased at 0.89%SS, implying that most of the WI particles included small amounts of water-soluble (WS) materials rather than being completely hydrophobic. Based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of samples collected during rush hour, 69% of the mostly bare soot particles had Na or K small domains that are regarded as originating in fossil fuels. Based on water dialysis analysis results, some Na and K on soot were WS. Combination results with CCN measurements suggest that these WS materials decrease the Sc of soot. Moreover, the morphological structure of sulfate covering Na and K domains on the soot surface implicates pre-existing sodium and potassium compounds on soot as a trigger of soot aging. However, inactive particles at Sc at poor-hydrophilic particles and soot particles composed solely of WI materials on TEM samples were also found, although they were minor. Such particles, which are unfavorable for obtaining a wettable surface, might retain non-hygroscopicity for a longer period in the atmosphere. Evaluation of long-range soot transport can benefit from consideration of slight and inhomogeneous differences of chemical compounds on soot that occur along with their emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayako Ueda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Mori
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yoko Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuta Ushikubo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Miura
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; Laboratory for Environmental Research at Mount Fuji, 2-5-5 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0072, Japan
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2
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Ott EJE, Kucinski TM, Dawson JN, Freedman MA. Use of Transmission Electron Microscopy for Analysis of Aerosol Particles and Strategies for Imaging Fragile Particles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11347-11356. [PMID: 34370455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For over 25 years, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has provided a method for the study of aerosol particles with sizes from below the optical diffraction limit to several microns, resolving the particles as well as smaller features. The wide use of this technique to study aerosol particles has contributed important insights about environmental aerosol particle samples and model atmospheric systems. TEM produces an image that is a 2D projection of aerosol particles that have been impacted onto grids and, through associated techniques and spectroscopies, can contribute additional information such as the determination of elemental composition, crystal structure, and 3D particle structures. Soot, mineral dust, and organic/inorganic particles have all been analyzed using TEM and spectroscopic techniques. TEM, however, has limitations that are important to understand when interpreting data including the ability of the electron beam to damage and thereby change the structure and shape of particles, especially in the case of particles composed of organic compounds and salts. In this paper, we concentrate on the breadth of studies that have used TEM as the primary analysis technique. Another focus is on common issues with TEM and cryogenic-TEM. Insights for new users on best practices for fragile particles, that is, particles that are easily susceptible to damage from the electron beam, with this technique are discussed. Tips for readers on interpreting and evaluating the quality and accuracy of TEM data in the literature are also provided and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily-Jean E Ott
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Theresa M Kucinski
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Nelson Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Wang M, Zheng N, Zhao D, Shang J, Zhu T. Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy to Investigate Chemical Composition, Mixing States, and Heterogeneous Reactions of Individual Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10243-10254. [PMID: 34286964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosol particles can provide direct evidence of their heterogeneous reactions and mixing states in the atmosphere. In this study, micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the chemical composition of 1200 individual atmospheric particles in 11 samples collected in Beijing air. (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, various minerals, carbonaceous species (soot and organics), and NaNO3 were identified in the measured particles according to their characteristic Raman peaks. These species represented the main components of aerosol particles. In individual particles, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 either existed separately or were internally mixed. Possible reaction pathways of CaCO3 particles in the atmosphere were proposed based on the results of this study and laboratory simulations on heterogeneous reactions in the literature. CaCO3 reacted with N- and S-containing (nitrogen- and sulfur-containing) acidic gases to produce Ca(NO3)2 and CaSO4. Ca(NO3)2 further reacted with S-containing acidic gases and oxidants to produce CaSO4. Of the soot-containing particles, 23% were internal mixtures of soot and inorganic material. Of the organics-containing particles, 57% were internal mixtures of organic and inorganic materials. Micro-Raman spectroscopy directly identified functional groups and molecules in individual atmospheric particles under normal ambient conditions, rendering it a powerful tool for measuring the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles with a diameter of ≥1.0 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Defeng Zhao
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Shang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Liu D, Li S, Hu D, Kong S, Cheng Y, Wu Y, Ding S, Hu K, Zheng S, Yan Q, Zheng H, Zhao D, Tian P, Ye J, Huang M, Ding D. Evolution of Aerosol Optical Properties from Wood Smoke in Real Atmosphere Influenced by Burning Phase and Solar Radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5677-5688. [PMID: 33874721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of light-absorbing black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) from biomass burning are presented as complex mixtures, which introduce challenges in modeling their absorbing properties. In this study, we chose typical residential wood burning emission and used a novel designed chamber to investigate the early stage evolution of plumes from different burning phases under real ambient conditions. The detailed mixing state between BC and OA was evaluated, on the basis of which optical modeling was performed to achieve a closure of aerosol-absorbing properties. Intensive secondary OA (SOA) formation was observed under solar radiation. OA from flaming conditions showed a higher absorptivity than from smoldering conditions, as OA is mostly internally and externally mixed with BC, respectively. For flaming (smoldering), the imaginary refractive index of OA (kOA) was initially at 0.03 ± 0.01 (0.001) and 0.15 ± 0.02 (0.05 ± 0.02) at λ = 781 and 405 nm, respectively, with a half-decay time of 2-3 h in light but a <40% decrease under dark within 5 h. The production of less-absorbing SOA in the first 1-2 h and possible subsequent photobleaching of chromophores contributed to the decrease of kOA. The enhanced abundance but decreased absorptivity of coatings on BC resulted in a relatively maintainable absorptivity of BC-containing particles during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Chen L, Zhang F, Yan P, Wang X, Sun L, Li Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Li Z. The large proportion of black carbon (BC)-containing aerosols in the urban atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114507. [PMID: 32283398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accurate derivation of the proportion and absorption enhancement of black carbon (BC)-containing aerosols in the atmosphere is critical to assess their effect on air quality and climate. Here, using the field measured size-resolved volatility shrink factor, BC bulk mass concentration and the BC mass fraction in BC-containing particles in winter Beijing, we retrieved and quantified both the number and mass concentration of (1) non-BC, (2) internally mixed BC and (3) externally mixed BC of ambient fine aerosol particles. The reliability of the retrieval method has been evaluated by comparing with the simultaneously measured data. The number fraction of BC-containing particles accounts for 60-78% of ambient fine particles, with internally (both BC core and coating materials) and externally mixed BC of 51-64% and 9-23%, respectively. Only for nucleated particles on clean days, when nucleation is a major source of aerosol particles, did the non-BC component dominate (54%). A large amount of aerosols are BC-containing particles, with mass fraction of 32-52%, suggesting the dominant role of BC in elevating mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) in a polluted urban area. We also show that the BC particles are thickly coated with coating thickness (characterized by Dp/Dc, ratio of the BC diameter before and after heating at 300 °C) of 1.6-2.2, implying efficient aging of BC particles in polluted urban area. Our results imply a large proportion of BC-containing particles in the atmosphere, which could help towards understanding the role of BC on regional haze formation and climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Peng Yan
- Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yanan Li
- Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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6
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He G, He H. Water Promotes the Oxidation of SO 2 by O 2 over Carbonaceous Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7070-7077. [PMID: 32338880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze episodes typically occur with concurrent high relative humidity. Here, the vital role of water in promoting the oxidation of SO2 by O2 on carbonaceous soot surfaces was identified at the atomic level by first-principles calculations. Water molecules can dissociate into surface hydroxyl groups through a self-catalyzed process under ambient conditions. The surface hydroxyl groups, acting as facilitators, can significantly accelerate the conversion of SO2 to SO3 (precursor of particulate sulfate) over soot aerosols by reducing the reaction barriers. Specifically, the hydroxyl groups activate the reactants and stabilize the transition states and products through hydrogen-bonding interactions, making the reactions both thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable at room temperature. The findings indicate that atmospheric humidity plays an important role in enhancing the atmospheric oxidation capacity, thus exacerbating SO2 oxidation and severe haze development. Also, this study unravels a mechanism of surface hydroxyl-assisted O2 and H2O dissociation over metal-free carbocatalysts under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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7
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Bharti SK, Kumar D, Anand S, Poonam, Barman SC, Kumar N. Characterization and morphological analysis of individual aerosol of PM 10 in urban area of Lucknow, India. Micron 2017; 103:90-98. [PMID: 29031165 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matters were collected during the period of October 2015 to September 2016 in Lucknow at different sampling sites. The annual mean concentration of particulate matter was found to be relatively higher than the limits prescribed by National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO). Particulate matters were studied for morphological analysis, elemental composition and functional group variability with the help of Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) followed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Morphological characteristics viz. particle count, aspect ratio, circulatory, roundness, equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and surface area revealed that the particles were perfectly spherical to irregular in shape. Based on the morphology and elemental composition, four clusters of a particulates namely organic particle with inorganic inclusion, soot, tar balls and aluminosilicates were found. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of sulfate, bisulfate, particulate water, silicate, ammonium, aliphatic carbon, aliphatic alcohol, carbonyl and organic nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Bharti
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Anand
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shymal Chandra Barman
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K. Hygroscopic growth of water-soluble matter extracted from remote marine aerosols over the western North Pacific: Influence of pollutants transported from East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:285-295. [PMID: 27016676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter (WSM) nebulized from water extracts of total suspended particles (TSP) collected at Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific during January to September 2003. The hygroscopic growth factor g(RH) of the aerosol particles was measured using a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) with an initial dry particle diameter of 100nm and relative humidity (RH) of 5-95%. The measured growth factor at 90% RH, g(90%), ranged from 1.51 to 2.14 (mean: 1.76±0.15), significantly lower than that of sea salts (2.1), probably owing to the heterogeneous reactions associated with chloride depletion in sea-salt particles and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM). The g(90%) maximized in summer and minimized in spring. The decrease in spring was most likely explained by the formation of less hygroscopic salts or particles via organometallic reactions during the long-range transport of Asian dust. Cl(-) and Na(+) dominate the mass fractions of WSM, followed by nss-SO4(2-) and WSOM. Based on regression analysis, we confirmed that g(90%) at Chichijima Island largely increased due to the dominant sea spray; however, atmospheric processes associated with chloride depletion in sea salts and WSOM often suppressed g(90%). Furthermore, we explored the deviation (average: 18%) between the measured and predicted g(90%) by comparing measured and model growth factors. The present study demonstrates that long-range atmospheric transport of anthropogenic pollutants (SO2, NOx, organics, etc.) and the interactions with sea-salt particles often suppress the hygroscopic growth of marine aerosols over the western North Pacific, affecting the remote background conditions. The present study also suggests that the HCl liberation leads to the formation of less hygroscopic aerosols over the western North Pacific during long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K R Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - K Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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9
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Batmunkh T, Lee K, Kim YJ, Bae MS, Maskey S, Park K. Optical and thermal characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols measured at an urban site in Gwangju, Korea, in the winter of 2011. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:151-163. [PMID: 26452763 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Carbonaceous components (organic carbon [OC] and elemental carbon [EC]) and optical properties (light absorption and scattering) of fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5) were simultaneously measured at an urban site in Gwangju, Korea, during the winter of 2011. OC was further classified into OC1, OC2, OC3, and OC4, based on a temperature protocol using a Sunset OC/EC analyzer. The average OC and EC concentrations were 5.0 ± 2.5 and 1.7 ± 0.9 μg C m(-3), respectively. The average single-scattering albedo (SSA) at a wavelength of 550 nm was 0.58 ± 0.11, suggesting that the aerosols observed in the winter of 2011 had a local warming effect in this area. During the whole sampling period, "stagnant PM" and "long-range transport PM" events were identified. The light absorption coefficient (babs) was higher during the stagnant PM event than during the long-range transport PM event due to the existence of abundant light-absorbing OC during the stagnant PM event. In particular, the OC2 and OC3 concentrations were higher during the stagnant PM event than those during the long-range transport event, suggesting that OC2 and OC3 might be more related to the light-absorbing OC. The light scattering coefficient (bscat) was similar between the events. On average, the mass absorption efficiency attributed to EC (σEC) was 9.6 m(2) g(-1), whereas the efficiency attributed to OC (σOC) was 1.8 m(2) g(-1) at λ = 550 nm. Furthermore, the σEC is comparable among the PM event days, but the σOC for the stagnant PM event was significantly higher than that for the long-range transport PM event (1.7 vs. 0.5). IMPLICATIONS Optical and thermal properties of carbonaceous aerosol were measured at Gwangju, and carbonaceous aerosol concentration and optical property varied between "stagnant PM" and "long-range transport PM" events. More abundant light absorbing OC was observed during the stagnant PM event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsatsral Batmunkh
- a National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
- c Section of Environmental Research Studies , Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment , Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia
| | - KwangYul Lee
- a National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young J Kim
- a National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Mokpo National University , Muan-gun , Jeollanam-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Shila Maskey
- a National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- a National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
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10
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He G, He H. DFT studies on the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by oxygen functional groups on graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31691-31697. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of SO2 to SO3 on oxygen-functionalized graphene under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
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11
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Haque MM. Long-term (2001-2012) observation of the modeled hygroscopic growth factor of remote marine TSP aerosols over the western North Pacific: impact of long-range transport of pollutants and their mixing states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29344-53. [PMID: 26473178 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the seasonal and annual variability of long-range transported anthropogenic pollutants from East Asia and their effect on the hygroscopicity and precipitation process over the western North Pacific, we conducted long-term calculations of bulk hygroscopicity, g(90%)ZSR, based on the ZSR model using chemical composition data from 2001-2012 at Chichijima Island. We found that sea-salts (Na(+) and Cl(-)) are the major mass fraction (65%) of the total water-soluble matter followed by SO4(2-) (20%) and WSOM (6%). The seasonal variation of g(90%)ZSR was high in summer to autumn and low in winter to spring months, probably due to the influence of the long-range transport of anthropogenic SO4(2-), dust, and organics from East Asia and their interaction with sea-salts through heterogeneous reactions. On the other hand, annual variations of g(90%)ZSR showed a decrease from 2001 to 2006 and then an increase from 2007 to 2012. Interestingly, the annual variations in SO4(2-) mass fractions showed an increase from 2001 to 2006 and then a decrease from 2007 to 2012, demonstrating that SO4(2-) seriously suppresses the hygroscopic growth of sea-salt particles over the western North Pacific. This is further supported by the strong negative correlation between SO4(2-) and g(90%)ZSR. Based on the MODIS satellite data, the present study demonstrates that long-range transported anthropogenic pollutants from East Asia to the North Pacific can act as efficient cloud condensation nuclei but significantly suppress the precipitation by reducing the size of cloud droplets over the western North Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K R Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Md Mozammel Haque
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan. and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Ariya PA, Amyot M, Dastoor A, Deeds D, Feinberg A, Kos G, Poulain A, Ryjkov A, Semeniuk K, Subir M, Toyota K. Mercury Physicochemical and Biogeochemical Transformation in the Atmosphere and at Atmospheric Interfaces: A Review and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3760-802. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500667e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Amyot
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, 90
avenue Vincent-d’Indy, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Ashu Dastoor
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 2121 TransCanada Highway, Dorval, Quebec, Canada, H9P 1J3
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Poulain
- Department
of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Andrei Ryjkov
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 2121 TransCanada Highway, Dorval, Quebec, Canada, H9P 1J3
| | - Kirill Semeniuk
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 2121 TransCanada Highway, Dorval, Quebec, Canada, H9P 1J3
| | - M. Subir
- Department
of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 West University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, United States
| | - Kenjiro Toyota
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3H 5T4
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13
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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14
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Akram W, Madhuku M, Ahmad I, Xiaolin L, Zhang G, Yan L. Morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of single inhalable particles in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:8587-8598. [PMID: 25252792 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles emitted from coal-fired power plants, steel plants, and vehicle exhausts, which are possible sources of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared with particle samples collected from urban atmosphere to identify the best footprint or the suitable indicator relating the existence of studied particles and their possible emitters by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the particles. The investigation indicated that the particles from these three sources are different in morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. Sphere aggregates were generally the most abundant components, with silicon and aluminum as major elements. The urban air particulate contained particles similar to those observed in the power plant, steel plant, and vehicle exhaust samples suggesting that all three sources are contributing to the pollution in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Akram
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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15
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Soot superaggregates from flaming wildfires and their direct radiative forcing. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5508. [PMID: 24981204 PMCID: PMC4076688 DOI: 10.1038/srep05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires contribute significantly to global soot emissions, yet their aerosol formation mechanisms and resulting particle properties are poorly understood and parameterized in climate models. The conventional view holds that soot is formed via the cluster-dilute aggregation mechanism in wildfires and emitted as aggregates with fractal dimension Df ≈ 1.8 mobility diameter Dm ≤ 1 μm, and aerodynamic diameter Da ≤ 300 nm. Here we report the ubiquitous presence of soot superaggregates (SAs) in the outflow from a major wildfire in India. SAs are porous, low-density aggregates of cluster-dilute aggregates with characteristic Df ≈ 2.6, Dm > 1 μm, and Da ≤ 300 nm that form via the cluster-dense aggregation mechanism. We present additional observations of soot SAs in wildfire smoke-laden air masses over Northern California, New Mexico, and Mexico City. We estimate that SAs contribute, per unit optical depth, up to 35% less atmospheric warming than freshly-emitted (Df ≈ 1.8) aggregates, and ≈90% more warming than the volume-equivalent spherical soot particles simulated in climate models.
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16
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Murray BJ, O'Sullivan D, Atkinson JD, Webb ME. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6519-54. [PMID: 22932664 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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17
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Metcalf AR, Craven JS, Ensberg JJ, Brioude J, Angevine W, Sorooshian A, Duong HT, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Black carbon aerosol over the Los Angeles Basin during CalNex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Niranjan K, Anjana Devi T, Spandana B, Sreekanth V, Madhavan BL. Evidence for control of black carbon and sulfate relative mass concentrations on composite aerosol radiative forcing: Case of a coastal urban area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Urosevic M, Yebra-Rodríguez A, Sebastián-Pardo E, Cardell C. Black soiling of an architectural limestone during two-year term exposure to urban air in the city of Granada (S Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:564-575. [PMID: 22153605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A two-year term aging test was carried out on a building limestone under different urban conditions in the city of Granada (Southern Spain) to assess its Cultural Heritage sustainability. For this purpose stone tablets were placed vertically at four sites with contrasting local pollution micro-environments and exposure conditions (rain-sheltered and unsheltered). The back (rain-sheltered) and the front (rain-unsheltered) faces of the stone tablets were studied for each site. The soiling process (surface blackening) was monitored through lightness (ΔL*) and chroma changes (ΔC*). Additionally atmospheric particles deposited on the stone surfaces and on PM10 filters during the exposure time were studied through a multianalytical approach including scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The identified atmospheric particles (responsible for stone soiling) were mainly soot and soil dust particles; also fly ash and aged salt particles were found. The soiling process was related to surface texture, exposure conditions and proximity to dense traffic streets. On the front faces of all stones, black soiling and surface roughness promoted by differential erosion between micritic and sparitic calcite were noticed. Moreover, it was found that surface roughness enhanced a feedback process that triggers further black soiling. The calculated effective area coverage (EAC) by light absorbing dust ranged from 10.2 to 20.4%, exceeding by far the established value of 2% EAC (limit perceptible to the human eye). Soiling coefficients (SC) were estimated based on square-root and bounded exponential fittings. Estimated black carbon (BC) concentration resulted in relatively similar SC for all studied sites and thus predicts the soiling process better than using particulate matter (PM10) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Urosevic
- Dept. Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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20
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Popovicheva O, Kireeva E, Persiantseva N, Timofeev M, Bladt H, Ivleva NP, Niessner R, Moldanová J. Microscopic characterization of individual particles from multicomponent ship exhaust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:3101-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Ueda S, Osada K, Takami A. Morphological features of soot-containing particles internally mixed with water-soluble materials in continental outflow observed at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Knopf DA, Rigg YJ. Homogeneous Ice Nucleation From Aqueous Inorganic/Organic Particles Representative of Biomass Burning: Water Activity, Freezing Temperatures, Nucleation Rates. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:762-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yannick J. Rigg
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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23
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Anttila T. Sensitivity of cloud droplet formation to the numerical treatment of the particle mixing state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Moffet RC, Henn T, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Moffet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Tobias Henn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
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25
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Adachi K, Chung SH, Buseck PR. Shapes of soot aerosol particles and implications for their effects on climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Geng H, Kang S, Jung HJ, Choël M, Kim H, Ro CU. Characterization of individual submicrometer aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea, by quantitative transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Aircraft measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol mixing states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Li W, Shao L. Mixing and water-soluble characteristics of particulate organic compounds in individual urban aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Lang-Yona N, Abo-Riziq A, Erlick C, Segre E, Trainic M, Rudich Y. Interaction of internally mixed aerosols with light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:21-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b913176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Wen XY, Snell HE, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional ozone and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 1. A 1 year CMAQ simulation and evaluation using surface and satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Li W, Shao L. Transmission electron microscopy study of aerosol particles from the brown hazes in northern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Cong Z, Kang S, Qin D. Seasonal features of aerosol particles recorded in snow from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) and their environmental implications. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:914-919. [PMID: 19862956 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To assess the seasonality of aerosol deposition and anthropogenic effects on central Himalayas, a 1.85-m deep snow pit was dug on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest). Based on the morphology and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) signal, totally 1500 particles were classed into 7 groups: soot; aluminosilicates; fly ash; calcium sulfates; Ca/Mg carbonates; metal oxides; and biological particles and carbon fragments. The size distribution and number fractions of different particle groups exhibited distinct seasonal variations between non-monsoon and monsoon periods, which are clearly related to the differences in air mass pathways. Specifically, the relative abundance of soot in non-monsoon period (25%) was much higher than that in monsoon period (14%), indicating Mt. Qomolangma region received more anthropogenic influence in non-monsoon than monsoon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cong
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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33
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Nguyen HN, Martinsson BG, Wagner JB, Carlemalm E, Ebert M, Weinbruch S, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Heintzenberg J, Hermann M, Schuck T, van Velthoven PFJ, Zahn A. Chemical composition and morphology of individual aerosol particles from a CARIBIC flight at 10 km altitude between 50°N and 30°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Zhang R, Khalizov AF, Pagels J, Zhang D, Xue H, McMurry PH. Variability in morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of soot aerosols during atmospheric processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10291-6. [PMID: 18645179 PMCID: PMC2478695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804860105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric effects of soot aerosols include interference with radiative transfer, visibility impairment, and alteration of cloud formation and are highly sensitive to the manner by which soot is internally mixed with other aerosol constituents. We present experimental studies to show that soot particles acquire a large mass fraction of sulfuric acid during atmospheric aging, considerably altering their properties. Soot particles exposed to subsaturated sulfuric acid vapor exhibit a marked change in morphology, characterized by a decreased mobility-based diameter but an increased fractal dimension and effective density. These particles experience large hygroscopic size and mass growth at subsaturated conditions (<90% relative humidity) and act efficiently as cloud-condensation nuclei. Coating with sulfuric acid and subsequent hygroscopic growth enhance the optical properties of soot aerosols, increasing scattering by approximately 10-fold and absorption by nearly 2-fold at 80% relative humidity relative to fresh particles. In addition, condensation of sulfuric acid is shown to occur at a similar rate on ambient aerosols of various types of a given mobility size, regardless of their chemical compositions and microphysical structures. Representing an important mechanism of atmospheric aging, internal mixing of soot with sulfuric acid has profound implications on visibility, human health, and direct and indirect climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- *Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Alexei F. Khalizov
- *Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
- Division of Aerosol Technology, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan Zhang
- *Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Huaxin Xue
- *Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Peter H. McMurry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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35
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Worringen A, Ebert M, Trautmann T, Weinbruch S, Helas G. Optical properties of internally mixed ammonium sulfate and soot particles--a study of individual aerosol particles and ambient aerosol populations. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:3835-3845. [PMID: 18641753 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical parameters of simulated ambient individual ammonium sulfate and soot-mixed particles were calculated using the discrete-dipole approximation method with different model geometries. Knowledge of the mixing state and the approximation by a suited idealized geometry reduces the errors of the optical properties by +/-50% to +/-10%. The influence of the soot content and the mixing state on the optical properties of the total aerosol was estimated. For the total aerosol population, the size distribution and the absolute soot content had the largest influence. The exact geometry of the ammonium sulfate and soot-mixed particles can be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Worringen
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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36
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Shi Z, Zhang D, Ji H, Hasegawa S, Hayashi M. Modification of soot by volatile species in an urban atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 389:195-201. [PMID: 17897704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples in the urban atmosphere of Kumamoto (32 degrees 48'N, 134 degrees 45'E) in southwestern Japan were collected onto aluminum foil strips. Parts of the samples were heated to 550 degrees C in pure helium gas, and oxygen (2%)-helium (98%) mixture gas. Particles in unheated and heated parts were characterized individually by their morphology and elemental composition using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. There were mainly two types of soot-containing particles according to the morphology: chain-like and sub-round. Chain-like particles were likely young soot particles because such particles in heated specimens showed similar morphology to those in unheated specimen. In contrast, the sub-round particles were composed of volatile species encapsulated with soot. The heating caused partial evaporation of such particles, and the soot inclusions could be identified only after the heating. The volatile species frequently contained sulfur compounds, but sulfur was not detected in the residues, suggesting that the volatile species were mainly produced on soot particles in the atmosphere. The sub-round soot-containing particles were approximately 3 times larger in diameter than the inclusions. These results suggest that soot particles could be substantially modified in size and composition by volatile species in the urban atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Shi
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
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37
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Wise ME, Semeniuk TA, Bruintjes R, Martin ST, Russell LM, Buseck PR. Hygroscopic behavior of NaCl-bearing natural aerosol particles using environmental transmission electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wise
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Trudi A. Semeniuk
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego California USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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38
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Bond TC, Habib G, Bergstrom RW. Limitations in the enhancement of visible light absorption due to mixing state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Cheng YF, Eichler H, Wiedensohler A, Heintzenberg J, Zhang YH, Hu M, Herrmann H, Zeng LM, Liu S, Gnauk T, Brüggemann E, He LY. Mixing state of elemental carbon and non-light-absorbing aerosol components derived from in situ particle optical properties at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Murphy DM, Cziczo DJ, Froyd KD, Hudson PK, Matthew BM, Middlebrook AM, Peltier RE, Sullivan A, Thomson DS, Weber RJ. Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. J. Cziczo
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. D. Froyd
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. K. Hudson
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. M. Matthew
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - R. E. Peltier
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - A. Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. S. Thomson
- Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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41
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Pant A, Parsons MT, Bertram AK. Crystallization of Aqueous Ammonium Sulfate Particles Internally Mixed with Soot and Kaolinite: Crystallization Relative Humidities and Nucleation Rates. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8701-9. [PMID: 16836431 DOI: 10.1021/jp060985s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using optical microscopy, we investigated the crystallization of aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets containing soot and kaolinite, as well as the crystallization of aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets free of solid material. Our results show that soot did not influence the crystallization RH of aqueous ammonium sulfate particles under our experimental conditions. In contrast, kaolinite increased the crystallization RH of the aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets by approximately 10%. In addition, our results show that the crystallization RH of aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets free of solid material does not depend strongly on particle size. This is consistent with conclusions made previously in the literature, based on comparisons of results from different laboratories. From the crystallization results we determined the homogeneous nucleation rates of crystalline ammonium sulfate in aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets and the heterogeneous nucleation rates of crystalline ammonium sulfate in aqueous ammonium sulfate particles containing kaolinite. Using classical nucleation theory and our experimental data, we determined that the interfacial tension between an ammonium sulfate critical nucleus and an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution is 0.064 +/- 0.003 J m(-2) (in agreement with our previous measurements), and the contact angle between an ammonium sulfate critical nucleus and a kaolinite surface is 59 +/- 2 degrees. On the basis of our results, we argue that soot will not influence the crystallization RH of aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets in the atmosphere, but kaolinite can significantly modify the crystallization RH of atmospheric ammonium sulfate droplets. As an example, the CRH50 (the relative humidity at which 50% of the droplets crystallize) ranges from about 41 to 51% RH when the diameter of the kaolinite inclusion ranges from 0.1 to 5 microm. For comparison, the CRH50 of aqueous ammonium sulfate droplets (0.5 microm diameter) free of solid material is approximately 34.3% RH under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Pant
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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42
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Leavitt AJ, Wyrwas RB, Wallace WT, Serrano DS, Arredondo MG, Leslie LM, Khan FA, Whetten RL. Efficient Low-Temperature Oxidation of Carbon-Cluster Anions by SO2. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6218-22. [PMID: 16833961 DOI: 10.1021/jp050087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-cluster anions, CN-, are very reactive toward SO2 (sticking probability of 0.012 +/- 0.005 for C27- at 25 degrees C), in contrast to their inertness toward other common atmospheric gases and pollutants. In flow reactor experiments at ambient temperature and near atmospheric pressure, primary adsorption of SO2 by the carbon cluster anions, N = 4-60, yields CNSO2- or CN-1S-. The inferred elimination of neutral CO2 is also detected as meta-stable decay in collision-induced dissociation. At higher temperatures, the reaction of SO2 with nascent carbon clusters yields CN-1SO- as well as undetected CO. The size-dependent initial reactivity reflects the previously established structural transitions (i.e., from chain to cyclic to cage structures). Such carbon clusters are formed in sooting flames and may act as nuclei for the formation of primary soot particles and serve as models for the local structural features of active soot particle sites for black-carbon soot. The facile generation of reactive carbon-sulfide and -sulfinate units may therefore have implications for understanding the health and environmental effects attributed to the coincidence of soot and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leavitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Georgia 30118, USA.
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43
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Mathis U, Mohr M, Kaegi R, Bertola A, Boulouchos K. Influence of diesel engine combustion parameters on primary soot particle diameter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:1887-1892. [PMID: 15819252 DOI: 10.1021/es049578p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of engine operating parameters and fuel composition on both primary soot particle diameter and particle number size distribution in the exhaust of a direct-injected heavy-duty diesel engine were studied in detail. An electrostatic sampler was developed to deposit particles directly on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids. Using TEM, the projected area equivalent diameter of primary soot particles was determined. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used for the measurement of the particle number size distribution. Variations in the main engine operating parameters (fuel injection system, air management, and fuel properties) were made to investigate soot formation and oxidation processes. Primary soot particle diameters determined by TEM measurements ranged from 17.5 to 32.5 nm for the diesel fuel and from 24.1 to 27.2 nm for the water-diesel emulsion fuel depending on the engine settings. For constant fuel energy flow rate, the primary particle size from the water-diesel emulsion fuel was slightly larger than that from the diesel fuel. A reduction in primary soot particle diameter was registered when increasing the fuel injection pressure (IP) or advancing the start of injection (SOI). Larger primary soot particle diameters were measured while the engine was operating with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Heat release rate analysis of the combustion process revealed that the primary soot particle diameter decreased when the maximum flame temperature increased for the diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Mathis
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Uberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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44
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Liu X. Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Schnaiter M. Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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47
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Li G, Zhang R, Fan J, Tie X. Impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Millet DB, Goldstein AH, Allan JD, Bates TS, Boudries H, Bower KN, Coe H, Ma Y, McKay M, Quinn PK, Sullivan A, Weber RJ, Worsnop DR. Volatile organic compound measurements at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2: Analysis of sources, atmospheric composition, and aerosol residence times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Millet
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - James D. Allan
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Timothy S. Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - Keith N. Bower
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Physics; University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; Manchester UK
| | - Yilin Ma
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Megan McKay
- ESPM, Ecosystem Sciences; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Patricia K. Quinn
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Amy Sullivan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
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49
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Utsunomiya S, Jensen KA, Keeler GJ, Ewing RC. Direct identification of trace metals in fine and ultrafine particles in the Detroit urban atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:2289-97. [PMID: 15116832 DOI: 10.1021/es035010p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulates containing low concentrations of heavy metals, such as Pb, As, and Se, may have serious health effects. However, little is known about the speciation and particle size of these airborne metals. Fine- and ultrafine particles with heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Detroit urban area, Michigan, were examined in detail to investigate metal concentrations and speciation. The characterization of individual particles was completed using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) combined with conventional high-resolution TEM techniques. The trace elements, Pb, As, La, Ce, Sr, Zn, Cr, Se, Sn, Y, Zr, Au, and Ag, were detected, and the elemental distributions were mapped in situ atthe nanoscale. The crystal structures of the particles containing Pb, Sr, Zn, and Au were determined from their electron diffraction patterns. Based on the characterization of the representative trace element particles, the potential health effects are discussed. Most of the trace element particles detected in this study were within a range of 0.01-1.0 microm in size, which has the longest atmospheric residence time (approximately 100 days). Increased chemical reactivity owing to the size of nanoparticles may be expected for most of the trace metal particles observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Utsunomiya
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1063, USA
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50
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Pósfai M, Gelencsér A, Simonics R, Arató K, Li J, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR. Atmospheric tar balls: Particles from biomass and biofuel burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - András Gelencsér
- Air Chemistry Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Renáta Simonics
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Krisztina Arató
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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