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Sorooshian A, Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair J, Kleb MM, Mardi AH, Maring H, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Jo Scarino A, Schlosser J, Shingler T, Shook M, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031626. [PMID: 32699733 PMCID: PMC7375207 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long-term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer-reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019 have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): Aerosols (25%), Gases (24%), Development/Validation of Techniques, Models, and Retrievals (18%), Meteorology and Transport (9%), Air-Sea Interactions (8%), Clouds/Storms (8%), Atmospheric Deposition (7%), and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Joseph Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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An Assessment of Stratospheric Intrusions in Italian Mountain Regions Using STEFLUX. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is considered a global hot-spot region for climate change and air quality, especially concerning summer-time ozone (O3). Previous investigations indicated that the Mediterranean basin is a preferred region for stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange (STE) and deep stratospheric intrusion (SI) events. The Lagrangian tool STEFLUX, based on a STE climatology that uses the ERA Interim data, was hereby used to diagnose the occurrence of deep SI events in four mountain regions over the Italian peninsula, spanning from the Alpine region to the southern Apennines. By using near-surface O3 and relative humidity (RH) observations at three high-mountain observatories, we investigated the performance of STEFLUX in detecting deep SI events. Both experimental and STEFLUX detections agreed in describing the seasonal cycle of SI occurrence. Moreover, STEFLUX showed skills in detecting “long-lasting” SI events, especially in the Alps and in the northern Apennines. By using STEFLUX, we found positive tendencies in the SI occurrence during 1979–2017. However, in contrast to similar studies carried out in the Alpine region, the negative long-term (1996–2016) trend of O3 in the northern Apennines did not appear to be related to the SI’s variability.
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ. Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long-term U.S. monitoring sites: 2. Links between Trinidad Head, CA, profile clusters and inland surface ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:1261-1280. [PMID: 29619290 PMCID: PMC5880040 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on the transport of ozone (O3) to the Western U.S., particularly given the latest revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to 70 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of O3. This makes defining a "background" O3 amount essential so that the effects of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange and pollution transport to this region can be quantified. To evaluate free-tropospheric and surface O3 in the Western U.S., we use self-organizing maps to cluster 18 years of ozonesonde profiles (940 samples) from Trinidad Head, CA. Two of nine O3 mixing ratio profile clusters exhibit thin laminae of high O3 above Trinidad Head. A third, consisting of background (~20 - 40 ppbv) O3, occurs in ~10% of profiles. The high O3 layers are located between 1 and 4 km amsl, and reside above a subsidence inversion associated with a northern location of the semi-permanent Pacific subtropical high. Several ancillary data sets are examined to identify the high O3 sources (reanalyses, trajectories, remotely-sensed carbon monoxide), but distinguishing chemical and stratospheric influences of the elevated O3 is difficult. There is marked and long-lasting impact of the elevated tropospheric O3 on high-altitude surface O3 monitors at Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, and Truckee, CA. Days corresponding to the high O3 clusters exhibit hourly surface O3 anomalies of +5 - 10 ppbv compared to a climatology; the anomalies can last up to four days. The profile and surface O3 links demonstrate the importance of regular ozonesonde profiling at Trinidad Head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland - College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan J Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Lin M, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Cooper OR, Naik V, Holloway J, Johnson BJ, Middlebrook AM, Oltmans SJ, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Warner JX, Wiedinmyer C, Wilson J, Wyman B. Transport of Asian ozone pollution into surface air over the western United States in spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thompson AM, Stone JB, Witte JC, Miller SK, Pierce RB, Chatfield RB, Oltmans SJ, Cooper OR, Loucks AL, Taubman BF, Johnson BJ, Joseph E, Kucsera TL, Merrill JT, Morris GA, Hersey S, Forbes G, Newchurch MJ, Schmidlin FJ, Tarasick DW, Thouret V, Cammas JP. Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) 2004: 1. Summertime upper troposphere/lower stratosphere ozone over northeastern North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huntrieser H. Intercontinental air pollution transport from North America to Europe: Experimental evidence from airborne measurements and surface observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper O, Forster C, Parrish D, Dunlea E, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld F, Holloway J, Oltmans S, Johnson B, Wimmers A, Horowitz L. On the life cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Forster
- Department of Ecology; Technical University of Munich; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - D. Parrish
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Dunlea
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Oltmans
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Johnson
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Wimmers
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - L. Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton New Jersey USA
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Cooper OR, Forster C, Parrish D, Trainer M, Dunlea E, Ryerson T, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld F, Nicks D, Holloway J, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Roberts JM, Flocke F, Moody J. A case study of transpacific warm conveyor belt transport: Influence of merging airstreams on trace gas import to North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. R. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Forster
- Department of Ecology; Technical University of Munich; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - D. Parrish
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Trainer
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Dunlea
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. Ryerson
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - D. Nicks
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. M. Roberts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Moody
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
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Methven J, Arnold SR, O'Connor FM, Barjat H, Dewey K, Kent J, Brough N. Estimating photochemically produced ozone throughout a domain using flight data and a Lagrangian model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Methven
- Department of Meteorology; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - S. R. Arnold
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - F. M. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - K. Dewey
- Met Research Flight; Farnborough UK
| | - J. Kent
- Met Research Flight; Farnborough UK
| | - N. Brough
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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Miyazaki Y. Synoptic-scale transport of reactive nitrogen over the western Pacific in spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Esler JG. Transport and mixing between airmasses in cold frontal regions during Dynamics and Chemistry of Frontal Zones (DCFZ). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stohl A. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hess PG. Intercontinental transport, chemical transformations, and baroclinic systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Trickl T. Intercontinental transport and its influence on the ozone concentrations over central Europe: Three case studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stohl A, Trainer M, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Parrish DD. Export of NOyfrom the North American boundary layer during 1996 and 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stohl
- Lehrstuhl für Bioklimatologie und Immissionsforschung; Technical University of Munich; Freising Germany
| | - Michael Trainer
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Tom B. Ryerson
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John S. Holloway
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - David D. Parrish
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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Cooper OR. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A conceptual model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cooper OR. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A seasonal comparison of O3and CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thouret V, Cho JYN, Evans MJ, Newell RE, Avery MA, Barrick JDW, Sachse GW, Gregory GL. Tropospheric ozone layers observed during PEM-Tropics B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stohl A, James P, Forster C, Spichtinger N, Marenco A, Thouret V, Smit HGJ. An extension of Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapour by Airbus In-service Aircraft (MOZAIC) ozone climatologies using trajectory statistics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cooper OR, Moody JL, Parrish DD, Trainer M, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld FC, Oltmans SJ, Evans MJ. Trace gas signatures of the airstreams within North Atlantic cyclones: Case studies from the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE ’97) aircraft intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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