1
|
Zheng G, Wang Y, Wood R, Jensen MP, Kuang C, McCoy IL, Matthews A, Mei F, Tomlinson JM, Shilling JE, Zawadowicz MA, Crosbie E, Moore R, Ziemba L, Andreae MO, Wang J. New particle formation in the remote marine boundary layer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:527. [PMID: 33483480 PMCID: PMC7822916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine low clouds play an important role in the climate system, and their properties are sensitive to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. While new particle formation represents a major source of cloud condensation nuclei globally, the prevailing view is that new particle formation rarely occurs in remote marine boundary layer over open oceans. Here we present evidence of the regular and frequent occurrence of new particle formation in the upper part of remote marine boundary layer following cold front passages. The new particle formation is facilitated by a combination of efficient removal of existing particles by precipitation, cold air temperatures, vertical transport of reactive gases from the ocean surface, and high actinic fluxes in a broken cloud field. The newly formed particles subsequently grow and contribute substantially to cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer and thereby impact marine low clouds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael P Jensen
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Isabel L McCoy
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Matthews
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jason M Tomlinson
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Measurement & Data Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen Y, Wang J, Gao Y, Chan CK, Zhu Y, Gao H, Petäjä T, Yao X. Sources and formation of nucleation mode particles in remote tropical marine atmospheres over the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139302. [PMID: 32473431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fast mobility particle sizer operating at a one-second time resolution was used to measure aerosol particle number size distribution (5.6-560 nm) in marine conditions over the South China Sea (SCS) from 29 March to 2 May 2017 and in the tropic zone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) from 10 to 29 October 2018. The clean background number concentration of nucleation mode atmospheric particles (<30 nm) was approximately 0.6 × 103 cm-3 in these areas. Two nighttime and five daytime strong new particle formation (NPF) events were observed to occur extending over a spatial scale from 2 to 140 km in the SCS, with a net increase of nucleation mode particles of 4.5 × 104 cm-3 ± 3.4 × 104 cm-3 during five of the seven events. Nighttime NPF events were unlikely associated with sulfuric acid vapor because of lack of photochemical reactions. Daytime NPF events share several common features with nighttime NPF events, e.g., dramatic spatiotemporal variations in the number concentration of the nucleation mode particles. Without aerosol precursor measurements we cannot address the vapors driving the formation process. However, our results show no banana-shaped growth of the particles. The growth into larger particle sizes seems to be restricted by the availability of condensable components in the gas phase. The nucleation mode was observed and sometimes even dominated the number concentration over other particle modes in the marine atmosphere over the tropic zone of the NWPO. In addition, more data obtained during the two campaigns and other campaigns were also applied to strengthen the analysis in terms of origins, formation and absent growth of nucleation mode particles in the marine atmospheres over the two tropic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE)/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Impact of Sea Breeze Dynamics on Atmospheric Pollutants and Their Toxicity in Industrial and Urban Coastal Environments. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea breeze (SB) phenomena may strongly influence air quality and lead to important effects on human health. In order to study the impact of SB dynamics on the properties and toxicity of aerosols, an atmospheric mobile unit was deployed during a field campaign performed in an urbanized and industrialized coastal area in Northern France. This unit combines aerosol samplers, two scanning lidars (Doppler and elastic) and an air-liquid interface (ALI, Vitrocell®) in vitro cell exposure device. Our study highlights that after the passage of an SB front, the top of the atmospheric boundary layer collapses as the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) develops, which leads to high aerosol extinction coefficient values (>0.4 km−1) and an increase of PM2.5 and NOx concentrations in the SB current. The number-size distribution of particles indicates a high proportion of fine particles (with diameter below 500 nm), while the volume-size distribution shows a major mode of coarse particles centered on 2–3 µm. Individual particle analyses performed by cryo-transmission scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TSEM)-EDX highlights that submicronic particles contained a high fraction of secondary compounds, which may result from nucleation and/or condensation of condensable species (vapors or gaseous species after photo-oxidation). Secondary aerosol (SA) formation can be enhanced in some areas, by the interaction between the SB flow and the upper continental air mass, particularly due to the effect of both turbulence and temperature/humidity gradients between these two contrasting air masses. Potential areas of SA formation are located near the ground, during the SB front passage and in the vicinity of the SB current top. During the sea breeze event, an increase in the oxidative stress and inflammation processes in exposed lung cells, compared to the unexposed cells, can also be seen. In some instances, short singularity periods are observed during SB, corresponding to a double flow structure. It consists of two adjacent SB currents that induce an important increase of the TIBL top, improving the pollutants dispersion. This is associated with a substantial decrease of aerosol mass concentrations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan J, Jung J, Zhang M, Xu S, Lin Q, Zhao S, Chen L. Significant Underestimation of Gaseous Methanesulfonic Acid (MSA) over Southern Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13064-13070. [PMID: 31670933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA), derived from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS), has a significant impact on biogenic sulfur cycle and climate. Gaseous MSA (MSAg) has been often ignored in previous studies due to its quick conversion to particulate MSA (MSAp) and low concentrations. MSAg, MSAp, and nss-SO42- were observed simultaneously for the first time with high-time-resolution (1 h) in the Southern Ocean (SO). The mean MSAg level reached up to 3.3 ± 1.6 pptv, ranging from ∼24.5 pptv in the SO, contributing to 31% ± 3% to the total MSA (MSAT). A reduction of the MSA to nss-SO42- ratios by about 30% was obtained when MSAg was not accounted for in the calculation, indicating that MSAg was very important in the assessment of the biogenic sulfur contributions in the atmosphere. Mass ratios of MSA to nss-SO42- increased first and then decreased with the temperature from -10 to 5 °C, with a maximum value at the temperature of -3 °C. Positive correlations between MSAg to MSAT ratios and temperature were presented, when the temperature was higher than 5 °C. This study highlights the importance of MSAg for understanding the atmospheric DMS oxidation mechanism and extends the knowledge of MSA formation in the marine atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon , 21990 , Republic of Korea
| | - Miming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Suqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanchez KJ, Chen CL, Russell LM, Betha R, Liu J, Price DJ, Massoli P, Ziemba LD, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Müller M, Schiller SA, Wisthaler A, Lee AKY, Quinn PK, Bates TS, Porter J, Bell TG, Saltzman ES, Vaillancourt RD, Behrenfeld MJ. Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3235. [PMID: 29459666 PMCID: PMC5818515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic sources contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the clean marine atmosphere, but few measurements exist to constrain climate model simulations of their importance. The chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosol particles showed two types of sulfate-containing particles in clean marine air masses in addition to mass-based Estimated Salt particles. Both types of sulfate particles lack combustion tracers and correlate, for some conditions, to atmospheric or seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations, which means their source was largely biogenic. The first type is identified as New Sulfate because their large sulfate mass fraction (63% sulfate) and association with entrainment conditions means they could have formed by nucleation in the free troposphere. The second type is Added Sulfate particles (38% sulfate), because they are preexisting particles onto which additional sulfate condensed. New Sulfate particles accounted for 31% (7 cm-3) and 33% (36 cm-3) CCN at 0.1% supersaturation in late-autumn and late-spring, respectively, whereas sea spray provided 55% (13 cm-3) in late-autumn but only 4% (4 cm-3) in late-spring. Our results show a clear seasonal difference in the marine CCN budget, which illustrates how important phytoplankton-produced DMS emissions are for CCN in the North Atlantic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sanchez
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Li Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Raghu Betha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven A Schiller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy S Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Porter
- The Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Saltzman
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike J Behrenfeld
- The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hao Y, Pan X, Song L, Ding Y, Xia W, Wang S, Yu H, Kang L, Yao L. Anharmonic effect of the rate constant of the reactions of CH3SCH2OO system in high-temperature combustion. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study mainly focuses on the anharmonic effect of the reactions of CH3SCH2OO system. The geometries of the reactants and the transition states are optimized with Gaussian 09. The barrier heights are calculated with the energy of the reactants and the transition states. The RRKM theory is utilized to calculate the anharmonic and harmonic rate constants of the reactions. The anharmonic effect of these reactions can be clearly demonstrated by our results. Generally speaking, in the study, for most reactions, the rate constants increase with the temperature in the canonical case and the total energy in the microcanonical case, and the anharmonic effect of these reactions is significant and should not be neglected in high-temperature combustion. In CH3SCH2OO system, CH3SCH2OO → CH2SCH2OOH → CH2S + CH2O + OH is the main reaction channel. After a series of calculations, the anharmonic effect is remarkable, especially in high-temperature combustion. By analyzing other meaningful reactions that followed that channel above, the anharmonic effect of these reactions is generally obvious enough, especially for those reactions whose barrier heights are relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Liguo Song
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Shiye Wang
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hongjing Yu
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Liqiang Kang
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Li Yao
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu R, Wang S, Wang L. New Mechanism for the Atmospheric Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide. The Importance of Intramolecular Hydrogen Shift in a CH3SCH2OO Radical. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:112-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles. OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS OF GASES AND PARTICLES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Zidi ZS. On the stability of ion water clusters at atmospheric conditions: Open system Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:124107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4754528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
10
|
Dall'Osto M, Ceburnis D, Monahan C, Worsnop DR, Bialek J, Kulmala M, Kurtén T, Ehn M, Wenger J, Sodeau J, Healy R, O'Dowd C. Nitrogenated and aliphatic organic vapors as possible drivers for marine secondary organic aerosol growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions. Nature 2011; 480:51-6. [PMID: 22129724 DOI: 10.1038/nature10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than twenty years ago, a biological regulation of climate was proposed whereby emissions of dimethyl sulphide from oceanic phytoplankton resulted in the formation of aerosol particles that acted as cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. In this hypothesis--referred to as CLAW--the increase in cloud condensation nuclei led to an increase in cloud albedo with the resulting changes in temperature and radiation initiating a climate feedback altering dimethyl sulphide emissions from phytoplankton. Over the past two decades, observations in the marine boundary layer, laboratory studies and modelling efforts have been conducted seeking evidence for the CLAW hypothesis. The results indicate that a dimethyl sulphide biological control over cloud condensation nuclei probably does not exist and that sources of these nuclei to the marine boundary layer and the response of clouds to changes in aerosol are much more complex than was recognized twenty years ago. These results indicate that it is time to retire the CLAW hypothesis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang RYW, Sjostedt SJ, Pierce JR, Papakyriakou TN, Scarratt MG, Michaud S, Levasseur M, Leaitch WR, Abbatt JPD. Relating atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation events in the Canadian Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Hawkins LN, Russell LM, Covert DS, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Carboxylic acids, sulfates, and organosulfates in processed continental organic aerosol over the southeast Pacific Ocean during VOCALS-REx 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Korhonen H, Carslaw KS, Spracklen DV, Mann GW, Woodhouse MT. Influence of oceanic dimethyl sulfide emissions on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and seasonality over the remote Southern Hemisphere oceans: A global model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Karl M, Gross A, Leck C, Pirjola L. Intercomparison of dimethylsulfide oxidation mechanisms for the marine boundary layer: Gaseous and particulate sulfur constituents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
O'Dowd CD, de Leeuw G. Marine aerosol production: a review of the current knowledge. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2007; 365:1753-74. [PMID: 17513261 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The current knowledge in primary and secondary marine aerosol formation is reviewed. For primary marine aerosol source functions, recent source functions have demonstrated a significant flux of submicrometre particles down to radii of 20 nm. Moreover, the source functions derived from different techniques up to 10 microm have come within a factor of two of each other. For secondary marine aerosol formation, recent advances have identified iodine oxides and isoprene oxidation products, in addition to sulphuric acid, as contributing to formation and growth, although the exact roles remains to be determined. While a multistep process seems to be required, isoprene oxidation products are more likely to participate in growth and sulphuric acid is more likely to participate in nucleation. Iodine oxides are likely to participate in both nucleation and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D O'Dowd
- Department of Experimental Physics and Environmental Change Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nicovich JM, Parthasarathy S, Pope FD, Pegus AT, McKee ML, Wine PH. Kinetics, Mechanism, and Thermochemistry of the Gas Phase Reaction of Atomic Chlorine with Dimethyl Sulfoxide. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6874-85. [PMID: 16722703 DOI: 10.1021/jp0567467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A laser flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to study the kinetics of the reaction of chlorine atoms with dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3S(O)CH3; DMSO) as a function of temperature (270-571 K) and pressure (5-500 Torr) in nitrogen bath gas. At T = 296 K and P > or = 5 Torr, measured rate coefficients increase with increasing pressure. Combining our data with literature values for low-pressure rate coefficients (0.5-3 Torr He) leads to a rate coefficient for the pressure independent H-transfer channel of k1a = 1.45 x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) and the following falloff parameters for the pressure-dependent addition channel in N2 bath gas: k(1b,0) = 2.53 x 10(-28) cm6 molecule(-2) s(-1); k(1b,infinity) = 1.17 x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1), F(c) = 0.503. At the 95% confidence level, both k1a and k1b(P) have estimated accuracies of +/-30%. At T > 430 K, where adduct decomposition is fast enough that only the H-transfer pathway is important, measured rate coefficients are independent of pressure (30-100 Torr N2) and increase with increasing temperature. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients measured at over the range 438-571 K: k1a = (4.6 +/- 0.4) x 10(-11) exp[-(472 +/- 40)/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (uncertainties are 2sigma, precision only). When our data at T > 430 K are combined with values for k1a at temperatures of 273-335 K that are obtained by correcting reported low-pressure rate coefficients from discharge flow studies to remove the contribution from the pressure-dependent channel, the following modified Arrhenius expression best describes the derived temperature dependence: k1a = 1.34 x 10(-15)T(1.40) exp(+383/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (273 K < or = T < or = 571 K). At temperatures around 330 K, reversible addition is observed, thus allowing equilibrium constants for Cl-DMSO formation and dissociation to be determined. A third-law analysis of the equilibrium data using structural information obtained from electronic structure calculations leads to the following thermochemical parameters for the association reaction: delta(r)H(o)298 = -72.8 +/- 2.9 kJ mol(-1), deltaH(o)0 = -71.5 +/- 3.3 kJ mol(-1), and delta(r)S(o)298 = -110.6 +/- 4.0 J K(-1) mol(-1). In conjunction with standard enthalpies of formation of Cl and DMSO taken from the literature, the above values for delta(r)H(o) lead to the following values for the standard enthalpy of formation of Cl-DMSO: delta(f)H(o)298 = -102.7 +/- 4.9 kJ mol(-1) and delta(r)H(o)0 = -84.4 +/- 5.8 kJ mol(-1). Uncertainties in the above thermochemical parameters represent estimated accuracy at the 95% confidence level. In agreement with one published theoretical study, electronic structure calculations using density functional theory and G3B3 theory reproduce the experimental adduct bond strength quite well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Nicovich
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Petters MD, Snider JR, Stevens B, Vali G, Faloona I, Russell LM. Accumulation mode aerosol, pockets of open cells, and particle nucleation in the remote subtropical Pacific marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
O'Dowd CD, Jimenez JL, Bahreini R, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Hämeri K, Pirjola L, Kulmala M, Jennings SG, Hoffmann T. Marine aerosols and iodine emissions (Reply). Nature 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/nature03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Gross A, Barnes I, Sørensen RM, Kongsted J, Mikkelsen KV. A Theoretical Study of the Reaction between CH3S(OH)CH3 and O2. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048852z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gross
- Meteorological Research Department, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Fachbereich CPhysikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - I. Barnes
- Meteorological Research Department, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Fachbereich CPhysikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - R. M. Sørensen
- Meteorological Research Department, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Fachbereich CPhysikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - J. Kongsted
- Meteorological Research Department, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Fachbereich CPhysikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - K. V. Mikkelsen
- Meteorological Research Department, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Fachbereich CPhysikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McNaughton CS. Spatial distribution and size evolution of particles in Asian outflow: Significance of primary and secondary aerosols during ACE-Asia and TRACE-P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Shinozuka Y. Sea-salt vertical profiles over the Southern and tropical Pacific oceans: Microphysics, optical properties, spatial variability, and variations with wind speed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- K. Max Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering; University of California; Davis California USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
O'Dowd CD, Jimenez JL, Bahreini R, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Hämeri K, Pirjola L, Kulmala M, Jennings SG, Hoffmann T. Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions. Nature 2002; 417:632-6. [PMID: 12050661 DOI: 10.1038/nature00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei--from which marine clouds originate--depends ultimately on the availability of new, nanometre-scale particles in the marine boundary layer. Because marine aerosols and clouds scatter incoming radiation and contribute a cooling effect to the Earth's radiation budget, new particle production is important in climate regulation. It has been suggested that sulphuric acid derived from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide is responsible for the production of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. It was accordingly proposed that algae producing dimethyl sulphide play a role in climate regulation, but this has been difficult to prove and, consequently, the processes controlling marine particle formation remains largely undetermined. Here, using smog chamber experiments under coastal atmospheric conditions, we demonstrate that new particles can form from condensable iodine-containing vapours, which are the photolysis products of biogenic iodocarbons emitted from marine algae. Moreover, we illustrate, using aerosol formation models, that concentrations of condensable iodine-containing vapours over the open ocean are sufficient to influence marine particle formation. We suggest therefore that marine iodocarbon emissions have a potentially significant effect on global radiative forcing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D O'Dowd
- Department of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pirjola L. A model prediction of the yield of cloud condensation nuclei from coastal nucleation events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
O'Dowd CD. Coastal new particle formation: Environmental conditions and aerosol physicochemical characteristics during nucleation bursts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
29
|
Weber RJ, Moore K, Kapustin V, Clarke A, Mauldin RL, Kosciuch E, Cantrell C, Eisele F, Anderson B, Thornhill L. Nucleation in the equatorial Pacific during PEM-Tropics B: Enhanced boundary layer H2SO4with no particle production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|