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Chemical Composition of Gas and Particle Phase Products of Toluene Photooxidation Reaction under High OH Exposure Condition. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the photooxidation reaction of toluene (C7H8) was investigated in a Potential Aerosol Mass Oxidation Flow Reactor (PAM OFR). The hydroxyl radical (OH) exposure of toluene in the PAM OFR ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 × 1012 molec cm−3 s, which is equivalent to 3 to 12 days of atmospheric oxidation. A proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were used to study the gas-phase products formed and particle number changes of the oxidation reaction in PAM OFR. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed in the PAM OFR was also collected for off-line chemical analysis. Key gas-phase reaction products of toluene, including glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and benzaldehyde, were identified by the PTR-MS. Second generation products, including acetic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, were also detected. By comparing the mass spectrums obtained under different OH exposures and relative humidity (RH), changes in the two parameters have minimal effects on the composition of gas-phase products formed, expect for the spectrum obtained at OH exposure of 0.4 × 1012 cm−3 s and RH = 17%, which is slightly different from other spectrums. SMPS results showed that particle mass concentration increases with increasing OH exposure, while particle number concentration first increases and then decreases with increasing OH exposure. This result probably suggests the formation of oligomers at high OH exposure conditions. Off-line chemical analysis of the SOA sample was dominated by C4 diacids, including malic acid, citramalic acid, and tartaric acid. The well-known toluene SOA marker 2,3-Dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, as well as 2,3-dihydroxyglutaric acid, which has not been identified in previous toluene photooxidation experiments, were also detected in the SOA sample. Our results showed good agreements with the results of previous smog chamber studies of toluene photooxidation reaction, and they suggested that using PAM OFR for studies of oxidation reaction of different VOCs can be atmospherically relevant.
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2
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Yang N, Tsona NT, Cheng S, Li S, Xu L, Wang Y, Wu L, Du L. Competitive reactions of SO 2 and acetic acid on α-Al 2O 3 and CaCO 3 particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134362. [PMID: 31522042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions between gaseous pollutants and mineral particles have gradually become a research hotspot in the field of atmospheric chemistry. In this paper, competitive reactions between SO2 and acetic acid on the surface of α-Al2O3 and CaCO3 particles were studied by the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopic (DRIFTS) technique in dark and dry conditions. At the same time, the temporary evolution of the integrated absorbance of acetate and sulfite was investigated to further understand the interaction of SO2 and acetic acid on the mineral particles. On the surface of α-Al2O3 particles, acetate and sulfite can compete for surface-active sites, resulting in a decrease in the total amount of acetates. In dark and dry conditions, the effect of acetic acid on SO2 cannot be obtained by the DRIFTS method. On the surface of CaCO3 particles, SO2 can have a competitive impact on acetic acid by grabbing active sites, leading to a slight decrease of the amount of acetates. The heterogeneous reaction of SO2 can be impeded by coexisting acetic acid, resulting in a drastic reduction of the number of sulfites. It can be seen that the formation mechanisms of acetate and sulfite on the surface of different mineral particles in the atmosphere are different, which provides a variety of ideas and possibilities for the formation of related inorganic and organic salts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Siyang Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 46 Zhong Guan Cun S. Ave., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Troiani A, Salvitti C, de Petris G. Gas-Phase Reactivity of Carbonate Ions with Sulfur Dioxide: an Experimental Study of Clusters Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1964-1972. [PMID: 31286448 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonate cluster ions with sulfur dioxide has been investigated in the gas phase by mass spectrometric techniques. SO2 promotes the displacement of carbon dioxide from carbonate clusters through a stepwise mechanism, leading to the quantitative conversion of the carbonate aggregates into the corresponding sulfite cluster ions. The kinetic study of the reactions of positive, negative, singly, and doubly charged ions reveals very fast and efficient processes for all the carbonate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Kolb C, Davidovits P, Jayne J, Shi Q, Worsnop D. Kinetics of Trace Gas Uptake by Liquid Surfaces. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967402103165324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - P. Davidovits
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
| | - J.T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - Q. Shi
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - D.R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
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5
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Zhang Y, Tong S, Ge M, Jing B, Hou S, Tan F, Chen Y, Guo Y, Wu L. The influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on calcium carbonate particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1253-1262. [PMID: 29758878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and O3 with CaCO3 particles were investigated at a series of relative humidity (RH, 1% to 90%) and 298K using a diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The uptake coefficients of SO2 on CaCO3 at different RHs were obtained for the first time. Our results proved that high RH could substantially promote the formation of sulfate, for which the highest concentration (80% RH and reaction time of 200min) and highest formation rate in stable stage (85% RH) were 14 times and 43 times that at 1% RH, respectively. The surface products, increment of concentration and formation rate of sulfate changed with RH which were due to the surface adsorbed water (SAW) on the particles. SAW could increase the reactive sites on the particles and thus accelerate the conversion of SO2 into sulfite, and sulfite could be oxidized rapidly. Liquid-like water layers formed on the particle surface could enhance the ion mobility and promote the aggregation of CaSO4 hydrates, which could expose more reactive sites and result in additional adsorption of SO2. Piecewise equations of uptake coefficient with RH were given and could be referred by model simulation. The results are of importance in understanding the explosive growth of sulfate during severe haze episodes accompanied with high RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Siqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang R. Formation Mechanism of Atmospheric Ammonium Bisulfate: Hydrogen-Bond-Promoted Nearly Barrierless Reactions of SO3
with NH3
and H2
O. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:967-972. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunwei Chen
- Department of Physics; City University of Hong Kon; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Physics; City University of Hong Kon; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics; City University of Hong Kon; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
- Shenzhen Research Institut; City University of Hong Kong; Shenzhen China
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7
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Zhang Y, Tong S, Ge M, Jing B, Hou S, Tan F, Chen Y, Guo Y, Wu L. The formation and growth of calcium sulfate crystals through oxidation of SO2by O3on size-resolved calcium carbonate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16285-16293. [PMID: 35542185 PMCID: PMC9080251 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium sulfate is a major constituent of atmospheric sulfate, with a typical rod-like morphology ranging from several hundred nanometers to approximately two micrometers observed in field studies. However, the chemical formation mechanism is still not well known. In this study, the kinetics and mechanism for the formation and growth of rod-like calcium sulfate crystals through oxidation of SO2 by O3 on size-resolved CaCO3 at different relative humidity (RH) were investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found that the concentration and formation rate of sulfate decreased with the increasing diameter of CaCO3 particles, and thus smaller particles could enhance the formation of sulfate due to more reactive sites on smaller particles. The rod-like calcium sulfate crystals were formed only at RH above 60% and in the presence of reactant gases through the heterogeneous pathway. The liquid-like water layer formed by promotion of high RH in the presence of reactant gases could facilitate the formation and aggregation of calcium sulfate hydrates and thus promote the formation and growth of rod-like calcium sulfate crystals. This study provides a possible mechanism for the formation and growth of rod-like calcium sulfate crystals existing in the atmosphere. The heterogeneous formation pathway of rod-like calcium sulfate crystals in the atmosphere.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Siqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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8
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Li J, Xu T, Lu X, Chen H, Nizkorodov SA, Chen J, Yang X, Mo Z, Chen Z, Liu H, Mao J, Liang G. Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:184-195. [PMID: 28372743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode (100-500nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles (fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate (OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than 70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak (80SO3-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks (97HSO4-+96SO4-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tingting Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Mo
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Guiyun Liang
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
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9
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Kumar M, Busch DH, Subramaniam B, Thompson WH. Role of Tunable Acid Catalysis in Decomposition of α-Hydroxyalkyl Hydroperoxides and Mechanistic Implications for Tropospheric Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9701-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505100x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Daryle H. Busch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Bala Subramaniam
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ward H. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Ota ST, Richmond GL. Chilling out: a cool aqueous environment promotes the formation of gas-surface complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7497-508. [PMID: 21520889 DOI: 10.1021/ja201027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SO(2), an important atmospheric pollutant, has been implicated in environmental phenomena such as acid rain, climate change, and cloud formation. In addition, SO(2) is fundamentally interesting because it forms spectroscopically identifiable complexes with water at aqueous surfaces. Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) is used here to further investigate the mechanism by which SO(2) adsorbs to water at tropospherically relevant temperatures (0-23 °C). The spectral results lead to two important conclusions. SO(2) surface affinity is enhanced at colder temperatures, with nearly all of the topmost water molecules showing evidence of binding to SO(2) at 0 °C as compared to a much lower fraction at room temperature. This surface adsorption results in significant changes in water orientation at the surface, but is reversible at the temperatures examined here. Second, the SO(2) complex formation at aqueous surfaces is independent of aqueous solution acidity. One challenge in previous uptake studies was the ability to distinguish between the effects of surface adsorption as compared to bulk accommodation. The surface and vibrational specificity of these studies make this distinction possible, allowing a selective study of how the aqueous properties temperature and pH influence SO(2) surface affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Ota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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11
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Mass spectrometry of interfacial layers during fast aqueous aerosol/ozone gas reactions of atmospheric interest. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Ermakov AN, Larin IK, Kozlov YN, Purmal’ AP. The thermodynamic characteristics of hydrogen peroxide in H2SO4-H2O solutions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024406120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Schumann U. Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft exhaust plumes: The experiments SULFUR 1–7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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