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Composition of Clean Marine Air and Biogenic Influences on VOCs during the MUMBA Campaign. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ozone and fine particulate matter, the two pollutants of most concern in Sydney, Australia. Despite this importance, there are very few published measurements of ambient VOC concentrations in Australia. In this paper, we present mole fractions of several important VOCs measured during the campaign known as MUMBA (Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air) in the Australian city of Wollongong (34°S). We particularly focus on measurements made during periods when clean marine air impacted the measurement site and on VOCs of biogenic origin. Typical unpolluted marine air mole fractions during austral summer 2012-2013 at latitude 34°S were established for CO2 (391.0 ± 0.6 ppm), CH4 (1760.1 ± 0.4 ppb), N2O (325.04 ± 0.08 ppb), CO (52.4 ± 1.7 ppb), O3 (20.5 ± 1.1 ppb), acetaldehyde (190 ± 40 ppt), acetone (260 ± 30 ppt), dimethyl sulphide (50 ± 10 ppt), benzene (20 ± 10 ppt), toluene (30 ± 20 ppt), C8H10 aromatics (23 ± 6 ppt) and C9H12 aromatics (36 ± 7 ppt). The MUMBA site was frequently influenced by VOCs of biogenic origin from a nearby strip of forested parkland to the east due to the dominant north-easterly afternoon sea breeze. VOCs from the more distant densely forested escarpment to the west also impacted the site, especially during two days of extreme heat and strong westerly winds. The relative amounts of different biogenic VOCs observed for these two biomes differed, with much larger increases of isoprene than of monoterpenes or methanol during the hot westerly winds from the escarpment than with cooler winds from the east. However, whether this was due to different vegetation types or was solely the result of the extreme temperatures is not entirely clear. We conclude that the clean marine air and biogenic signatures measured during the MUMBA campaign provide useful information about the typical abundance of several key VOCs and can be used to constrain chemical transport model simulations of the atmosphere in this poorly sampled region of the world.
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Akob DM, Sutton JM, Fierst JL, Haase KB, Baesman S, Luther GW, Miller LG, Oremland RS. Acetylenotrophy: a hidden but ubiquitous microbial metabolism? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5026170. [PMID: 29933435 PMCID: PMC7190893 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylene (IUPAC name: ethyne) is a colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, composed of two triple bonded carbon atoms attached to hydrogens (C2H2). When microbiologists and biogeochemists think of acetylene, they immediately think of its use as an inhibitory compound of certain microbial processes and a tracer for nitrogen fixation. However, what is less widely known is that anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms can degrade acetylene, using it as a sole carbon and energy source and providing the basis of a microbial food web. Here, we review what is known about acetylene degrading organisms and introduce the term 'acetylenotrophs' to refer to the microorganisms that carry out this metabolic pathway. In addition, we review the known environmental sources of acetylene and postulate the presence of an hidden acetylene cycle. The abundance of bacteria capable of using acetylene and other alkynes as an energy and carbon source suggests that there are energy cycles present in the environment that are driven by acetylene and alkyne production and consumption that are isolated from atmospheric exchange. Acetylenotrophs may have developed to leverage the relatively high concentrations of acetylene in the pre-Cambrian atmosphere, evolving later to survive in specialized niches where acetylene and other alkynes were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Akob
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - John M Sutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Janna L Fierst
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 2328, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - Karl B Haase
- U. S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192 USA
| | - Shaun Baesman
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - George W Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Cannon Laboratory 218, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Laurence G Miller
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Ronald S Oremland
- U. S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 480, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
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Li JL, Zhang HH, Yang GP. Distribution and sea-to-air flux of isoprene in the East China Sea and the South Yellow Sea during summer. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:291-300. [PMID: 28334669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and sea-to-air flux of isoprene in the East China Sea and the South Yellow Sea in July 2013 were investigated. This study is the first to report the concentrations of isoprene in the China marginal seas. Isoprene concentrations in the surface seawater during summer ranged from 32.46 to 173.5 pM, with an average of 83.62 ± 29.22 pM. Distribution of isoprene in the study area was influenced by the diluted water from the Yangtze River, which stimulated higher in-situ phytoplankton production of isoprene rather than direct freshwater input. Variations in isoprene concentrations were found to be diurnal, with high values observed during daytime. A significant correlation was observed between isoprene and chlorophyll a in the study area. Relatively higher isoprene concentrations were recorded at stations where the phytoplankton biomass was dominated by Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Pennate-nitzschia, and Thalassiosira. Positive correlation was observed between isoprene and methyl iodide. In addition, sea-to-air fluxes of isoprene approximately ranged from 22.17 nmol m-2 d-1-537.2 nmol m-2 d-1, with an average of 161.5 ± 133.3 nmol m-2 d-1. These results indicate that the coastal and shelf areas may be important sources of atmospheric isoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Taatjes CA, Shallcross DE, Percival CJ. Research frontiers in the chemistry of Criegee intermediates and tropospheric ozonolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1704-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gilman JB, Kuster WC, Goldan PD, Herndon SC, Zahniser MS, Tucker SC, Brewer WA, Lerner BM, Williams EJ, Harley RA, Fehsenfeld FC, Warneke C, de Gouw JA. Measurements of volatile organic compounds during the 2006 TexAQS/GoMACCS campaign: Industrial influences, regional characteristics, and diurnal dependencies of the OH reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tang JH, Chan LY, Chang CC, Liu S, Li YS. Characteristics and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in background atmospheres of eastern, southwestern, and southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Colomb A, Yassaa N, Williams J, Peeken I, Lochte K. Screening volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from five marine phytoplankton species by head space gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:325-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b715312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Heard DE. Atmospheric field measurements of the hydroxyl radical using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2007; 57:191-216. [PMID: 16599809 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.57.032905.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical, OH, is the most important cleansing agent in the Earth's atmosphere, removing the majority of trace gases by oxidation, including greenhouse gases and CFC replacements. It is intimately involved in the chemistry that generates photochemical smog, which includes many substances harmful to health, such as ozone and particulate matter. In this review, the technique of laser-induced fluorescence for the detection of OH in the atmosphere is described, using as an example the fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) instrument developed at the University of Leeds. The comparison of measured OH concentrations at a given field site with those calculated by an atmospheric model, which is a mathematical representation of the underlying chemistry, provides one of the best methods to test whether the key chemical and physical processes are understood. Examples are given for field measurements made in clean and polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne E Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Nara H, Nakagawa F, Yoshida N. Development of two-dimensional gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable carbon isotopic analysis of C(2)-C(5) non-methane hydrocarbons emitted from biomass burning. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:241-7. [PMID: 16345120 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (2D-GC/C/IRMS) system was developed for stable carbon isotopic measurements of C(2)-C(5) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in biomass burning smoke. The 2D-GC/C/IRMS system successfully improved the accuracy and precision for the measurements of C(4) and C(5) saturated compounds in a smoke sample by selective injection of target compounds into a combustion furnace and consequently allowed us to provide complete baseline separation for all individual NMHCs. The analytical precision of the delta(13)C of each compound was better than 0.5 per thousand for more than 500 pmolC injections and 2.1 per thousand for 30 pmolC injections, which was estimated from replicate analysis of standard gases. This system was applied to the analysis of NMHCs in smoke samples collected from laboratory biomass burning experiments. From the combustion of three fuel materials (rice straw, pine wood, and maize), we found that the isotopic fractionation between fuel material and individual NMHCs is almost independent of the fuel material and thus the delta(13)C values of the fuel materials are reflected in delta(13)C values of most of NMHCs. However, only i-butane emitted from maize combustion showed anomalous (13)C-depletion of -11.6 per thousand relative to the delta(13)C value of maize. Such a large (13)C depletion suggests the specific isotopic fractionation process which is attributed to the maize combustion itself or the chemical properties of i-butane during production from a radical recombination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nara
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
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Riedel K. Discrepancies between formaldehyde measurements and methane oxidation model predictions in the Antarctic troposphere: An assessment of other possible formaldehyde sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Williams E, Murphy PC, Fehsenfeld FC, Meagher J. Nonmethane hydrocarbon and oxy hydrocarbon measurements during the 2002 New England Air Quality Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Goldan
- Aeronomy Laboratory; U.S. Department of Commerce; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - William C. Kuster
- Aeronomy Laboratory; U.S. Department of Commerce; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric Williams
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Paul C. Murphy
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - James Meagher
- Aeronomy Laboratory; U.S. Department of Commerce; Boulder Colorado USA
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Kaspers KA. Analyses of firn gas samples from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Study of nonmethane hydrocarbons and methyl chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Creasey DJ. Measurements of OH and HO2concentrations in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mari C, Saüt C, Jacob DJ, Staudt A, Avery MA, Brune WH, Faloona I, Heikes BG, Sachse GW, Sandholm ST, Singh HB, Tan D. On the relative role of convection, chemistry, and transport over the South Pacific Convergence Zone during PEM-Tropics B: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Max Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering; University of California; Davis California USA
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