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Synoptic Causes and Socio-Economic Consequences of a Severe Dust Storm in the Middle East. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dust storms represent one of the most severe, if underrated, natural hazards in drylands. This study uses ground observational data from meteorological stations and airports (SYNOP and METARs), satellite observations (MODIS level-3 gridded atmosphere daily products and CALIPSO) and reanalysis data (ERA5) to analyze the synoptic meteorology of a severe Middle Eastern dust storm in April 2015. Details of related socio-economic impacts, gathered largely from news media reports, are also documented. This dust storm affected at least 14 countries in an area of 10 million km2. The considerable impacts were felt across eight countries in health, transport, education, construction, leisure and energy production. Hospitals in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE experienced a surge in cases of respiratory complaints and ophthalmic emergencies, as well as vehicular trauma due to an increase in motor vehicle accidents. Airports in seven countries had to delay, divert and cancel flights during the dust storm. This paper is the first attempt to catalogue such dust storm impacts on multiple socio-economic sectors in multiple countries in any part of the world. This type of transboundary study of individual dust storm events is necessary to improve our understanding of their multiple impacts and so inform policymakers working on this emerging disaster risk management issue.
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Kanngießer F, Kahnert M. Optical properties of water-coated sea salt model particles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34926-34950. [PMID: 34808941 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the optical properties of marine aerosol in dependence of the water content. To this end we develop a model geometry that realistically mimics the morphological changes as the salt particles take up more water. The results are compared to morphologically simpler models, namely, homogeneous and inhomogeneous superellipsoids, as well as cube-sphere hybrids. The reference model yields depolarization ratios, depending on size and water uptake, in the range from 0 to 0.36 ± 0.12. Overall, the simple models can reproduce optical properties of the reference model. The overall nonsphericity, as well as inhomogeneity are identified as key morphological parameter, while rounding of edges only has a minor impact on optical properties.
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Dionisi D, Barnaba F, Costabile F, Di Liberto L, Gobbi GP, Wille H. Retrieval of Aerosol Parameters from Continuous H24 Lidar-Ceilometer Measurements. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611923004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Barnaba F, Putaud JP, Gruening C, dell'Acqua A, Dos Santos S. Annual cycle in co-located in situ, total-column, and height-resolved aerosol observations in the Po Valley (Italy): Implications for ground-level particulate matter mass concentration estimation from remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yu H, Chin M, Winker DM, Omar AH, Liu Z, Kittaka C, Diehl T. Global view of aerosol vertical distributions from CALIPSO lidar measurements and GOCART simulations: Regional and seasonal variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Angelini F, Barnaba F, Landi TC, Caporaso L, Gobbi GP. Study of atmospheric aerosols and mixing layer by LIDAR. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 137:275-279. [PMID: 19843545 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The LIDAR (laser radar) is an active remote sensing technique, which allows for the altitude-resolved observation of several atmospheric constituents. A typical application is the measurement of the vertically resolved aerosol optical properties. By using aerosol particles as a marker, continuous determination of the mixing layer height (MLH) can also be obtained by LIDAR. Some examples of aerosol extinction coefficient profiles and MLH extracted from a 1-year LIDAR data set collected in Milan (Italy) are discussed and validated against in situ data (from a balloon-borne optical particle counter). Finally a comparison of the observation-based MLH with relevant numerical simulations (mesoscale model MM5) is provided.
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Liu Z, Omar A, Vaughan M, Hair J, Kittaka C, Hu Y, Powell K, Trepte C, Winker D, Hostetler C, Ferrare R, Pierce R. CALIPSO lidar observations of the optical properties of Saharan dust: A case study of long-range transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tesche M, Ansmann A, Müller D, Althausen D, Engelmann R, Hu M, Zhang Y. Particle backscatter, extinction, and lidar ratio profiling with Raman lidar in south and north China. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:6302-8. [PMID: 17805366 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.006302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol Raman lidar observations of profiles of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficients and the respective extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) were performed under highly polluted conditions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China in October 2004 and at Beijing during a clear period with moderately polluted to background aerosol conditions in January 2005. The anthropogenic haze in the PRD is characterized by volume light-extinction coefficients of particles ranging from approximately 200 to 800 Mm(-1) and lidar ratios mostly between 40 and 55 sr (average of 47+/-6 sr). Almost clean air masses were observed throughout the measurements of the Beijing campaign. These air masses originated from arid desert-steppe-like regions (greater Gobi area). Extinction values usually varied between 100 and 300 Mm(-1), and the lidar ratios were considerably lower (compared with PRD values) with values mostly from 30 to 45 sr (average of 38+/-7 sr). Gobi dust partly influenced the observations. Unexpectedly low lidar ratios of approximately 25 sr were found for a case of background aerosol with a low optical depth of 0.05. The low lidar ratios are consistent with Mie-scattering calculations applied to ground-based observations of particle size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tesche
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Müller D, Ansmann A, Mattis I, Tesche M, Wandinger U, Althausen D, Pisani G. Aerosol-type-dependent lidar ratios observed with Raman lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kishcha P, Alpert P, Shtivelman A, Krichak SO, Joseph JH, Kallos G, Katsafados P, Spyrou C, Gobbi GP, Barnaba F, Nickovic S, Pérez C, Baldasano JM. Forecast errors in dust vertical distributions over Rome (Italy): Multiple particle size representation and cloud contributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Barnaba F, Tafuro AM, De Tomasi F, Perrone MR. Observed and simulated vertically resolved optical properties of continental aerosols over southeastern Italy: A closure study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - A. M. Tafuro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - F. De Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento; Lecce Italy
| | - M. R. Perrone
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento; Lecce Italy
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Boesche E, Stammes P, Ruhtz T, Preusker R, Fischer J. Effect of aerosol microphysical properties on polarization of skylight: sensitivity study and measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:8790-805. [PMID: 17119577 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.008790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the sensitivity of the degree of linear polarization in the Sun's principal plane as a function of aerosol microphysical parameters: the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, the median radius and geometric standard deviation of the bimodal size distribution (both fine and coarse modes), and the relative number weight of the fine mode at a wavelength of 675 nm. We use Mie theory for single-scattering simulations and the doubling-adding method with the inclusion of polarization for multiple scattering. It is shown that the behavior of the degree of linear polarization is highly sensitive to both the small mode of the bimodal size distribution and the real part of the refractive index of aerosols, as well as to the aerosol optical thickness; whereas not all parameters influence the polarization equally. A classification of the importance of the input parameters is given. This sensitivity study is applied to an analysis of ground-based polarization measurements. For the passive remote sensing of microphysical and optical properties of aerosols, a ground-based spectral polarization measuring system was built, which aims to measure the Stokes parameters I, Q, and U in the visible (from 410 to 789 nm) and near-infrared (from 674 to 995 nm) spectral range with a spectral resolution of 7 nm in the visible and 2.4 nm in the near infrared. We compare polarization measurements taken with radiative transfer simulations under both clear- and hazy-sky conditions in an urban area (Cabauw, The Netherlands, 51.58 degrees N, 4.56 degrees E). Conclusions about the microphysical properties of aerosol are drawn from the comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyk Boesche
- Institute for Space Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Berthier S, Chazette P, Couvert P, Pelon J, Dulac F, Thieuleux F, Moulin C, Pain T. Desert dust aerosol columnar properties over ocean and continental Africa from Lidar in-Space Technology Experiment (LITE) and Meteosat synergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kishcha P, Barnaba F, Gobbi GP, Alpert P, Shtivelman A, Krichak SO, Joseph JH. Vertical distribution of Saharan dust over Rome (Italy): Comparison between 3-year model predictions and lidar soundings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Kishcha
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - F. Barnaba
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR; Rome Italy
| | - G. P. Gobbi
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR; Rome Italy
| | - P. Alpert
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - A. Shtivelman
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - S. O. Krichak
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - J. H. Joseph
- Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Perrone MR, Barnaba F, De Tomasi F, Gobbi GP, Tafuro AM. Imaginary refractive-index effects on desert-aerosol extinction versus backscatter relationships at 351 nm: numerical computations and comparison with Raman lidar measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:5531-5541. [PMID: 15508611 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.005531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A numerical model is used to investigate the dependence at 351 nm of desert-aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients on particle imaginary refractive index (mi). Three ranges (-0.005 < or = mi < or = -0.001, -0.01 < or = mi < or = -0.001, and -0.02 < or = mi < or = -0.001) are considered, showing that backscatter coefficients are reduced as /mi/ increases, whereas extinction coefficients are weakly dependent on mi. Numerical results are compared with extinction and backscatter coefficients retrieved by elastic Raman lidar measurements performed during Saharan dust storms over the Mediterranean Sea. The comparison indicates that a range of -0.01 to -0.001 can be representative of Saharan dust aerosols and that the nonsphericity of mineral particles must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Perrone
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università di Lecce, Lecce, Italy.
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Adam M. Aerosol optical characterization by nephelometer and lidar: The Baltimore Supersite experiment during the Canadian forest fire smoke intrusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Tomasi F, Perrone MR. Lidar measurements of tropospheric water vapor and aerosol profiles over southeastern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. De Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia; Lecce Italy
| | - M. R. Perrone
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia; Lecce Italy
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De Tomasi F, Blanco A, Perrone MR. Raman lidar monitoring of extinction and backscattering of African dust layers and dust characterization. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:1699-1709. [PMID: 12665101 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Results on the monitoring of strong African dust outbreaks at Lecce in the southeastern corner of Italy (40 degrees 20' N, 18 degrees 6' E) during May 2001 are presented. This activity has been performed in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). The lidar station of Lecce is located on a flat rural area that is approximately 800 km from the northern Africa coast. So it is closer to Africa than most of all other EARLINET stations and allow monitoring African dust transport early in its life cycle, at all levels in the plume. An elastic-backscatter Raman lidar based on a XeF excimer laser (351 nm) has been used to monitor the time evolution and vertical structure of the dust layers and get independent measurements of the aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients. The findings are presented in terms of vertical profiles of the extinction and backscatter coefficients and of the lidar ratio. A quite deep dust layer extending between 2 and 6 km and characterized by a backscatter coefficient of approximately 0.0016 (km sr)(-1), a lidar ratio of approximately 50 sr, and an aerosol optical depth of 0.26 was observed on 17 May 2001 between 18:55 and 20:07 UT. The layer persisted for approximately five days. Dust layers of lower optical thickness and shorter persistence time have generally been monitored at the lidar site during African dust outbreaks. Results on the chemical and morphological characterization of the dust collected at the lidar station are also given to further support the origin of the monitored aerosol layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando De Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Universita' di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Müller D. Saharan dust over a central European EARLINET-AERONET site: Combined observations with Raman lidar and Sun photometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ansmann A. European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Optical particle properties inferred from multiwavelength lidar and star-Sun photometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zanis P. A case study on the possible link between surface ozone photochemistry and total ozone column during the PAUR II experiment at Crete: Comparison of observations with box model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Balis DS. Measurements and modeling of photolysis rates during the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) II campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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