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Corenblit D, Decaux O, Delmotte S, Toumazet JP, Arrignon F, André MF, Darrozes J, Davies NS, Julien F, Otto T, Ramillien G, Roussel E, Steiger J, Viles H. Signatures of Life Detected in Images of Rocks Using Neural Network Analysis Demonstrate New Potential for Searching for Biosignatures on the Surface of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:308-326. [PMID: 36668995 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play a role in the construction or modulation of various types of landforms. They are especially notable for forming microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). Such microbial structures have been considered to be among the most likely biosignatures that might be encountered on the martian surface. Twenty-nine algorithms have been tested with images taken during a laboratory experiment for testing their performance in discriminating mat cracks (MISS) from abiotic mud cracks. Among the algorithms, neural network types produced excellent predictions with similar precision of 0.99. Following that step, a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach has been tested to see whether it can conclusively detect MISS in images of rocks and sediment surfaces taken at different natural sites where present and ancient (fossil) microbial mat cracks and abiotic desiccation cracks were observed. The CNN approach showed excellent prediction of biotic and abiotic structures from the images (global precision, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.97). The key areas of interest of the machine matched well with human expertise for distinguishing biotic and abiotic forms (in their geomorphological meaning). The images indicated clear differences between the abiotic and biotic situations expressed at three embedded scales: texture (size, shape, and arrangement of the grains constituting the surface of one form), form (outer shape of one form), and pattern of form arrangement (arrangement of the forms over a few square meters). The most discriminative components for biogenicity were the border of the mat cracks with their tortuous enlarged and blistered morphology more or less curved upward, sometimes with thin laminations. To apply this innovative biogeomorphological approach to the images obtained by rovers on Mars, the main physical and biological sources of variation in abiotic and biotic outcomes must now be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Corenblit
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Darrozes
- Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS/IRD, GET, Toulouse, France
| | - Neil S Davies
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Julien
- CNRS, Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Otto
- CNRS, Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Erwan Roussel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Johannes Steiger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, GEOLAB, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Heather Viles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
On 15 May 2021, the Zhurong rover of China’s first Mars mission, Tianwen-1 (TW-1), successfully landed in southern Utopia Planitia on Mars. Various landforms were present in the landing area, and this area recorded a complex geological history. Cones are one of the typical landforms in the landing area and Utopia Planitia, and they have a great significance to the local geological processes due to the diversity of their origins. Using High-Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) images collected by the TW-1 orbiter, we identified a total of 272 well-preserved circular cones in the landing area. Detailed surveys of their spatial distribution, morphological characteristics, and morphometric parameters were conducted. A preliminary analysis of the surface characteristics of these cones also provides additional information to strengthen our understanding of them. The results of the high-resolution topographic analysis show that the cone heights are in the range of 10.5–90.8 m and their basal diameters range from 178.9–1206.6 m. We compared the morphometric parameters of the cones in the landing area with terrestrial and Martian analogous features and found that our measured cones are consistent with the ranges of mud volcanoes and also a small subset of igneous origin cones. However, the result of spatial analysis is more favorable to mud volcanoes, and the lower thermal inertia of the cones in the landing area compared to their surrounding materials is also a typical characteristic of mud volcanoes. Based on current evidence and analysis, we favor interpreting the cones in the TW-1 landing area as mud volcanoes.
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Li C, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhao P, Liu Y, Lv W, Liu Y, Zhao X, Hao J, Sun W, Liu X, Jia B, Li J, Lan H, Fa W, Pan Y, Wu F. Layered subsurface in Utopia Basin of Mars revealed by Zhurong rover radar. Nature 2022; 610:308-312. [PMID: 36163288 PMCID: PMC9556330 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the subsurface structure and stratification of Mars advances our understanding of Martian geology, hydrological evolution and palaeoclimatic changes, and has been a main task for past and continuing Mars exploration missions1-10. Utopia Planitia, the smooth plains of volcanic and sedimentary strata that infilled the Utopia impact crater, has been a prime target for such exploration as it is inferred to have hosted an ancient ocean on Mars11-13. However, 45 years have passed since Viking-2 provided ground-based detection results. Here we report an in situ ground-penetrating radar survey of Martian subsurface structure in a southern marginal area of Utopia Planitia conducted by the Zhurong rover of the Tianwen-1 mission. A detailed subsurface image profile is constructed along the roughly 1,171 m traverse of the rover, showing an approximately 70-m-thick, multi-layered structure below a less than 10-m-thick regolith. Although alternative models deserve further scrutiny, the new radar image suggests the occurrence of episodic hydraulic flooding sedimentation that is interpreted to represent the basin infilling of Utopia Planitia during the Late Hesperian to Amazonian. While no direct evidence for the existence of liquid water was found within the radar detection depth range, we cannot rule out the presence of saline ice in the subsurface of the landing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yikang Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhai Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.458476.c0000 0004 0605 1722State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- grid.458476.c0000 0004 0605 1722State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenmin Lv
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlai Hao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Sun
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bojun Jia
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqiang Lan
- grid.458476.c0000 0004 0605 1722State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhe Fa
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.458476.c0000 0004 0605 1722State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Andrews-Hanna JC, Besserer J, Head JW, Howett CJA, Kiefer WS, Lucey PJ, McGovern PJ, Melosh HJ, Neumann GA, Phillips RJ, Schenk PM, Smith DE, Solomon SC, Zuber MT. Structure and evolution of the lunar Procellarum region as revealed by GRAIL gravity data. Nature 2014; 514:68-71. [PMID: 25279919 DOI: 10.1038/nature13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Procellarum region is a broad area on the nearside of the Moon that is characterized by low elevations, thin crust, and high surface concentrations of the heat-producing elements uranium, thorium, and potassium. The region has been interpreted as an ancient impact basin approximately 3,200 kilometres in diameter, although supporting evidence at the surface would have been largely obscured as a result of the great antiquity and poor preservation of any diagnostic features. Here we use data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission to examine the subsurface structure of Procellarum. The Bouguer gravity anomalies and gravity gradients reveal a pattern of narrow linear anomalies that border Procellarum and are interpreted to be the frozen remnants of lava-filled rifts and the underlying feeder dykes that served as the magma plumbing system for much of the nearside mare volcanism. The discontinuous surface structures that were earlier interpreted as remnants of an impact basin rim are shown in GRAIL data to be a part of this continuous set of border structures in a quasi-rectangular pattern with angular intersections, contrary to the expected circular or elliptical shape of an impact basin. The spatial pattern of magmatic-tectonic structures bounding Procellarum is consistent with their formation in response to thermal stresses produced by the differential cooling of the province relative to its surroundings, coupled with magmatic activity driven by the greater-than-average heat flux in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Andrews-Hanna
- Department of Geophysics and Center for Space Resources, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jonathan Besserer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - James W Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Carly J A Howett
- Planetary Science Directorate, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA
| | | | - Paul J Lucey
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | | | - H Jay Melosh
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Gregory A Neumann
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Roger J Phillips
- Planetary Science Directorate, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA
| | - Paul M Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Sean C Solomon
- 1] Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015, USA [2] Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
| | - Maria T Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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Cooke M, Islam F, McGill G. Basement controls on the scale of giant polygons in Utopia Planitia, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lefort A, Russell PS, Thomas N, McEwen AS, Dundas CM, Kirk RL. Observations of periglacial landforms in Utopia Planitia with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Levy J, Head J, Marchant D. Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: Classification, distribution, and climate implications from HiRISE observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Morgenstern A, Hauber E, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Grosse G, Schirrmeister L. Deposition and degradation of a volatile-rich layer in Utopia Planitia and implications for climate history on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Buczkowski DL, Frey HV, Roark JH, McGill GE. Buried impact craters: A topographic analysis of quasi-circular depressions, Utopia Basin, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra L. Buczkowski
- Department of Geosciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Herbert V. Frey
- Geodynamics Branch; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - James H. Roark
- Geodynamics Branch; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - George E. McGill
- Department of Geosciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
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Buczkowski DL, Cooke ML. Formation of double-ring circular grabens due to volumetric compaction over buried impact craters: Implications for thickness and nature of cover material in Utopia Planitia, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra L. Buczkowski
- Department of Geosciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Michele L. Cooke
- Department of Geosciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
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12
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Leverington DW. Differential subsidence and rebound in response to changes in water loading on Mars: Possible effects on the geometry of ancient shorelines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Mangold N. Spatial relationships between patterned ground and ground ice detected by the Neutron Spectrometer on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Tanaka KL. Resurfacing history of the northern plains of Mars based on geologic mapping of Mars Global Surveyor data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kreslavsky MA, Head JW. Fate of outflow channel effluents in the northern lowlands of Mars: The Vastitas Borealis Formation as a sublimation residue from frozen ponded bodies of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Kreslavsky
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
- Kharkov Astronomical Observatory; Kharkov Ukraine
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
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Fishbaugh KE. Chasma Boreale, Mars: Topographic characterization from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data and implications for mechanisms of formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Smith DE, Zuber MT, Frey HV, Garvin JB, Head JW, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Phillips RJ, Solomon SC, Zwally HJ, Banerdt WB, Duxbury TC, Golombek MP, Lemoine FG, Neumann GA, Rowlands DD, Aharonson O, Ford PG, Ivanov AB, Johnson CL, McGovern PJ, Abshire JB, Afzal RS, Sun X. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Thomson BJ, Head JW. Utopia Basin, Mars: Characterization of topography and morphology and assessment of the origin and evolution of basin internal structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the water-generated landforms and landscapes of Mars have been revealed in increasing detail by a succession of spacecraft missions. Recent data from the Mars Global Surveyor mission confirm the view that brief episodes of water-related activity, including glaciation, punctuated the geological history of Mars. The most recent of these episodes seems to have occurred within the past 10 million years. These new results are anomalous in regard to the prevailing view that the martian surface has been continuously extremely cold and dry, much as it is today, for the past 3.9 billion years. Interpretations of the new data are controversial, but explaining the anomalies in a consistent manner leads to potentially fruitful hypotheses for understanding the evolution of Mars in relation to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Baker
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, USA.
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Abstract
There is substantial evidence that the martian volatile inventory and climate have changed markedly throughout the planet's history. Clues come from areas as disparate as the history and properties of the deep interior, the composition of the crust and regolith, the morphology of the surface, composition of the present-day atmosphere, and the nature of the interactions between the upper atmosphere and the solar wind. We piece together the relevant observations into a coherent view of the evolution of the martian climate, focusing in particular on the observations that provide the strongest constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0392, USA.
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Kreslavsky MA, Head JW. Kilometer-scale roughness of Mars: Results from MOLA data analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fishbaugh KE, Head JW. North polar region of Mars: Topography of circumpolar deposits from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data and evidence for asymmetric retreat of the polar cap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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