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Bohrmann G, Streuff K, Römer M, Knutsen SM, Smrzka D, Kleint J, Röhler A, Pape T, Sandstå NR, Kleint C, Hansen C, Dos Santos Ferreira C, Walter M, de Paula Santos GM, Bach W. Discovery of the first hydrothermal field along the 500-km-long Knipovich Ridge offshore Svalbard (the Jøtul field). Sci Rep 2024; 14:10168. [PMID: 38702385 PMCID: PMC11068752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oceanic spreading centers north of Iceland are characterized by ultraslow spreading rates, and related hydrothermal activity has been detected in the water column and at the seafloor along nearly all ridge segments. An exception is the 500-km-long Knipovich Ridge, from where, until now, no hydrothermal vents were known. Here we report the investigation of the first hydrothermal vent field of the Knipovich Ridge, which was discovered in July 2022 during expedition MSM109. The newly discovered hydrothermal field, named Jøtul hydrothermal field, is associated with the eastern bounding fault of the rift valley rather than with an axial volcanic ridge. Guided by physico-chemical anomalies in the water column, ROV investigations on the seafloor showed a wide variety of fluid escape sites, inactive and active mounds with abundant hydrothermal precipitates, and chemosynthetic organisms. Fluids with temperatures between 8 and 316 °C as well as precipitates were sampled at four vent sites. High methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonium concentrations, as well as high 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of the vent fluids indicate strong interaction between magma and sediments from the Svalbard continental margin. Such interactions are important for carbon mobilization at the seafloor and the carbon cycle in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bohrmann
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Streuff
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Miriam Römer
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stig-Morten Knutsen
- Norwegian Offshore Directorate (NOD), Professor Olav Hanssens vei 10, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniel Smrzka
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan Kleint
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Aaron Röhler
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pape
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nils Rune Sandstå
- Norwegian Offshore Directorate (NOD), Professor Olav Hanssens vei 10, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Charlotte Kleint
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Hansen
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Dos Santos Ferreira
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Walter
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gustavo Macedo de Paula Santos
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bach
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Straße 2-4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Kundu B, Zwaan F, Senapati B. Unfolding rotational tectonics and topographic evolution from localized verses diffuse plate boundary counterparts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8199. [PMID: 38589513 PMCID: PMC11002002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a kinematic model developed from geodetic observations, topography analysis and analogue tectonic modelling results, which reveals a striking similarity between the rotational tectonic settings of the Gakkel Ridge-Chersky Range system in the Arctic, and the Central Indian Tectonic Zone within the Indian subcontinent. A crucial aspect of large-scale extensional rift systems is the gradual variation of extension along the rift axis, due to plate rotation about a Euler pole, which may lead to contraction on the opposite side of the Euler pole to form a rotational tectonic system. Our geodetic and topographic analysis, combined with the reanalysis of analogue tectonic modelling results demonstrates such rotational tectonic plate motion in both the Arctic and Indian case. However, the plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian Plates as represented by the Arctic Gakkel Ridge-Chersky Range system is strongly localized, whereas the Central Indian Tectonic Zone that separates the North and South India Plates involves diffuse deformation instead. Furthermore, in both the Arctic and Central Indian we find that the relative Euler rotation pole is located near an indenter-like feature, which possibly controls the present-day rotational tectonics and contrasting topography on opposite sides of the Euler pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Kundu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India.
| | - Frank Zwaan
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Batakrushna Senapati
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India
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3
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Martin de Blas J, Iaffaldano G, Tassara A, Melnick D. Feedback between megathrust earthquake cycle and plate convergence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18623. [PMID: 37903833 PMCID: PMC10616103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over million years, convergence between the Nazca and South America tectonic plates results in Andean orogeny. Over decades/centuries, it fuels the earthquake cycle of the Andean megathrust. It is well recognised that, over the geologically-long term of million years, Andean orogeny feeds back onto plate convergence rates, generating temporal changes documented throughout the Neogene. In contrast, no feedback mechanism operated over the geologically-short term by the earthquake cycle is currently contemplated. In fact, it is commonly assumed that the rates of contemporary convergence, which are accurately measured via geodesy, remain steady during the megathrust earthquake cycle. Here we investigate whether the contemporary Nazca/South America plate motion varies over year-/decade-long periods in response to megathrust stress variations associated with the earthquake cycle. We focus on the decade preceding the three largest and most recent [Formula: see text] earthquakes (2010 [Formula: see text] Maule, 2014 [Formula: see text] Iquique, 2015 [Formula: see text] Illapel), and find slowdowns of both Nazca and South America whole-plate motions that exceed the impact of data uncertainty or noise. We show that the torque variations required upon Nazca and South America to generate the slowdowns are consistent with that arising from the buildup of interseismic stress preceding the earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martin de Blas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Giampiero Iaffaldano
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrés Tassara
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniel Melnick
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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4
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Stephan T, Enkelmann E, Kroner U. Analyzing the horizontal orientation of the crustal stress adjacent to plate boundaries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15590. [PMID: 37730752 PMCID: PMC10511519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial analysis of horizontal stress orientation is important to study stress sources and understand tectonics and the deformation of the lithosphere. Additional to the stress sources, the geometry of stress fields depends on the underlying coordinate reference system, which causes spatial distortions that bias the analysis and interpretation of stresses. The bias can be avoided when the stress field is decomposed and transformed into the reference frame of its first-order stress source. We present a modified and extended theory based on the empirical link between the orientation of first-order stresses and the trajectories of lateral plate boundary forces. This link is applied to analyze the orientation of horizontal stresses, their patterns, and tectonic structures from the perspective of their first-order source or cause. By using only parameters for the relative motion between two neighboring plates, we model the first-order orientation of the maximum horizontal stress that statistically fits the orientation of [Formula: see text]80% of the global stress data adjacent to plate boundaries. Considerable deviations of the observed stress from the predicted first-order stress direction can reveal the geometry of second-order stresses and confine areas where other stress sources dominate. The model's simple assumptions, independence from the sample size, potential application to regional to global scale analysis, and compatibility with other spatial interpolation algorithms make it a powerful method for analyzing stress fields. For immediate use, the presented method is implemented in the free and open-source software package tectonicr, which is written in the computer language R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stephan
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Geology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Eva Enkelmann
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Uwe Kroner
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute for Geology, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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5
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Abdullah LH, Al Daghastani HS, Bety AKS. Evaluation of neotectonic activity using watershed geomorphic analysis: A case study in the west of Dokan Lake, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13187. [PMID: 36846703 PMCID: PMC9950844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iraqi Kurdistan Region's landscapes are the product of a complex merging of the effects of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates and various geomorphic processes. A study of the Khrmallan drainage basin in the west of Dokan Lake, based on a morphotectonic study is a significant contribution to our understanding of the Neotectonic activity in the High Folded Zone. This study investigated an integrated method of detail morphotectonic mapping and geomorphic indices' analysis for determining the signal of Neotectonic activity, using the digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite images. The detailed morphotectonic map, along with extensive field data, revealed considerable variation in the relief and morphology of the study area, and eight morphotectonic zones were recognized. The presence of a high anomalous value in stream length gradient (SL) ranges from 19 to 769, increasing the channel sinuosity index (SI) reaching 1.5, and the tendency of basin shifting through the transverse topographic index (T) ranging from 0.02 to 0.5, conclude that the study area is tectonically active. The strong relationship between the growth of the Khalakan anticline and the activation of faulting is concurrent with the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. A hypothesis of an antecedent can be applied to the Khrmallan valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanja H. Abdullah
- Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, KRG, Iraq,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Azhar Kh. S. Bety
- Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, KRG, Iraq
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6
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German CR, Reeves EP, Türke A, Diehl A, Albers E, Bach W, Purser A, Ramalho SP, Suman S, Mertens C, Walter M, Ramirez-Llodra E, Schlindwein V, Bünz S, Boetius A. Volcanically hosted venting with indications of ultramafic influence at Aurora hydrothermal field on Gakkel Ridge. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6517. [PMID: 36316329 PMCID: PMC9622739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aurora hydrothermal system, Arctic Ocean, hosts active submarine venting within an extensive field of relict mineral deposits. Here we show the site is associated with a neovolcanic mound located within the Gakkel Ridge rift-valley floor, but deep-tow camera and sidescan surveys reveal the site to be ≥100 m across-unusually large for a volcanically hosted vent on a slow-spreading ridge and more comparable to tectonically hosted systems that require large time-integrated heat-fluxes to form. The hydrothermal plume emanating from Aurora exhibits much higher dissolved CH4/Mn values than typical basalt-hosted hydrothermal systems and, instead, closely resembles those of high-temperature ultramafic-influenced vents at slow-spreading ridges. We hypothesize that deep-penetrating fluid circulation may have sustained the prolonged venting evident at the Aurora hydrothermal field with a hydrothermal convection cell that can access ultramafic lithologies underlying anomalously thin ocean crust at this ultraslow spreading ridge setting. Our findings have implications for ultra-slow ridge cooling, global marine mineral distributions, and the diversity of geologic settings that can host abiotic organic synthesis - pertinent to the search for life beyond Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. German
- grid.56466.370000 0004 0504 7510Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA
| | - Eoghan P. Reeves
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Earth Science & Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Türke
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Earth Science & Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Diehl
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Elmar Albers
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bach
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Autun Purser
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sofia P. Ramalho
- grid.7311.40000000123236065Centre for Environmental & Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stefano Suman
- grid.56466.370000 0004 0504 7510Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA
| | - Christian Mertens
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Walter
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- grid.6407.50000 0004 0447 9960Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway ,REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Vera Schlindwein
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Bünz
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), University of Tromso–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antje Boetius
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ,grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany ,grid.419529.20000 0004 0491 3210Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Low-degree mantle melting controls the deep seismicity and explosive volcanism of the Gakkel Ridge. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3122. [PMID: 35661698 PMCID: PMC9166806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's strongest known spreading-related seismicity swarm occurred in 1999 in a segment of the Gakkel Ridge located at 85°E as a consequence of an effusive-explosive submarine volcanic eruption. The data of a seismic network deployed on ice floes were used to locate hundreds of local earthquakes down to ∼25 km depth and to build a seismic tomography model under the volcanic area. Here we show the seismicity and the distribution of seismic velocities together with the 3D magmatic-thermomechanical numerical model, which demonstrate how a magma reservoir under the Gakkel Ridge may form, rise and trigger volcanic eruptions in the rift valley. The ultraslow spreading rates with low mantle potential temperatures appear to be a critical factor in the production of volatile-rich, low-degree mantle melts that are focused toward the magma reservoirs within narrow magmatic sections. The degassing of these melts is the main cause of the explosive submarine eruptions.
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Hashimoto Y, Sato S, Kimura G, Kinoshita M, Miyakawa A, Moore GF, Nakano M, Shiraishi K, Yamada Y. Décollement geometry controls on shallow very low frequency earthquakes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2677. [PMID: 35177710 PMCID: PMC8854613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have documented the occurrence of shallow very low frequency earthquakes (VLFE) in subduction zones. The heterogeneity of the materials or stresses that act on the plate interface results in the variable slip rate. Stress on the décollement can be controlled by the décollement geometry and the regional stress, which is also able to control the material properties. We determined the distribution of stress along the shallow portion of the décollement in the Nankai Trough using a three-dimensional (3D) seismic survey and regional stress analysis to construct maps of normalized slip tendency (Ts′) and dilation tendency (Td). Alignments of VLFEs trend parallel to the trends of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${T}_{d}$$\end{document}Td. On the other hand, very low \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${T}_{d}$$\end{document}Td areas probably act as barriers that limit the number of VLFEs that can migrate towards the trench. Because the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${T}_{d}$$\end{document}Td distributions are derived only from the décollement geometry and the regional stress without incorporating any data on sediment properties, the consistency between the trends suggests that the décollement geometry is the primary control on VLFE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Global Environment and Disaster Prevention, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Akebonocho 2-5-1, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Sato
- Department of Global Environment and Disaster Prevention, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Akebonocho 2-5-1, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
| | - Gaku Kimura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinoshita
- Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ayumu Miyakawa
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Gregory F Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Masaru Nakano
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiraishi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 774, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Seismic Hazard Assessment of Shigo Kas Hydro-Power Project (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). BUILDINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings11080349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a seismic hazard assessment (SHA) of the Shigo Kas hydropower project has been performed by deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The previously developed MATLAB-based code has been used for deterministic SHA, incorporating local site effects through deep soil analysis. On the other hand, for probabilistic SHA, CRISIS 2007 has been used through diffuse areal source zones. The latest updated earthquake instrumental and historical catalogs have been developed. Based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Large Dams, peak ground acceleration (PGA) values for the maximum credible earthquake (MCE), safety evaluation earthquake (SEE), design basis earthquake (DBE) and operating basis earthquake (OBE) have been assessed, which are 0.50 g, 0.68 g, 0.35 g and 0.24 g, respectively, at the intake location, and 0.50 g, 0.61 g, 0.30 g and 0.22 g, respectively, at the powerhouse location. Hazard maps have been developed for scenario-based earthquakes (MCE) and for the peak ground acceleration of 145-, 475- and 2500-year return periods. The de-aggregation process has evaluated the combined effects of magnitude and distance. At a distance of 30 to 70 km from the earthquake source, earthquakes of magnitude 5 Mw to 5.6 Mw and 5.9 Mw to 6.5 Mw are more hazardous for the current project.
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An Updated Earthquake Catalogue and Source Model for Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barbot S. Mantle flow distribution beneath the California margin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4456. [PMID: 32901037 PMCID: PMC7479605 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the surface deformation of tectonic plate boundaries is well determined by geological and geodetic measurements, the pattern of flow below the lithosphere remains poorly constrained. We use the crustal velocity field of the Plate Boundary Observatory to illuminate the distribution of horizontal flow beneath the California margin. At lower-crustal and upper-mantle depths, the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates is off-centered from the San Andreas fault, concentrated in a region that encompasses the trace of nearby active faults. A major step is associated with return flow below the Eastern California Shear Zone, leading to the extrusion of the Mojave block and a re-distribution of fault activity since the Pleistocene. Major earthquakes in California have occurred above the regions of current plastic strain accumulation. Deformation is mechanically coupled from the crust to the asthenosphere, with mantle flow overlaid by a kinematically consistent network of faults in the brittle crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Barbot
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0740, USA.
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12
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Danezis C, Chatzinikos M, Kotsakis C. Linear and Nonlinear Deformation Effects in the Permanent GNSS Network of Cyprus. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061768. [PMID: 32235810 PMCID: PMC7146398 DOI: 10.3390/s20061768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Permanent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) reference stations are well established as a powerful tool for the estimation of deformation induced by man-made or physical processes. GNSS sensors are successfully used to determine positions and velocities over a specified time period, with unprecedented accuracy, promoting research in many safety-critical areas, such as geophysics and geo-tectonics, tackling problems that torment traditional equipment and providing deformation products with absolute accuracy. Cyprus, being located at the Mediterranean fault, exhibits a very interesting geodynamic regime, which has yet to be investigated thoroughly. Accordingly, this research revolves around the estimation of crustal deformation in Cyprus using GNSS receivers. CYPOS (CYprus POsitioning System), a network of seven permanent GNSS stations has been operating since 2008, under the responsibility of the Department of Lands and Surveys. The continuous flow of positioning data collected over this network, offers the required information to investigate the behavior of the crustal deformation field of Cyprus using GNSS sensors for the first time. This paper presents the results of a multi-year analysis (11/2011–01/2017) of daily GNSS data and provides inferences of linear and nonlinear deforming signals into the position time series of the network stations. Specifically, 3D station velocities and seasonal periodic displacements are jointly estimated and presented via a data stacking approach with respect to the IGb08 reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Danezis
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
- ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-25-00-2352
| | - Miltiadis Chatzinikos
- Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.C.); (C.K.)
| | - Christopher Kotsakis
- Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.C.); (C.K.)
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13
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CARIB18: A Stable Geodetic Reference Frame for Geological Hazard Monitoring in the Caribbean Region. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a Stable Caribbean Reference Frame 2018 (CARIB18) using long-term continuous observations from 18 continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) stations fixed on the margins of the stable portion of the Caribbean plate. The frame stability of CARIB18 is approximately 0.7 mm/year in the horizontal direction and 0.9 mm/year in the vertical direction. A method that employs a total of seven parameters for transforming positional time series from a global reference frame (IGS14) to a regional reference frame is introduced. The major products from this study include the seven parameters for realizing CARIB18 coordinates and three-component site velocities of 250 continuous GPS stations (>3 years) with respect to CARIB18. Geological hazard monitoring using GPS has traditionally been performed using the carrier-phase differential method that requires single or multiple reference stations to be simultaneously operated in the field. CARIB18 allows for precise geological hazard monitoring using stand-alone GPS, which substantially reduces field costs and simplifies logistics for long-term geological hazard monitoring. Applications of CARIB18 in plate motion, post-seismic, and volcano monitoring and research are demonstrated in this article. The regional reference frame will be periodically updated every few years with more reference stations and longer periods of observations to mitigate the degradation of the frame over time and will be synchronized with the updates of the International GNSS Service (IGS) IGS reference frame.
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14
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Variations of Fluvial Sediment Transport after Large Earthquakes: Field Study in Taiwan Catchments. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By estimating long-term suspended sediment discharges around river catchments, recovery periods of fluvial sediment transport after a large earthquake can be assessed. This study proved that the recovery period in a given catchment is positively correlated with the peak ground motions triggered by an earthquake. The correlation indicates that a recovery period of more than four years is required if a catchment is affected by an earthquake with a ground acceleration greater than 400 gal (~0.4 g). A total of four factors (sediment transport, seismic frequency, rock strength, and joint density) in the multivariate analysis were carefully considered to assess their influence on the sediment yield. As expected, runoff and geomaterial properties were the most important factors affecting the amount of suspended sediment discharges. The analysis of the influence factors further revealed that earthquake frequency is another important factor for sediment yield, especially within a few years after a large earthquake.
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15
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India plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11439. [PMID: 28900236 PMCID: PMC5595902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimate a new angular velocity for the India plate and contemporary deformation rates in the plate interior and along its seismically active margins from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1996 to 2015 at 70 continuous and 3 episodic stations. A new India-ITRF2008 angular velocity is estimated from 30 GPS sites, which include stations from western and eastern regions of the plate interior that were unrepresented or only sparsely sampled in previous studies. Our newly estimated India-ITRF2008 Euler pole is located significantly closer to the plate with ~3% higher angular velocity than all previous estimates and thus predicts more rapid variations in rates and directions along the plate boundaries. The 30 India plate GPS site velocities are well fit by the new angular velocity, with north and east RMS misfits of only 0.8 and 0.9 mm/yr, respectively. India fixed velocities suggest an approximate of 1–2 mm/yr intra-plate deformation that might be concentrated along regional dislocations, faults in Peninsular India, Kachchh and Indo-Gangetic plain. Relative to our newly-defined India plate frame of reference, the newly estimated velocities for 43 other GPS sites along the plate margins give insights into active deformation along India’s seismically active northern and eastern boundaries.
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16
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Seafloor observations indicate spatial separation of coseismic and postseismic slips in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13506. [PMID: 27853138 PMCID: PMC5118554 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large interplate earthquakes are often followed by postseismic slip that is considered to occur in areas surrounding the coseismic ruptures. Such spatial separation is expected from the difference in frictional and material properties in and around the faults. However, even though the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ruptured a vast area on the plate interface, the estimation of high-resolution slip is usually difficult because of the lack of seafloor geodetic data. Here using the seafloor and terrestrial geodetic data, we investigated the postseismic slip to examine whether it was spatially separated with the coseismic slip by applying a comprehensive finite-element method model to subtract the viscoelastic components from the observed postseismic displacements. The high-resolution co- and postseismic slip distributions clarified the spatial separation, which also agreed with the activities of interplate and repeating earthquakes. These findings suggest that the conventional frictional property model is valid for the source region of gigantic earthquakes.
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17
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Bock Y, Melgar D. Physical applications of GPS geodesy: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:106801. [PMID: 27552205 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Geodesy, the oldest science, has become an important discipline in the geosciences, in large part by enhancing Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities over the last 35 years well beyond the satellite constellation's original design. The ability of GPS geodesy to estimate 3D positions with millimeter-level precision with respect to a global terrestrial reference frame has contributed to significant advances in geophysics, seismology, atmospheric science, hydrology, and natural hazard science. Monitoring the changes in the positions or trajectories of GPS instruments on the Earth's land and water surfaces, in the atmosphere, or in space, is important for both theory and applications, from an improved understanding of tectonic and magmatic processes to developing systems for mitigating the impact of natural hazards on society and the environment. Besides accurate positioning, all disturbances in the propagation of the transmitted GPS radio signals from satellite to receiver are mined for information, from troposphere and ionosphere delays for weather, climate, and natural hazard applications, to disturbances in the signals due to multipath reflections from the solid ground, water, and ice for environmental applications. We review the relevant concepts of geodetic theory, data analysis, and physical modeling for a myriad of processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and discuss the extensive global infrastructure that has been built to support GPS geodesy consisting of thousands of continuously operating stations. We also discuss the integration of heterogeneous and complementary data sets from geodesy, seismology, and geology, focusing on crustal deformation applications and early warning systems for natural hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Bock
- Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Uchida N, Iinuma T, Nadeau RM, Bürgmann R, Hino R. Periodic slow slip triggers megathrust zone earthquakes in northeastern Japan. Science 2016; 351:488-92. [PMID: 26823425 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Both aseismic and seismic slip accommodate relative motion across partially coupled plate-boundary faults. In northeastern Japan, aseismic slip occurs in the form of decelerating afterslip after large interplate earthquakes and as relatively steady slip on uncoupled areas of the subduction thrust. Here we report on a previously unrecognized quasi-periodic slow-slip behavior that is widespread in the megathrust zone. The repeat intervals of the slow slip range from 1 to 6 years and often coincide with or precede clusters of large [magnitude (M) ≥ 5] earthquakes, including the 2011 M 9 Tohoku-oki earthquake. These results suggest that inherently periodic slow-slip events result in periodic stress perturbations and modulate the occurrence time of larger earthquakes. The periodicity in the slow-slip rate has the potential to help refine time-dependent earthquake forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Uchida
- Graduate School of Science and International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 6-6, Aramaki-aza-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iinuma
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-aza-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Robert M Nadeau
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California, Berkeley, 211 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
| | - Roland Bürgmann
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 389 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
| | - Ryota Hino
- Graduate School of Science and International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 6-6, Aramaki-aza-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Satake K. Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0375. [PMID: 26392616 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Great (M∼8) earthquakes repeatedly occur along the subduction zones around Japan and cause fault slip of a few to several metres releasing strains accumulated from decades to centuries of plate motions. Assuming a simple 'characteristic earthquake' model that similar earthquakes repeat at regular intervals, probabilities of future earthquake occurrence have been calculated by a government committee. However, recent studies on past earthquakes including geological traces from giant (M∼9) earthquakes indicate a variety of size and recurrence interval of interplate earthquakes. Along the Kuril Trench off Hokkaido, limited historical records indicate that average recurrence interval of great earthquakes is approximately 100 years, but the tsunami deposits show that giant earthquakes occurred at a much longer interval of approximately 400 years. Along the Japan Trench off northern Honshu, recurrence of giant earthquakes similar to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake with an interval of approximately 600 years is inferred from historical records and tsunami deposits. Along the Sagami Trough near Tokyo, two types of Kanto earthquakes with recurrence interval of a few hundred years and a few thousand years had been recognized, but studies show that the recent three Kanto earthquakes had different source extents. Along the Nankai Trough off western Japan, recurrence of great earthquakes with an interval of approximately 100 years has been identified from historical literature, but tsunami deposits indicate that the sizes of the recurrent earthquakes are variable. Such variability makes it difficult to apply a simple 'characteristic earthquake' model for the long-term forecast, and several attempts such as use of geological data for the evaluation of future earthquake probabilities or the estimation of maximum earthquake size in each subduction zone are being conducted by government committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Satake
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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20
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MENG GJ, SHEN XH, Smirnov V, Rogozhin EA, WU JC. Research on Characteristics of Present-Day Crustal Motion and Deformation in Kamchatka Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jie MENG
- Institute of Earthquake Science; China Earthquake Administration; Beijing; 100036; China
| | - Xu-Hui SHEN
- Institute of Earthquake Science; China Earthquake Administration; Beijing; 100036; China
| | - Vladimir Smirnov
- Institute of Physics of the Earth; Russia Academy Sciences; Moscow; 123995; Russia
| | - Eugene A Rogozhin
- Department of Physics, Moscow State University; Moscow; 119992; Russia
| | - Ji-Cang WU
- Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics; Tongji University; Shanghai; 200092; China
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21
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Iaffaldano G, Bodin T, Sambridge M. Reconstructing plate-motion changes in the presence of finite-rotations noise. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1048. [PMID: 22948830 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding lithospheric plate motions is of paramount importance to geodynamicists. Much effort is going into kinematic reconstructions featuring progressively finer temporal resolution. However, the challenge of precisely identifying ocean-floor magnetic lineations, and uncertainties in geomagnetic reversal timescales result in substantial finite-rotations noise. Unless some type of temporal smoothing is applied, the scenario arising at the native temporal resolution is puzzling, as plate motions vary erratically and significantly over short periods (<1 Myr). This undermines our ability to make geodynamic inferences, as the rates at which forces need to be built upon plates to explain these kinematics far exceed the most optimistic estimates. Here we show that the largest kinematic changes reconstructed across the Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific ridges arise from data noise. We overcome this limitation using a trans-dimensional hierarchical Bayesian framework. We find that plate-motion changes occur on timescales no shorter than a few million years, yielding simpler kinematic patterns and more plausible dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Iaffaldano
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
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22
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Ozawa S, Nishimura T, Munekane H, Suito H, Kobayashi T, Tobita M, Imakiire T. Preceding, coseismic, and postseismic slips of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb009120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Palano M, Ferranti L, Monaco C, Mattia M, Aloisi M, Bruno V, Cannavò F, Siligato G. GPS velocity and strain fields in Sicily and southern Calabria, Italy: Updated geodetic constraints on tectonic block interaction in the central Mediterranean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Chlieh M, Perfettini H, Tavera H, Avouac JP, Remy D, Nocquet JM, Rolandone F, Bondoux F, Gabalda G, Bonvalot S. Interseismic coupling and seismic potential along the Central Andes subduction zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb008166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Ozawa S, Nishimura T, Suito H, Kobayashi T, Tobita M, Imakiire T. Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2011 magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Nature 2011; 475:373-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Outerbridge KC, Dixon TH, Schwartz SY, Walter JI, Protti M, Gonzalez V, Biggs J, Thorwart M, Rabbel W. A tremor and slip event on the Cocos-Caribbean subduction zone as measured by a global positioning system (GPS) and seismic network on the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Sladen A, Tavera H, Simons M, Avouac JP, Konca AO, Perfettini H, Audin L, Fielding EJ, Ortega F, Cavagnoud R. Source model of the 2007Mw8.0 Pisco, Peru earthquake: Implications for seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Kreemer C. Absolute plate motions constrained by shear wave splitting orientations with implications for hot spot motions and mantle flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Keiding M, Lund B, Árnadóttir T. Earthquakes, stress, and strain along an obliquely divergent plate boundary: Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Peacock SM. Thermal and metamorphic environment of subduction zone episodic tremor and slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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GPS Velocity and Strain Rate Fields in Southwest Anatolia from Repeated GPS Measurements. SENSORS 2009; 9:2017-34. [PMID: 22573998 PMCID: PMC3345833 DOI: 10.3390/s90302017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Southwestern Turkey is a tectonically active area. To determine kinematics and strain distribution in this region, a GPS network of sixteen stations was established. We have used GPS velocity field data for southwest Anatolia from continuous measurements covering the period 2003 to 2006 to estimate current crustal deformation of this tectonically active region. GPS data were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software and velocity and strain rate fields were estimated in the study area. The measurements showed velocities of 15–30 mm/yr toward the southwest and strain values up to 0.28–8.23×10−8. Results showed that extension has been determined in the Burdur-Isparta region. In this study, all of strain data reveal an extensional neotectonic regime through the northeast edge of the Isparta Angle despite the previously reported compressional neotectonic regime. Meanwhile, results showed some small differences relatively with the 2006 model of Reilinger et al. As a result, active tectonic movements, in agreement with earthquake fault plane solutions showed important activity.
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32
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Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature 2008; 453:1236-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Conrad CP, Behn MD, Silver PG. Global mantle flow and the development of seismic anisotropy: Differences between the oceanic and continental upper mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Simons WJF, Socquet A, Vigny C, Ambrosius BAC, Haji Abu S, Promthong C, Subarya C, Sarsito DA, Matheussen S, Morgan P, Spakman W. A decade of GPS in Southeast Asia: Resolving Sundaland motion and boundaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Frankel KL, Brantley KS, Dolan JF, Finkel RC, Klinger RE, Knott JR, Machette MN, Owen LA, Phillips FM, Slate JL, Wernicke BP. Cosmogenic10Be and36Cl geochronology of offset alluvial fans along the northern Death Valley fault zone: Implications for transient strain in the eastern California shear zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Nishimura T, Sagiya T, Stein RS. Crustal block kinematics and seismic potential of the northernmost Philippine Sea plate and Izu microplate, central Japan, inferred from GPS and leveling data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Snay R, Cline M, Dillinger W, Foote R, Hilla S, Kass W, Ray J, Rohde J, Sella G, Soler T. Using global positioning system-derived crustal velocities to estimate rates of absolute sea level change from North American tide gauge records. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Snay
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Michael Cline
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - William Dillinger
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Richard Foote
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Stephen Hilla
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - William Kass
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Jim Ray
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Jim Rohde
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Giovanni Sella
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Tomás Soler
- National Geodetic Survey, National Ocean Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
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Simoes M, Avouac JP, Chen YG, Singhvi AK, Wang CY, Jaiswal M, Chan YC, Bernard S. Kinematic analysis of the Pakuashan fault tip fold, west central Taiwan: Shortening rate and age of folding inception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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40
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Rates and Processes of Active Folding Evidenced by Pleistocene Terraces at the Central Zagros Front (Iran). THRUST BELTS AND FORELAND BASINS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Mann P. Global catalogue, classification and tectonic origins of restraining- and releasing bends on active and ancient strike-slip fault systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1144/sp290.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRestraining- and releasing bends with similar morphology and structure have been described by many previous studies of strike-slip faults in a variety of active and ancient tectonic settings. Despite the documentation of at least 49 restraining and 144 releasing bends along active and ancient strike-slip faults in the continents and oceans, there is no consensus on how these structural features are named and classified, or how their wide range of structures and morphologies are controlled by the distinctive strike-slip tectonic settings in which they form. In this overview, I have compiled published information on the strike-slip tectonic setting, size, basin and bend type, age, and models for active and ancient releasing and restraining bends. Examples of bends on strike-slip faults are compiled and illustrated from five distinctive active strike-slip settings:oceanic transforms separating oceanic crust and offsetting mid-oceanic spreading ridges;long and linear plate-boundary strike-slip fault systems separating two continental plates whose plate-boundary kinematics can be quantified for long distances along strike by a single pole of rotation (e.g. the San Andreas fault system of western North America);relatively shorter, more arcuate indent-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding escaping continental fragments in zones of continent–continent or arc–continent collision (e.g. the Anatolian plate);straight to arcuate trench-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding elongate fore-arc slivers generated in active and ancient fore-arc settings by oblique subduction (e.g. Sumatra); andcratonic strike-slip fault systems removed from active plate boundaries, formed on older crustal faults, but acting as ‘concentrators’ of intraplate stresses.By far the most common, predictable and best-studied settings for restraining and releasing bends occur in continental-boundary strike-slip fault systems, where arrays of two to eight en échelon pull-apart basins mark transtensional fault segments and single and sometimes multiple large restraining bends mark transpressional segments; fault areas of transtension versus transpression are determined by the intersection angles between small circles about the interplate pole of rotation and the trend of the strike-slip fault system. These longer and more continuous boundary strike-slip systems also exhibit a widespread pattern of ‘paired bends’ or ‘sidewall ripouts’, or adjacent zones of pull-aparts and restraining bends—that range in along-strike-scale from kilometres to hundreds of kilometres. En échelon arrays of pull-apart basins are also observed on active ‘leaky’ or transtensional oceanic transforms, but restraining bends are rarely observed. In indent-linked strike-slip settings, strike-slip fault traces bounding escaping continental fragments tend to be more arcuate, less-continuous, and more splayed – but paired bends are common. Trench-linked strike-slip fault patterns closely mimic the trends of the subduction zone; these strike-slip faults can vary from long and continuous to short and arcuate, depending on the trace of the adjacent subduction zone. Paired bends are also observed in this setting. Bends on active, cratonic strike-slip fault form isolated, seismically active structures that act as ‘stress concentrators’ for intraplate stress. Cratonic strike-slip faults are generally not associated with pull-apart basins, and therefore paired bends are not observed in this setting. The most likely geological models for the formation of releasing, restraining bends, and paired bends along boundary and trench-linked strike-slip faults include:progressive linkage of en échelon shears within a young evolving shear zone; this model is not applicable to older strike-slip fault traces that have accumulated significant, lateral fault offsets;formation of lenticular ‘sidewall ripout’ structures at scales ranging from outcrop to regional; ripouts are thought to form as a response to adherence or sticking along an adjacent and relatively straight strike-slip fault zone; this structural concept may help to explain the large number of paired bends embedded within strike-slip systems, sinusoidal curvature along the traces of many strike-slip faults, and the episodic nature of lateral shifts in the main strike-slip fault zone;interaction of propagating strike-slip faults with pre-existing crustal structures such as ancient rift basins. Propagation of new strike-slip faults and interaction with older structures may occur on plate boundary, indent-linked, and trench-linked strike-slip faults; andconcentration of regional maximum compressive stress on pre-existing, basement fault trends in stable cratonic areas can produce active restraining-bend structures; periodic release of these bend-related stress concentrations is one of the leading causes of intraplate earthquakes within otherwise stable cratons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mann
- Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, R2200, Austin, Texas 78758, USA (e-mail: )
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Ellouz-Zimmermann N, Lallemant SJ, Castilla R, Mouchot N, Leturmy P, Battani A, Buret C, Cherel L, Desaubliaux G, Deville E, Ferrand J, Lügcke A, Mahieux G, Mascle G, Mühr P, Pierson-Wickmann AC, Robion P, Schmitz J, Danish M, Hasany S, Shahzad A, Tabreez A. Offshore Frontal Part of the Makran Accretionary Prism: The Chamak Survey (Pakistan). THRUST BELTS AND FORELAND BASINS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Simoes M, Avouac JP. Investigating the kinematics of mountain building in Taiwan from the spatiotemporal evolution of the foreland basin and western foothills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Geirsson H, Árnadóttir T, Völksen C, Jiang W, Sturkell E, Villemin T, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F, Stefánsson R. Current plate movements across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge determined from 5 years of continuous GPS measurements in Iceland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Calais E, Han JY, DeMets C, Nocquet JM. Deformation of the North American plate interior from a decade of continuous GPS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Calais
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - J. Y. Han
- Department of Geomatics; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - C. DeMets
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - J. M. Nocquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; UMR6526 Géosciences Azur; Valbonne France
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Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrence S, Ergintav S, Cakmak R, Ozener H, Kadirov F, Guliev I, Stepanyan R, Nadariya M, Hahubia G, Mahmoud S, Sakr K, ArRajehi A, Paradissis D, Al-Aydrus A, Prilepin M, Guseva T, Evren E, Dmitrotsa A, Filikov SV, Gomez F, Al-Ghazzi R, Karam G. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reilinger
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Simon McClusky
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Philippe Vernant
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Shawn Lawrence
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Semih Ergintav
- Turkish National Science Foundation, Marmara Research Center; Earth and Marine Sciences Research Institute; Gebze Turkey
| | - Rahsan Cakmak
- Turkish National Science Foundation, Marmara Research Center; Earth and Marine Sciences Research Institute; Gebze Turkey
| | - Haluk Ozener
- Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute; Bogazici University; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Ibrahim Guliev
- Geology Institute; National Academy of Sciences; Baku Azerbaijan
| | | | | | | | - Salah Mahmoud
- National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics; Helwan, Cairo Egypt
| | - K. Sakr
- National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics; Helwan, Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdullah ArRajehi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Tamara Guseva
- Universal Institute of Physics of the Earth; Moscow Russia
| | - Emre Evren
- Eurasian Institute of Earth Sciences; Istanbul Technical University; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - S. V. Filikov
- Crimea Radio Astronomical Observatory; Simiez, Crimea Ukraine
| | - Francisco Gomez
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Riad Al-Ghazzi
- Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology; Damascus Syria
| | - Gebran Karam
- Department of Civil Engineering; Lebanese American University; Jbeil Lebanon
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Teferle FN, Bingley RM, Williams SDP, Baker TF, Dodson AH. Using continuous GPS and absolute gravity to separate vertical land movements and changes in sea-level at tide-gauges in the UK. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2006; 364:917-30. [PMID: 16537148 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Researchers investigating climate change have used historical tide-gauge measurements from all over the world to investigate the changes in sea-level that have occurred over the last century or so. However, such estimates are a combination of any true sea-level variations and any vertical movements of the land at the specific tide-gauge. For a tide- gauge record to be used to determine the climate related component of changes in sea-level, it is therefore necessary to correct for the vertical land movement component of the observed change in sea-level.In 1990, the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy and Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory started developing techniques based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) for measuring vertical land movements (VLM) at tide-gauges in the UK. This paper provides brief details of these early developments and shows how they led to the establishment of continuous GPS (CGPS) stations at a number of tide-gauges. The paper then goes on to discuss the use of absolute gravity (AG), as an independent technique for measuring VLM at tide-gauges. The most recent results, from CGPS time-series dating back to 1997 and AG time-series dating back to 1995/1996, are then used to demonstrate the complementarity of these two techniques and their potential for providing site-specific estimates of VLM at tide-gauges in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Teferle
- Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG), University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Dong D, Fang P, Bock Y, Webb F, Prawirodirdjo L, Kedar S, Jamason P. Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Dong
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. Fang
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
| | - Y. Bock
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
| | - F. Webb
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. Prawirodirdjo
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
| | - S. Kedar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. Jamason
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
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Suwa Y, Miura S, Hasegawa A, Sato T, Tachibana K. Interplate coupling beneath NE Japan inferred from three-dimensional displacement field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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