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Wang C, Liu Y, Huang T, Feng Y, Wang Z, Lu R, Jiang S. Sulfuric acid-dimethylamine particle formation enhanced by functional organic acids: an integrated experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23540-23550. [PMID: 36129069 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01671k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which has been observed globally in clean and polluted environments, is an important source of boundary-layer aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei, but the fundamental mechanisms leading to multi-component aerosol formation have not been well understood. Here, we use experiments and quantum chemical calculations to better understand the involvement of carboxylic acids in initial NPF from gas phase mixtures of carboxylic acid, sulfuric acid (SA), dimethylamine, and water. A turbulent flow tube coupled to an ultrafine condensation particle counter with particle size magnifier has been set up to measure NPF. Experimental results show that pyruvic acid (PA), succinic acid (SUA), and malic acid (MA) can enhance sulfuric acid-dimethylamine nucleation in the order PA < SUA < MA with a greater enhancement observed at lower SA concentrations. Computational results indicate that the carboxylic and hydroxyl groups are related to the enhancement. This experiment-theory study shows the formation of multi-component aerosol particles and the role of the organic functional group, which may aid in understanding the role of organics in aerosol nucleation and growth in polluted areas, and help to choose organic molecules of specific structures for simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei, Anhui, 238024, China
| | - Yirong Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Yajuan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Zhongquan Wang
- Department of Physics, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, China
| | - Runqi Lu
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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2
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Zhan Z, Seager S, Petkowski JJ, Sousa-Silva C, Ranjan S, Huang J, Bains W. Assessment of Isoprene as a Possible Biosignature Gas in Exoplanets with Anoxic Atmospheres. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:765-792. [PMID: 33798392 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for possible biosignature gases in habitable exoplanet atmospheres is accelerating, although actual observations are likely years away. This work adds isoprene, C5H8, to the roster of biosignature gases. We found that isoprene geochemical formation is highly thermodynamically disfavored and has no known abiotic false positives. The isoprene production rate on Earth rivals that of methane (CH4; ∼500 Tg/year). Unlike methane, on Earth isoprene is rapidly destroyed by oxygen-containing radicals. Although isoprene is predominantly produced by deciduous trees, isoprene production is ubiquitous to a diverse array of evolutionary distant organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals-few, if any, volatile secondary metabolites have a larger evolutionary reach. Although non-photochemical sinks of isoprene may exist, such as degradation of isoprene by life or other high deposition rates, destruction of isoprene in an anoxic atmosphere is mainly driven by photochemistry. Motivated by the concept that isoprene might accumulate in anoxic environments, we model the photochemistry and spectroscopic detection of isoprene in habitable temperature, rocky exoplanet anoxic atmospheres with a variety of atmosphere compositions under different host star ultraviolet fluxes. Limited by an assumed 10 ppm instrument noise floor, habitable atmosphere characterization when using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is only achievable with a transit signal similar or larger than that for a super-Earth-sized exoplanet transiting an M dwarf star with an H2-dominated atmosphere. Unfortunately, isoprene cannot accumulate to detectable abundance without entering a run-away phase, which occurs at a very high production rate, ∼100 times the Earth's production rate. In this run-away scenario, isoprene will accumulate to >100 ppm, and its spectral features are detectable with ∼20 JWST transits. One caveat is that some isoprene spectral features are hard to distinguish from those of methane and also from other hydrocarbons containing the isoprene substructure. Despite these challenges, isoprene is worth adding to the menu of potential biosignature gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchang Zhan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janusz Jurand Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clara Sousa-Silva
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sukrit Ranjan
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Rufus Scientific, Royston, United Kingdom
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3
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Jiang H, Ahmed CMS, Zhao Z, Chen JY, Zhang H, Canchola A, Lin YH. Role of functional groups in reaction kinetics of dithiothreitol with secondary organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114402. [PMID: 32247903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of organic aerosols has been largely ascribed to the generation of reactive oxygen species, which could subsequently induce oxidative stress in biological systems. The reaction of DTT with redox-active species in PM has been generally assumed to be pseudo-first order, with the oxidative potential of PM being represented by the DTT consumption per minute of reaction time per μg of PM. Although catalytic reactive species such as transition metals and quinones are long believed to be the main contributors of DTT responses, the role of non-catalytic DTT reactive species such as organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) and electron-deficient alkenes (e.g., conjugated carbonyls) in DTT consumption has been recently highlighted. Thus, understanding the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of DTT consumption by various PM components is required to interpret the oxidative potential measured by DTT assays more accurately. In this study, we measured the DTT consumptions over time and characterized the reaction products using model compounds and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) with varying initial concentrations. We observed that the DTT consumption rates linearly increased with both initial DTT and sample concentrations. The overall reaction order of DTT with non-catalytic reactive species and SOA in this study is second order. The reactions of DTT with different functional groups have significantly different rate constants. The reaction rate constant of isoprene SOA with DTT is mainly determined by the concentration of ROOH. For toluene SOA, both ROOH and electron-deficient alkenes may dominate its DTT reaction rates. These results provide some insights into the interpretation of DTT-based aerosol oxidative potential and highlight the need to study the toxicity mechanism of ROOH and electron-deficient alkenes in PM for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - C M Sabbir Ahmed
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Zixu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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4
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Zawadowicz MA, Lee BH, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Flynn C, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Photolysis Controls Atmospheric Budgets of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3861-3870. [PMID: 32154714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of the tropospheric particulate matter. Although SOA production rates and mechanisms have been extensively investigated, loss pathways remain uncertain. Most large-scale chemistry and transport models account for mechanical deposition of SOA but not chemical losses such as photolysis. There is also a paucity of laboratory measurements of SOA photolysis, which limits how well photolytic losses can be modeled. Here, we show, through a combined experimental and modeling approach, that photolytic loss of SOA mass significantly alters SOA budget predictions. Using environmental chamber experiments at variable relative humidity between 0 and 60%, we find that SOA produced from several biogenic volatile organic compounds undergoes photolysis-induced mass loss at rates between 0 and 2.2 ± 0.4% of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) photolysis, equivalent to average atmospheric lifetimes as short as 10 h. We incorporate our photolysis rates into a regional chemical transport model to test the sensitivity of predicted SOA mass concentrations to photolytic losses. The addition of photolysis causes a ∼50% reduction in biogenic SOA loadings over the Amazon, indicating that photolysis exerts a substantial control over the atmospheric SOA lifetime, with a likely dependence upon the SOA molecular composition and thus production mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Connor Flynn
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Peng Z, Jimenez JL. Radical chemistry in oxidation flow reactors for atmospheric chemistry research. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2570-2616. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We summarize the studies on the chemistry in oxidation flow reactor and discuss its atmospheric relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
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6
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Medeiros DJ, Blitz MA, James L, Speak TH, Seakins PW. Kinetics of the Reaction of OH with Isoprene over a Wide Range of Temperature and Pressure Including Direct Observation of Equilibrium with the OH Adducts. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7239-7255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Medeiros
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - M. A. Blitz
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - L. James
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - T. H. Speak
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - P. W. Seakins
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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7
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Yu H, Guenther A, Gu D, Warneke C, Geron C, Goldstein A, Graus M, Karl T, Kaser L, Misztal P, Yuan B. Airborne measurements of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from southeastern U.S. forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:149-158. [PMID: 28384571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and monoterpene emission rates are essential inputs for atmospheric chemistry models that simulate atmospheric oxidant and particle distributions. Process studies of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms controlling these emissions are advancing our understanding and the accuracy of model predictions but efforts to quantify regional emissions have been limited by a lack of constraints on regional distributions of ecosystem emission capacities. We used an airborne wavelet-based eddy covariance measurement technique to characterize isoprene and monoterpene fluxes with high spatial resolution during the 2013 SAS (Southeast Atmosphere Study) in the southeastern United States. The fluxes measured by direct eddy covariance were comparable to emissions independently estimated using an indirect inverse modeling approach. Isoprene emission factors based on the aircraft wavelet flux estimates for high isoprene chemotypes (e.g., oaks) were similar to the MEGAN2.1 biogenic emission model estimates for landscapes dominated by oaks. Aircraft flux measurement estimates for landscapes with fewer isoprene emitting trees (e.g., pine plantations), were about a factor of two lower than MEGAN2.1 model estimates. The tendency for high isoprene emitters in these landscapes to occur in the shaded understory, where light dependent isoprene emissions are diminished, may explain the lower than expected emissions. This result demonstrates the importance of accurately representing the vertical profile of isoprene emitting biomass in biogenic emission models. Airborne measurement-based emission factors for high monoterpene chemotypes agreed with MEGAN2.1 in landscapes dominated by pine (high monoterpene chemotype) trees but were more than a factor of three higher than model estimates for landscapes dominated by oak (relatively low monoterpene emitting) trees. This results suggests that unaccounted processes, such as floral emissions or light dependent monoterpene emissions, or vegetation other than high monoterpene emitting trees may be an important source of monoterpene emissions in those landscapes and should be identified and included in biogenic emission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Yu
- Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Earth System Science, 3200 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA.
| | - Dasa Gu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Department of Earth System Science, 3200 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chris Geron
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environment Protection Agency, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Allen Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Karl
- Institute of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pawel Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA; CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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8
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Abstract
Photochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons leads to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, with profound implications for air quality, human health, and climate. Toluene is the most abundant aromatic compound under urban environments, but its detailed chemical oxidation mechanism remains uncertain. From combined laboratory experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we show a toluene oxidation mechanism that is different from the one adopted in current atmospheric models. Our experimental work indicates a larger-than-expected branching ratio for cresols, but a negligible formation of ring-opening products (e.g., methylglyoxal). Quantum chemical calculations also demonstrate that cresols are much more stable than their corresponding peroxy radicals, and, for the most favorable OH (ortho) addition, the pathway of H extraction by O2 to form the cresol proceeds with a smaller barrier than O2 addition to form the peroxy radical. Our results reveal that phenolic (rather than peroxy radical) formation represents the dominant pathway for toluene oxidation, highlighting the necessity to reassess its role in ozone and SOA formation in the atmosphere.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Teng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and ‡Division of Engineering and Applied
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and ‡Division of Engineering and Applied
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and ‡Division of Engineering and Applied
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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10
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Abstract
Sulfate aerosols exert profound impacts on human and ecosystem health, weather, and climate, but their formation mechanism remains uncertain. Atmospheric models consistently underpredict sulfate levels under diverse environmental conditions. From atmospheric measurements in two Chinese megacities and complementary laboratory experiments, we show that the aqueous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is key to efficient sulfate formation but is only feasible under two atmospheric conditions: on fine aerosols with high relative humidity and NH3 neutralization or under cloud conditions. Under polluted environments, this SO2 oxidation process leads to large sulfate production rates and promotes formation of nitrate and organic matter on aqueous particles, exacerbating severe haze development. Effective haze mitigation is achievable by intervening in the sulfate formation process with enforced NH3 and NO2 control measures. In addition to explaining the polluted episodes currently occurring in China and during the 1952 London Fog, this sulfate production mechanism is widespread, and our results suggest a way to tackle this growing problem in China and much of the developing world.
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11
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Gomez-Hernandez M, McKeown M, Secrest J, Marrero-Ortiz W, Lavi A, Rudich Y, Collins DR, Zhang R. Hygroscopic Characteristics of Alkylaminium Carboxylate Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2292-2300. [PMID: 26794419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity for a series of alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols have been measured using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a condensation particle counter and a CCN counter. The particles, consisting of the mixtures of mono- (acetic, propanoic, p-toluic, and cis-pinonic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic, succinic, malic, adipic, and azelaic acid) acid with alkylamine (mono-, di-, and trimethylamines), represent those commonly found under diverse environmental conditions. The hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of the alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols was derived from the HGF and CCN results and theoretically calculated. The HGF at 90% RH is in the range of 1.3 to 1.8 for alkylaminium monocarboxylates and 1.1 to 2.2 for alkylaminium dicarboxylates, dependent on the molecular functionality (i.e., the carboxylic or OH functional group in organic acids and methyl substitution in alkylamines). The κ value for all alkylaminium carboxylates is in the range of 0.06-1.37 derived from the HGF measurements at 90% RH, 0.05-0.49 derived from the CCN measurements, and 0.22-0.66 theoretically calculated. The measured hygroscopicity of the alkylaminium carboxylates increases with decreasing acid to base ratio. The deliquescence point is apparent for several of the alkylaminium dicarboxylates but not for the alkylaminium monocarboxylates. Our results reveal that alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols exhibit distinct hygroscopic and deliquescent characteristics that are dependent on their molecular functionality, hence regulating their impacts on human health, air quality, and direct and indirect radiative forcing on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gomez-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Megan McKeown
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jeremiah Secrest
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Wilmarie Marrero-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Avi Lavi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Don R Collins
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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12
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Asian pollution climatically modulates mid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational analysis. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3098. [PMID: 24448316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of anthropogenic aerosols in Asia have raised considerable concern regarding its potential impact on the global atmosphere, but the magnitude of the associated climate forcing remains to be quantified. Here, using a novel hierarchical modelling approach and observational analysis, we demonstrate modulated mid-latitude cyclones by Asian pollution over the past three decades. Regional and seasonal simulations using a cloud-resolving model show that Asian pollution invigorates winter cyclones over the northwest Pacific, increasing precipitation by 7% and net cloud radiative forcing by 1.0 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere and by 1.7 W m(-2) at the Earth's surface. A global climate model incorporating the diabatic heating anomalies from Asian pollution produces a 9% enhanced transient eddy meridional heat flux and reconciles a decadal variation of mid-latitude cyclones derived from the Reanalysis data. Our results unambiguously reveal a large impact of the Asian pollutant outflows on the global general circulation and climate.
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14
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Qiu C, Khalizov AF, Hogan B, Petersen EL, Zhang R. High sensitivity of diesel soot morphological and optical properties to combustion temperature in a shock tube. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6444-6452. [PMID: 24803287 DOI: 10.1021/es405589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous particles produced from combustion of fossil fuels have strong impacts on air quality and climate, yet quantitative relationships between particle characteristics and combustion conditions remain inadequately understood. We have used a shock tube to study the formation and properties of diesel combustion soot, including particle size distributions, effective density, elemental carbon (EC) mass fraction, mass-mobility scaling exponent, hygroscopicity, and light absorption and scattering. These properties are found to be strongly dependent on the combustion temperature and fuel equivalence ratio. Whereas combustion at higher temperatures (∼2000 K) yields fractal particles of a larger size and high EC content (90 wt %), at lower temperatures (∼1400 K) smaller particles of a higher organic content (up to 65 wt %) are produced. Single scattering albedo of soot particles depends largely on their organic content, increasing drastically from 0.3 to 0.8 when the particle EC mass fraction decreases from 0.9 to 0.3. The mass absorption cross-section of diesel soot increases with combustion temperature, being the highest for particles with a higher EC content. Our results reveal that combustion conditions, especially the temperature, may have significant impacts on the direct and indirect climate forcing of atmospheric soot aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry & Industrial Hygiene, University of North Alabama , Florence, Alabama 35632-5049, United States
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15
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Khalizov AF, Lin Y, Qiu C, Guo S, Collins D, Zhang R. Role of OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene in aging of combustion soot. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2254-2263. [PMID: 23379649 DOI: 10.1021/es3045339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the contribution of OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene to the atmospheric aging of combustion soot. The experiments were conducted in a fluoropolymer chamber on size-classified soot aerosols in the presence of isoprene, photolytically generated OH, and nitrogen oxides. The evolution in the mixing state of soot was monitored from simultaneous measurements of the particle size and mass, which were used to calculate the particle effective density, dynamic shape factor, mass fractal dimension, and coating thickness. When soot particles age, the increase in mass is accompanied by a decrease in particle mobility diameter and an increase in effective density. Coating material not only fills in void spaces, but also causes partial restructuring of fractal soot aggregates. For thinly coated aggregates, the single scattering albedo increases weakly because of the decreased light absorption and practically unchanged scattering. Upon humidification, coated particles absorb water, leading to an additional compaction. Aging transforms initially hydrophobic soot particles into efficient cloud condensation nuclei at a rate that increases in the presence of nitrogen oxides. Our results suggest that ubiquitous biogenic isoprene plays an important role in aging of anthropogenic soot, shortening its atmospheric lifetime and considerably altering its impacts on air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei F Khalizov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
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16
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Slade JH, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of biomass burning organic aerosol surrogate compounds: assessment of volatilisation products and the role of OH concentration on the reactive uptake kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5898-915. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Qiu C, Khalizov AF, Zhang R. Soot aging from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9464-9472. [PMID: 22853850 DOI: 10.1021/es301883y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the impacts of secondary organic aerosol formation on soot properties from OH-initiated oxidation of toluene. Monodisperse soot particles are exposed to the oxidation products of the OH-toluene reaction in an environmental chamber, and variations in particle size, mass, organic mass faction, morphology, effective density, hygroscopicity, and optical properties are simultaneously determined by an integrated aerosol analytical system. The thickness of the organic coating, correlated to reaction time and initial reactant concentrations, is shown to largely govern the particle properties. With the development of organic coating, the soot core is changed from a highly fractal to compact form, evident from the measured effective density and dynamic shape factor. The organic coating increases the particle hygroscopicity, and further exposure of coated soot to elevated relative humidity results in a more spherical particle. The single scattering albedo and scattering and absorption cross sections are also enhanced with the organic coating. Our results suggest that the oxidation products of anthropogenic pollutants alter the composition and properties of soot particles and lead to increased particle density, hygroscopicity, and optical properties, considerably enhancing their impacts on air quality, climate forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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18
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Qiu C, Zhang R. Physiochemical properties of alkylaminium sulfates: hygroscopicity, thermostability, and density. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4474-4480. [PMID: 22417685 DOI: 10.1021/es3004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although heterogeneous interaction of amines has been recently shown to play an important role in the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols, little information is available on the physicochemical properties of aminium sulfates. In this study, the hygroscopicity, thermostability, and density of alkylaminium sulfates (AASs) have been measured by an integrated aerosol analytical system including a tandem differential mobility analyzer and an aerosol particle mass analyzer. AAS aerosols exhibit monotonic size growth at increasing RH without a well-defined deliquescence point. Mixing of ammonium sulfate (AS) with AASs lowers the deliquescence point corresponding to AS. Particles with AASs show comparable or higher thermostability than that of AS. The density of AASs is determined to be 1.2-1.5 g cm(-3), and an empirical model is developed to predict the density of AASs on the basis of the mole ratio of alkyl carbons to total sulfate. Our results reveal that the heterogeneous uptake of amines on sulfate particles may considerably alter the aerosol properties. In particular, the displacement reaction of alkylamines with ammonium sulfate aerosols leads to a transition from the crystalline to an amorphorous phase and an improved water uptake, considerably enhancing their direct and indirect climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Wang L, Xu W, Khalizov AF, Zheng J, Qiu C, Zhang R. Laboratory Investigation on the Role of Organics in Atmospheric Nanoparticle Growth. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8940-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering and Institute of Global Environment Change Research, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd., Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexei F. Khalizov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chong Qiu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering and Institute of Global Environment Change Research, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd., Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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20
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Qiu C, Wang L, Lal V, Khalizov AF, Zhang R. Heterogeneous reactions of alkylamines with ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4748-4755. [PMID: 21539370 DOI: 10.1021/es1043112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reactions between alkylamines and ammonium salts (ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate) have been studied using a low-pressure fast flow reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS) at 293 ± 2 K. The uptake of three alkylamines, i.e., monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, on ammonium sulfate shows a displacement reaction of ammonium by aminium, evidenced by the release of ammonia monitored using protonated acetone dimer as the reagent ion. For the three alkylamines, the initial uptake coefficients (γ(0)) range from 2.6 × 10(-2) to 3.4 × 10(-2) and the steady-state uptake coefficients (γ(ss)) range from 6.0 × 10(-3) to 2.3 × 10(-4) and decrease as the number of methyl groups on the alkylamine increases. A different reaction mechanism is observed for the uptake of the three alkylamines on ammonium bisulfate, which is featured by an acid-base reaction (neutralization) with irreversible alkylamine loss and no ammonia generation and occurs at a rate limited by diffusion of gaseous alkylamines to the ammonium bisulfate surface. Our results reveal that the reactions between alkylamines and ammonium salts contribute to particle growth and alter the composition of ammonium sulfate and bisulfate aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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21
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Khalizov AF, Cruz-Quinones M, Zhang R. Heterogeneous reaction of NO(2) on fresh and coated soot surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7516-24. [PMID: 20575530 DOI: 10.1021/jp1021938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) on fresh and coated soot surfaces has been investigated to assess its role in night-time formation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. Soot surfaces were prepared by incomplete combustion of propane and kerosene fuels under lean and rich flame conditions and then processed by heating to evaporate semivolatile species or by coating with pyrene, sulfuric acid, or glutaric acid. Uptake kinetics and HONO yield measurements were performed in a low-pressure fast-flow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS), using atmospheric-level NO(2) concentrations. The uptake coefficient and the HONO yield upon interaction of NO(2) with nascent soot depend on the type of fuel and combustion regime and are the highest for samples prepared using fuel rich flame. Heating the nascent soot samples before exposure to NO(2) removes the organic material from the soot backbone, leading to a significant increase in NO(2) uptake coefficient and HONO yield. Continuous exposure to NO(2) reduces the reactivity of soot because of irreversible deactivation of the surface sites. Our results support the oxidation-reduction mechanism involving adsorptive and reactive centers on soot surface where NO(2) is converted to HONO and other products. Coating of the soot surface by different materials to simulate atmospheric aging has a strong impact on its reactivity toward NO(2) and the resulting HONO production. Coating of pyrene has little effect on either reaction rate or HONO yield. Sulfuric acid coating does not alter the uptake coefficient, but significantly reduces the amount of HONO formed. Coating of glutaric acid significantly increases NO(2) uptake coefficient and HONO yield. The results of our study indicate that the reactivity and HONO generating capacity of internally mixed soot aerosol will depend on the chemical composition of the coating material and hence will vary considerably in different polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei F Khalizov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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22
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Zheng J, Khalizov A, Wang L, Zhang R. Atmospheric Pressure-Ion Drift Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Trace Gas Species. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7302-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101253n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3150
| | - Alexei Khalizov
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3150
| | - Lin Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3150
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3150
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23
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Clark J, Call ST, Austin DE, Hansen JC. Computational Study of Isoprene Hydroxyalkyl Peroxy Radical−Water Complexes (C5H8(OH)O2−H2O). J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6534-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102655g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Seth T. Call
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Daniel E. Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Jaron C. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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24
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Abstract
Oxidation of isoprene by the hydroxyl radical leads to tropospheric ozone formation. Consequently, a more complete understanding of this reaction could lead to better models of regional air quality, a better understanding of aerosol formation, and a better understanding of reaction kinetics and dynamics. The most common first step in the oxidation of isoprene is the formation of an adduct, with the hydroxyl radical adding to one of four unsaturated carbon atoms in isoprene. In this paper, we discuss how the initial conformations of isoprene, s-trans and s-gauche, influences the pathways to adduct formation. We explore the formation of pre-reactive complexes at low and high temperatures, which are often invoked to explain the negative temperature dependence of this reaction's kinetics. We show that at higher temperatures the free energy surface indicates that a pre-reactive complex is unlikely, while at low temperatures the complex exists on two reaction pathways. The theoretical results show that at low temperatures all eight pathways possess negative reaction barriers, and reaction energies that range from -36.7 to -23.0 kcal x mol(-1). At temperatures in the lower atmosphere, all eight pathways possess positive reaction barriers that range from 3.8 to 6.0 kcal x mol(-1) and reaction energies that range from -28.8 to -14.4 kcal x mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Allodi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Design, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323
| | - Karl N. Kirschner
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Design, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323
| | - George C. Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Design, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323
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25
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Theoretical Investigation of Atmospheric Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons: A Critical Review. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)00210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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26
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Greenwald EE, North SW, Georgievskii Y, Klippenstein SJ. A Two Transition State Model for Radical−Molecule Reactions: Applications to Isomeric Branching in the OH−Isoprene Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5582-92. [PMID: 17539617 DOI: 10.1021/jp071412y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A two transition state model is applied to the prediction of the isomeric branching in the addition of hydroxyl radical to isoprene. The outer transition state is treated with phase space theory fitted to long-range transition state theory calculations on an electrostatic potential energy surface. High-level quantum chemical estimates are applied to the treatment of the inner transition state. A one-dimensional master equation based on an analytic reduction from two-dimensions for a particular statistical assumption about the rotational part of the energy transfer kernel is employed in the calculation of the pressure dependence of the addition process. We find that an accurate treatment of the two separate transition state regions, at the energy and angular momentum resolved level, is essential to the prediction of the temperature dependence of the addition rate. The transition from a dominant outer transition state to a dominant inner transition state is shown to occur at about 275 K, with significant effects from both transition states over the 30-500 K temperature range. Modest adjustments in the ab initio predicted inner saddle point energies yield predictions that are in quantitative agreement with the available high-pressure limit experimental observations and qualitative agreement with those in the falloff regime. The theoretically predicted capture rate is reproduced to within 10% by the expression [1.71 x 10(-10)(T/298)(-2.58) exp(-608.6/RT) + 5.47 x 10(-11)(T/298)-1.78 exp(-97.3/RT); with R = 1.987 and T in K] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) over the 30-500 K range. A 300 K branching ratio of 0.67:0.02:0.02:0.29 was determined for formation of the four possible OH-isoprene adduct isomers 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and was found to be relatively insensitive to temperature. An Arrhenius activation energy of -0.77 kcal/mol was determined for the high-pressure addition rate constants around 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Greenwald
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842, USA
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27
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Hansmann B, Abel B. Kinetics in Cold Laval Nozzle Expansions: From Atmospheric Chemistry to Oxidation of Biomolecules in the Gas Phase. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:343-56. [PMID: 17290359 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New developments and recent applications of pulsed and miniaturised Laval nozzle technology allowing many gas-phase molecular processes to be studied at very low temperatures are highlighted. In the present Minireview we focus on molecular energy transfer and reactions of molecular radicals (e.g. OH) with neutral molecules. We show that with the combination of pulsed laser photolysis and sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection a large number of fast reactions of radicals with more or less complex neutral molecules can be measured in Laval nozzle expansions nowadays. It is also demonstrated that collisional energy transfer of neutral molecules can be measured via kinetically controlled selective fluorescence (KCSF) excitation down to 58 Kelvin. Finally, we show that even the primary steps in the oxidation of biomolecules or biomolecular building blocks initiated by OH radicals can be followed at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the measured rate constants is the key for an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the Laval nozzle expansion provides a unique environment for these measurements. The experimental finding that many reactions between radicals and neutral species can be rapid at low temperatures are discussed in terms of pre-reactive complexes formed in the overall complex forming bimolecular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hansmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Zhao J, Zhang R, Misawa K, Shibuya K. Experimental product study of the OH-initiated oxidation of m-xylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Ramírez-Ramírez VM, Nebot-Gil I. Fate of several hydroxyalkyl isoprene radicals: Formation of hydroxycarbonyl compounds. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Park J, Jongsma CG, Zhang R, North SW. OH/OD Initiated Oxidation of Isoprene in the Presence of O2 and NO. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040421t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Park
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Candice G. Jongsma
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Simon W. North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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31
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Spangenberg T, Köhler S, Hansmann B, Wachsmuth U, Abel B, Smith MA. Low-Temperature Reactions of OH Radicals with Propene and Isoprene in Pulsed Laval Nozzle Expansions. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031228m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Spangenberg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Köhler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Hansmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wachsmuth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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32
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Zhang R, Suh I, Zhao J, Zhang D, Fortner EC, Tie X, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Atmospheric new particle formation enhanced by organic acids. Science 2004; 304:1487-90. [PMID: 15178797 DOI: 10.1126/science.1095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols often contain a substantial fraction of organic matter, but the role of organic compounds in new nanometer-sized particle formation is highly uncertain. Laboratory experiments show that nucleation of sulfuric acid is considerably enhanced in the presence of aromatic acids. Theoretical calculations identify the formation of an unusually stable aromatic acid-sulfuric acid complex, which likely leads to a reduced nucleation barrier. The results imply that the interaction between organic and sulfuric acids promotes efficient formation of organic and sulfate aerosols in the polluted atmosphere because of emissions from burning of fossil fuels, which strongly affect human health and global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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33
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Zhang R, Lei W, Tie X, Hess P. Industrial emissions cause extreme urban ozone diurnal variability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6346-50. [PMID: 15084740 PMCID: PMC404047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401484101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulations with a regional chemical transport model show that anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO(2)) lead to a dramatic diurnal variation of surface ozone (O(3)) in Houston, Texas. During the daytime, photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds catalyzed by NO(x) results in episodes of elevated ambient O(3) levels significantly exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The O(3) production rate in Houston is significantly higher than those found in other cities over the United States. At night, a surface NO(x) maximum occurs because of continuous NO emission from industrial sources, and, consequently, an extensive urban-scale "hole" of surface ozone (<10 parts per billion by volume in the entire Houston area) is formed as a result of O(3) removal by NO. The results suggest that consideration of regulatory control of O(3) precursor emissions from the industrial sources is essential to formulate ozone abatement strategies in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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34
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Zhao J, Zhang R, Fortner EC, North SW. Quantification of Hydroxycarbonyls from OH−Isoprene Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2686-7. [PMID: 14995170 DOI: 10.1021/ja0386391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxycarbonyls arising from OH-initiated reactions of isoprene have been quantified by the technique of a flow reactor coupled to proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) detection. The yields of C5- and C4-hydroxycarbonyls are (19.3 +/- 6.1)% and (3.3 +/- 1.6)%, respectively, measured at a flow tube pressure of about 100 Torr and at a temperature of 298 +/- 2 K. A yield of (8.4 +/- 2.4)% is obtained for the unsaturated carbonyl C5H8O, confirming that internal OH addition represents the minor channel in the initial OH-isoprene reaction. The results show that those carbonyl compounds account for the most previously unquantified carbon, enabling the isoprene carbon closure. The study also reveals novel aspects of the delta-hydroxyalkoxy radical degradation mechanism, which is essential for modeling tropospheric O3 formation. In addition, this work demonstrates the application of PTR-MS for quantification of products of hydrocarbon reactions, which should have profound impacts on elucidation of the chemistry of atmospheric anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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35
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Campuzano-Jost P, Williams MB, D'Otton L, Hynes AJ. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of the Hydroxyl Radical with h8-Isoprene and d8-Isoprene: Isoprene Absorption Cross Sections, Rate Coefficients, and the Mechanism of Hydroperoxyl Radical Production. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0363601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Campuzano-Jost
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149-1098
| | - M. B. Williams
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149-1098
| | - L. D'Otton
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149-1098
| | - A. J. Hynes
- Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149-1098
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36
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Lei W. Chemical characterization of ozone formation in the Houston-Galveston area: A chemical transport model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Zhang D, Zhang R, North SW. Experimental Study of NO Reaction with Isoprene Hydroxyalkyl Peroxy Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0360016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Simon W. North
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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38
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Zhao J, Zhang R, North SW. Oxidation mechanism of δ-hydroxyisoprene alkoxy radicals: hydrogen abstraction versus 1,5 H-shift. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)02006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Zhang D, Zhang R, Park J, North SW. Hydroxy peroxy nitrites and nitrates from OH initiated reactions of isoprene. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9600-5. [PMID: 12167055 DOI: 10.1021/ja0255195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of hydroxy peroxy radicals (RO(2)) with NO represents one of the most crucial tropospheric processes, leading to terrestrial ozone formation or NO(x)() removal and chain termination. We investigate the formation of hydroxy peroxy nitrites (ROONO) and nitrates (RONO(2)) from the OH-isoprene reactions using DFT and ab initio theories and variational RRKM/master equation (vRRKM/ME) formalism. The binding energies of ROONO from NO addition to RO(2) are determined to be in the range of 20-22 kcal mol(-)(1), and the bond dissociation energies of ROONO to form an alkoxy radical (RO) and NO(2) range from 6 to 9 kcal mol(-)(1). Isomerization of ROONO to RONO(2) is exothermic by 22-28 kcal mol(-)(1). The entrance and exit channels of the RO(2)-NO reaction are found to be barrierless, and the rate constants to form ROONO are calculated to be 3 x 10(-)(12) to 2 x 10(-)(11) cm(3) molecule(-)(1) s(-)(1) using the canonical variational transition state theory. The vRRKM/ME analysis reveals negligible stabilization of excited ROONO and provides an assessment of ROONO isomerization to RONO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Contribution from the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Iida Y, Obi K, Imamura T. Rate Constant for the Reaction of OH Radicals with Isoprene at 298±2 K. CHEM LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2002.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chuong B. Measurements of the kinetics of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sprengnether M. Product analysis of the OH oxidation of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene in the presence of NO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang D, Zhang R, Church C, North SW. Experimental study of hydroxyalkyl peroxy radicals from OH-initiated reactions of isoprene. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suh I, Lei W, Zhang R. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Isoprene Reaction with NO3. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Suh
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Wenfang Lei
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Lei W, Zhang R. Theoretical Study of Hydroxyisoprene Alkoxy Radicals and Their Decomposition Pathways. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0041353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lei
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Lei W, Zhang R, McGivern WS, Derecskei-Kovacs A, North SW. Theoretical Study of OH−O2−Isoprene Peroxy Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0027039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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