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Aircraft Emissions, Their Plume-Scale Effects, and the Spatio-Temporal Sensitivity of the Atmospheric Response: A Review. AEROSPACE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace9070355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-CO2 aircraft emissions are responsible for the majority of aviation’s climate impact, however their precise effect is largely dependent on the environmental conditions of the ambient air in which they are released. Investigating the principal causes of this spatio-temporal sensitivity can bolster understanding of aviation-induced climate change, as well as offer potential mitigation solutions that can be implemented in the interim to low carbon flight regimes. This review paper covers the generation of emissions and their characteristic dispersion, air traffic distribution, local and global climate impact, and operational mitigation solutions, all aimed at improving scientific awareness of aviation’s non-CO2 climate impact.
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Teoh R, Schumann U, Majumdar A, Stettler MEJ. Mitigating the Climate Forcing of Aircraft Contrails by Small-Scale Diversions and Technology Adoption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2941-2950. [PMID: 32048502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The climate forcing of contrails and induced-cirrus cloudiness is thought to be comparable to the cumulative impacts of aviation CO2 emissions. This paper estimates the impact of aviation contrails on climate forcing for flight track data in Japanese airspace and propagates uncertainties arising from meteorology and aircraft black carbon (BC) particle number emissions. Uncertainties in the contrail age, coverage, optical properties, radiative forcing, and energy forcing (EF) from individual flights can be 2 orders of magnitude larger than the fleet-average values. Only 2.2% [2.0, 2.5%] of flights contribute to 80% of the contrail EF in this region. A small-scale strategy of selectively diverting 1.7% of the fleet could reduce the contrail EF by up to 59.3% [52.4, 65.6%], with only a 0.014% [0.010, 0.017%] increase in total fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. A low-risk strategy of diverting flights only if there is no fuel penalty, thereby avoiding additional long-lived CO2 emissions, would reduce contrail EF by 20.0% [17.4, 23.0%]. In the longer term, widespread use of new engine combustor technology, which reduces BC particle emissions, could achieve a 68.8% [45.2, 82.1%] reduction in the contrail EF. A combination of both interventions could reduce the contrail EF by 91.8% [88.6, 95.8%].
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Teoh
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ulrich Schumann
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Arnab Majumdar
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Marc E J Stettler
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:409-455. [PMID: 32288558 PMCID: PMC7108289 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is fast-growing (about +5% every year), mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated, particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers, especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports, many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft, but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground, the traffic due to the airport ground service, maintenance work, heating facilities, fugitive vapours from refuelling operations, kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators, intermodal transportation systems, and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention, despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution, the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Niessner R. The Many Faces of Soot: Characterization of Soot Nanoparticles Produced by Engines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12366-79. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Niessner R. Die vielen Gesichter von Ruß: Charakterisierung verbrennungsmotorischer Ruß-Nanopartikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stohl A. A backward modeling study of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Singh HB, Anderson BE, Avery MA, Viezee W, Chen Y, Tabazadeh A, Hamill P, Pueschel R, Fuelberg HE, Hannan JR. Global distribution and sources of volatile and nonvolatile aerosol in the remote troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. A. Avery
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - W. Viezee
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - Y. Chen
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - A. Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - P. Hamill
- Physics Department; San Jose State University; San Jose California USA
| | - R. Pueschel
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - H. E. Fuelberg
- Department of Meteorology; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - J. R. Hannan
- Department of Meteorology; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida USA
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Huntrieser H, Feigl C, Schlager H, Schröder F, Gerbig C, van Velthoven P, Flatøy F, Théry C, Petzold A, Höller H, Schumann U. Airborne measurements of NOx, tracer species, and small particles during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Huntrieser
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - C. Feigl
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - H. Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - F. Schröder
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - C. Gerbig
- Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - P. van Velthoven
- Section of Atmospheric Composition; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute; De Bilt Netherlands
| | - F. Flatøy
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research; Kjeller Norway
| | - C. Théry
- Atmospheric Environment Research Section, Environnement Atmosphérique et Givrage du Département Mesures Physiques; Office National d'Etudes et de Recherche Aérospatiales; Chatillon France
| | - A. Petzold
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - H. Höller
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
| | - U. Schumann
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen; Wessling Germany
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Kärcher B. A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schumann U. Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft exhaust plumes: The experiments SULFUR 1–7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper OR. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A conceptual model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kentarchos AS. Impact of aircraft NOxemissions on tropospheric ozone calculated with a chemistry-general circulation model: Sensitivity to higher hydrocarbon chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Brunner D, Staehelin J, Jeker D, Wernli H, Schumann U. Nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropopause region of the northern hemisphere: Measurements from commercial aircraft in 1995/1996 and 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Toon OB, Vay SA, Ovarlez J, May R, Bui TP, Twohy CH, Gandrud BW, Pueschel RF, Schumann U. Prevalence of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere: Implications for optically thin ice cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shindell DT, Grenfell JL, Rind D, Grewe V, Price C. Chemistry-climate interactions in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model: 1. Tropospheric chemistry model description and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gierens K, Schumann U, Helten M, Smit H, Wang PH. Ice-supersaturated regions and subvisible cirrus in the northern midlatitude upper troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ovarlez J, van Velthoven P, Sachse G, Vay S, Schlager H, Ovarlez H. Comparison of water vapor measurements from POLINAT 2 with ECMWF analyses in high-humidity conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jeker DP, Pfister L, Thompson AM, Brunner D, Boccippio DJ, Pickering KE, Wernli H, Kondo Y, Staehelin J. Measurements of nitrogen oxides at the tropopause: Attribution to convection and correlation with lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ziereis H, Schlager H, Schulte P, van Velthoven PFJ, Slemr F. Distributions of NO, NOx, and NOyin the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere between 28° and 61°N during POLINAT 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vay SA, Anderson BE, Jensen EJ, Sachse GW, Ovarlez J, Gregory GL, Nolf SR, Podolske JR, Slate TA, Sorenson CE. Tropospheric water vapor measurements over the North Atlantic during the Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, Singh HB, Schlager H. Introduction to special section: Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX) and Pollution From Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT 2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Singh H, Chen Y, Tabazadeh A, Fukui Y, Bey I, Yantosca R, Jacob D, Arnold F, Wohlfrom K, Atlas E, Flocke F, Blake D, Blake N, Heikes B, Snow J, Talbot R, Gregory G, Sachse G, Vay S, Kondo Y. Distribution and fate of selected oxygenated organic species in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meijer EW, van Velthoven PFJ, Thompson AM, Pfister L, Schlager H, Schulte P, Kelder H. Model calculations of the impact of NOxfrom air traffic, lightning, and surface emissions, compared with measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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