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Matthews SW, Caracciolo A, Bali E, Halldórsson S, Sigmarsson O, Guðfinnsson G, Pedersen GBM, Robin JG, Marshall EW, Aden AA, Gísladóttir BÝ, Bosq C, Auclair D, Merrill H, Levillayer N, Löw N, Rúnarsdóttir RH, Johnson SM, Steinþórsson S, Drouin V. A dynamic mid-crustal magma domain revealed by the 2023 to 2024 Sundhnúksgígar eruptions, Iceland. Science 2024:eadp8778. [PMID: 39325865 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp8778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Mid-crustal magma domains are the source of many basaltic eruptions. Lavas from individual eruptions are often chemically homogeneous, suggesting they derive from single well-mixed magma reservoirs. The 2023 to 2024 eruptions at Sundhnúksgígar in the Svartsengi volcanic system, Iceland, provide an opportunity to observe the behavior of a mid-crustal magma domain at high spatial and temporal resolution by detailed sampling and geochemical characterization. We observed substantial mantle-derived geochemical variability in the products erupted in the first hours of the December 2023, January, February, and March-May 2024 eruptions, indicating the eruptions derived from multiple magma reservoirs, which mineral-melt equilibration pressures place in the mid-crust. The unusual presence of geochemical heterogeneity in the mid-crustal magma domain provides an insight into how dynamic and complex mid-crustal magma domains can be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Matthews
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Alberto Caracciolo
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Enikő Bali
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sæmundur Halldórsson
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Olgeir Sigmarsson
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Guðmundur Guðfinnsson
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gro B M Pedersen
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Edward W Marshall
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Araksan A Aden
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bryndís Ýr Gísladóttir
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Chantal Bosq
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Delphine Auclair
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - Heini Merrill
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Nicolas Levillayer
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Noëmi Löw
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Rebekka Hlín Rúnarsdóttir
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sóley M Johnson
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sveinbjörn Steinþórsson
- Nordic Volcanological Centre, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Fornari D, Tivey M, Schouten H, Perfit M, Yoerger D, Bradley A, Edwards M, Haymon R, Scheirer D, Von Damm K, Shank T, Soule A. Submarine Lava Flow Emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Implications for Uppermost Ocean Crust Stratigraphy and Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Ishizuka O, Geshi N, Itoh J, Kawanabe Y, TuZino T. The magmatic plumbing of the submarine Hachijo NW volcanic chain, Hachijojima, Japan: Long-distance magma transport? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishizuka
- Institute of Geology and Geoinformation; Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Nobuo Geshi
- Institute of Geology and Geoinformation; Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Itoh
- Institute of Geology and Geoinformation; Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kawanabe
- Institute of Geology and Geoinformation; Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Taqumi TuZino
- Institute of Geology and Geoinformation; Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; Tsukuba Japan
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Johnsen O, Toussaint R, Måløy KJ, Flekkøy EG. Pattern formation during air injection into granular materials confined in a circular Hele-Shaw cell. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:011301. [PMID: 16907083 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.011301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of granular materials confined in a radial Hele-Shaw cell, during central air injection. The behavior of this granular system, driven by its interstitial fluid, is studied both experimentally and numerically. This allows us to explore the associated pattern formation process, characterize its features and dynamics. We classify different hydrodynamic regimes as function of the injection pressure. The numerical model takes into account the interactions between the granular material and the interstitial fluid, as well as the solid-solid interactions between the grains and the confining plates. Numerical and experimental results are comparable, both to reproduce the hydrodynamical regimes experimentally observed, as well as the dynamical features associated to fingering and compacting.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Johnsen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Rubin KH, van der Zander I, Smith MC, Bergmanis EC. Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210Pb–226Ra–230Th disequilibria. Nature 2005; 437:534-8. [PMID: 16177787 DOI: 10.1038/nature03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although 70 per cent of global crustal magmatism occurs at mid-ocean ridges-where the heat budget controls crustal structure, hydrothermal activity and a vibrant biosphere-the tempo of magmatic inputs in these regions remains poorly understood. Such timescales can be assessed, however, with natural radioactive-decay-chain nuclides, because chemical disruption to secular equilibrium systems initiates parent-daughter disequilibria, which re-equilibrate by the shorter half-life in a pair. Here we use 210Pb-226Ra-230Th radioactive disequilibria and other geochemical attributes in oceanic basalts less than 20 years old to infer that melts of the Earth's mantle can be transported, accumulated and erupted in a few decades. This implies that magmatic conditions can fluctuate rapidly at ridge volcanoes. 210Pb deficits of up to 15 per cent relative to 226Ra occur in normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, with the largest deficits in the most magnesium-rich lavas. The 22-year half-life of 210Pb requires very recent fractionation of these two uranium-series nuclides. Relationships between 210Pb-deficits, (226Ra/230Th) activity ratios and compatible trace-element ratios preclude crustal-magma differentiation or daughter-isotope degassing as the main causes for the signal. A mantle-melting model can simulate observed disequilibria but preservation requires a subsequent mechanism to transport melt rapidly. The likelihood of magmatic disequilibria occurring before melt enters shallow crustal magma bodies also limits differentiation and heat replenishment timescales to decades at the localities studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Rubin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Hawaii Center for Volcanology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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Carlut J, Cormier MH, Kent DV, Donnelly KE, Langmuir CH. Timing of volcanism along the northern East Pacific Rise based on paleointensity experiments on basaltic glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Carlut
- Laboratoire de Géologie, UMR 8538; CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; Paris France
| | - M.-H. Cormier
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - D. V. Kent
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - K. E. Donnelly
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - C. H. Langmuir
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
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Perfit MR, Cann JR, Fornari DJ, Engels J, Smith DK, Ridley WI, Edwards MH. Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges. Nature 2003; 426:62-5. [PMID: 14603316 DOI: 10.1038/nature02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lava erupts into cold sea water on the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges (at depths of 2,500 m and greater), and the resulting flows make up the upper part of the global oceanic crust. Interactions between heated sea water and molten basaltic lava could exert significant control on the dynamics of lava flows and on their chemistry. But it has been thought that heating sea water at pressures of several hundred bars cannot produce significant amounts of vapour and that a thick crust of chilled glass on the exterior of lava flows minimizes the interaction of lava with sea water. Here we present evidence to the contrary, and show that bubbles of vaporized sea water often rise through the base of lava flows and collect beneath the chilled upper crust. These bubbles of steam at magmatic temperatures may interact both chemically and physically with flowing lava, which could influence our understanding of deep-sea volcanic processes and oceanic crustal construction more generally. We infer that vapour formation plays an important role in creating the collapse features that characterize much of the upper oceanic crust and may accordingly contribute to the measured low seismic velocities in this layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Perfit
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Shah AK, Cormier MH, Ryan WBF, Jin W, Sinton J, Bergmanis E, Carlut J, Bradley A, Yoerger D. Episodic dike swarms inferred from near-bottom magnetic anomaly maps at the southern East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana K. Shah
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | | | - William B. F. Ryan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - Wen Jin
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - John Sinton
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Eric Bergmanis
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Julie Carlut
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - Al Bradley
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - Dana Yoerger
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
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Shank T, Fornari D, Yoerger D, Humphris S, Bradley A, Hammond S, Lupton J, Scheirer D, Collier R, Reysenbach AL, Ding K, Seyfried W, Butterfield D, Olson E, Lilley M. Deep submergence synergy: Alvin and ABE explore the Galapagos Rift at 86°W. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003eo410001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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