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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Dąbrowska AM, Pazdro K. Bioaccumulation of PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the summer plankton from West Spitsbergen fjords. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113488. [PMID: 35276612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in plankton collected in summer from different Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden, Adventfjorden). The levels of all target contaminants in arctic protists have been analyzed for the first time. This is also the first report on PAH levels in arctic fjords zooplankton. ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations were up to 3.58 ng/g w.w., 0.28 ng/g w.w. and 249 ng/g w.w., respectively. Among the zooplankton species, the highest concentrations of the most analyzed contaminants were detected in Themisto abyssorum. This could be explained by the predatory feeding strategy of this species. The importance of diet was confirmed by the low concentrations of contaminants detected in the herbivorous copepod Calanus spp. Depending on contaminant, bioaccumulation occurred in 50 to 100% studied cases. Studies have shown significant biomagnification of PCBs and PAHs in zooplankton predator-prey pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Dąbrowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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2
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Negral L, Moreno-Grau S, Galera MD, Elvira-Rendueles B, Costa-Gómez I, Aznar F, Pérez-Badia R, Moreno JM. The effects of continentality, marine nature and the recirculation of air masses on pollen concentration: Olea in a Mediterranean coastal enclave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147999. [PMID: 34090169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Olea pollen concentrations have been studied in relation to the typology of air masses, pollen grain sources and marine nature during advections in a coastal enclave in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Since Spain is the world's leading olive producer, and olive growing extends throughout the Mediterranean basin, this location is ideal for the study of long-distance transport events (LTD) during the main pollen season (MPS). The air masses were classified using the calculation of 48-h back trajectories at 250, 500 and 750 m above ground level using the HYSPLIT model. After that, the frequency of LDT events from Africa and Europe was found to be 8.7% of the MPS days. In contrast, regional air masses were found in 38.6% of the MPS days. This was reflected in pollen concentrations, with significantly higher concentrations (p-value <0.05) on days with regional air masses compared to days with European air masses. Regarding the source areas, the importance of nearby sources with intense olive cultivation was confirmed (i.e., Andalusia). This proximity was relevant beyond the attenuations observed when the advections acquired a marine nature as the air mass back trajectories moved over the sea (p-value <0.001). The review of air mass typologies, source areas and pollen concentrations resulted in establishing peak dates and the detection of LDT associated with these peak dates. Distortions in the typical path of each air mass explained alterations in pollen concentrations on consecutive days. The recirculation and loops of the air mass back trajectories varied the pollen load that every type of air mass could originally contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - S Moreno-Grau
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - M D Galera
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - B Elvira-Rendueles
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - I Costa-Gómez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - F Aznar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - R Pérez-Badia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
| | - J M Moreno
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
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Sobol MK, Finkelstein SA. Predictive pollen-based biome modeling using machine learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202214. [PMID: 30138366 PMCID: PMC6122137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates suitability of supervised machine learning classification methods for classification of biomes using pollen datasets. We assign modern pollen samples from Africa and Arabia to five biome classes using a previously published African pollen dataset and a global ecosystem classification scheme. To test the applicability of traditional and machine-learning based classification models for the task of biome prediction from high dimensional modern pollen data, we train a total of eight classification models, including Linear Discriminant Analysis, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Classification Decision Tree, Random Forest, Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine. The ability of each model to predict biomes from pollen data is statistically tested on an independent test set. The Random Forest classifier outperforms other models in its ability correctly classify biomes given pollen data. Out of the eight models, the Random Forest classifier scores highest on all of the metrics used for model evaluations and is able to predict four out of five biome classes to high degree of accuracy, including arid, montane, tropical and subtropical closed and open systems, e.g. forests and savanna/grassland. The model has the potential for accurate reconstructions of past biomes and awaits application to fossil pollen sequences. The Random Forest model may be used to investigate vegetation changes on both long and short time scales, e.g. during glacial and interglacial cycles, or more recent and abrupt climatic anomalies like the African Humid Period. Such applications may contribute to a better understanding of past shifts in vegetation cover and ultimately provide valuable information on drivers of climate change.
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Luo C, Jiang W, Chen C, Peng H, Xiang R, Liu J, Lu J, Su X, Zhang Q, Yang M. Modern pollen distribution in the northeastern Indian Ocean and its significance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1471-1488. [PMID: 29946986 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide a reference for reconstructing the paleoclimate of the northeastern Indian Ocean, 36 airborne pollen samples were analyzed using methods for airborne pollen, and 26 surface water samples were analyzed using a lab method for surface water. We found that little pollen is airborne over the Indian Ocean in spring, but airborne pollen types and concentrations can help to deduce paleomonsoon strength and direction. The conclusions included the following: (1) Pollen in the sediment was transported mainly via ocean currents instead of the early summer or spring wind. (2) Airborne pollen types and concentrations are proportional to the wind speed and inversely proportional to the pollen distance transported and depend on whether the wind is from the land or from the sea. If the wind is from the land, the pollen concentration is proportional to the angle between the wind direction and the coastline. (3) The pollen concentration in the sample collected from a water depth of 30-45 m is higher than in the samples collected from a depth of 5 m. The pollen concentration and salinity are higher in the equatorial area than in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiming Jiang
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
- School of Geographical Scinences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chixin Chen
- Insititute of Marine and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Peng
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxi Yang
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Leduc D, Rowden AA. Not to be Sneezed at: Does Pollen from Forests of Exotic Pine Affect Deep Oceanic Trench Ecosystems? Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Szczepanek K, Myszkowska D, Worobiec E, Piotrowicz K, Ziemianin M, Bielec-Bąkowska Z. The long-range transport of Pinaceae pollen: an example in Kraków (southern Poland). AEROBIOLOGIA 2016; 33:109-125. [PMID: 28255195 PMCID: PMC5309276 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-016-9454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High Pinaceae pollen concentrations in the air and on the surface of puddles before the main pollen season started were observed in Kraków (southern Poland) in May 2013. The paper presents the results of detailed studies of the composition and source of the "yellow rain" in 2013, and as a comparison, the Pinaceae pollen concentrations and samples collected from the ground surface in 2014 were considered. The air samples were collected using the volumetric method (Hirst-type device), while pollen grains sampled from the ground surface were processed using a modified Erdtman acetolysis method. Finally, all samples were studied using a light microscope. In 2013, the period of higher Abies, Picea and Pinus pollen concentrations was observed from the 5 to 12 of May, earlier than the main pollen season occurred. The presence of rainfall on the 12 and 13 of May 2013 caused the pollen deposition on the ground surface, where the prevalence of Pinaceae pollen was found. The synoptic situation and the analysis of the back-trajectories and air mass advection at the beginning of May 2013 indicated that Pinaceae pollen grains could have been transported from Ukraine, Romania, Hungary and Slovakia. In contrast, Pinaceae pollen grains deposited on the ground surface as a "yellow" film in May 2014, originated from local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Myszkowska
- Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Worobiec
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowicz
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Ziemianin
- Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Luo C, Chen M, Xiang R, Liu J, Zhang L, Lu J. Comparison of modern pollen distribution between the northern and southern parts of the South China Sea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:397-415. [PMID: 24929507 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors conducted a palynological analysis based on different number of air pollen samples for the northern and southern parts of the South China Sea, respectively, in order to give a reference to reconstruct the paleoclimate of the area. (1) Fifteen air pollen samples were collected from the northern part of the South China Sea from August to September 2011, and 13 air pollen samples were collected from the southern part of the South China Sea in December 2011. The pollen types were more abundant in the north than in the south. The total pollen number and concentration in the north was 10 times more than that in the south, which may be because of the sampling season. Airborne pollen types and concentrations have a close relationship with wind direction and distance from the sampling point to the continent. (2) Seventy-four samples were collected from surface sediments in the northern part of the South China Sea in the autumn. Thirty-three samples were collected from surface sediments in the southern part of the South China Sea in the winter. Pollen concentrations in the north were nearly 10 times higher than that in the south. This is because trilete spores are transported by rivers from Hainan Island to the sea and also by the summer monsoon-forced marine current. (3) Ten air pollen samples and 10 surface sediments samples were selected for comparison. The pollen and spores in the air were mainly herbaceous and woody pollen, excluding fern spores, having seasonal pollen characteristics. Pollen in the surface sediments were mainly trilete, Pinus, and herbaceous, and may also show a combination of annual pollen characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingang Xilu, Guangzhou, 510301, China,
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Zhang X, Wu G, Yao T, Zhang C, Yue Y. Characterization of individual fly ash particles in surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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de Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C. Natural variability of Greenland climate, vegetation, and ice volume during the past million years. Science 2008; 320:1622-5. [PMID: 18566284 DOI: 10.1126/science.1153929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The response of the Greenland ice sheet to global warming is a source of concern notably because of its potential contribution to changes in the sea level. We demonstrated the natural vulnerability of the ice sheet by using pollen records from marine sediment off southwest Greenland that indicate important changes of the vegetation in Greenland over the past million years. The vegetation that developed over southern Greenland during the last interglacial period is consistent with model experiments, suggesting a reduced volume of the Greenland ice sheet. Abundant spruce pollen indicates that boreal coniferous forest developed some 400,000 years ago during the "warm" interval of marine isotope stage 11, providing a time frame for the development and decline of boreal ecosystems over a nearly ice-free Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne de Vernal
- GEOTOP Geochemistry and Geodynamics Research Center-Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Rousseau DD, Schevin P, Ferrier J, Jolly D, Andreasen T, Ascanius SE, Hendriksen SE, Poulsen U. Long-distance pollen transport from North America to Greenland in spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis-Didier Rousseau
- Laboratoire de Modélisation Dynamique, UMR 8539, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure; Paris France
| | - Patrick Schevin
- UMR 5554, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; Université Montpellier II; Montpellier France
| | - Jackie Ferrier
- UMR 5554, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; Université Montpellier II; Montpellier France
| | - Dominique Jolly
- UMR 5554, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; Université Montpellier II; Montpellier France
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Abstract
AbstractFor nearly forty years, palynologists and other scientists studying the Quaternary have claimed that palynology, when applied in the Arctic, is a “blunt instrument” for analysing environmental change in this region. In this essay, the author explains why this expression should be laid to rest. Limits to palynological resolution are spatial, temporal and taxonomic. These are discussed and examples are shown where both the temporal and spatial resolution of pollen analyses is far higher than previously thought possible. The supposed “bluntness” of Arctic palynology is due to the way this tool has been applied in Arctic environments rather than inherent limits of palynology in Arctic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gajewski
- Laboratory for Paleoclimatology and Climatology, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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12
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Willerslev E, Cappellini E, Boomsma W, Nielsen R, Hebsgaard MB, Brand TB, Hofreiter M, Bunce M, Poinar HN, Dahl-Jensen D, Johnsen S, Steffensen JP, Bennike O, Schwenninger JL, Nathan R, Armitage S, de Hoog CJ, Alfimov V, Christl M, Beer J, Muscheler R, Barker J, Sharp M, Penkman KEH, Haile J, Taberlet P, Gilbert MTP, Casoli A, Campani E, Collins MJ. Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland. Science 2007; 317:111-4. [PMID: 17615355 PMCID: PMC2694912 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to obtain fossil data from the 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface that is covered by thick glaciers and ice sheets, and hence, knowledge of the paleoenvironments of these regions has remained limited. We show that DNA and amino acids from buried organisms can be recovered from the basal sections of deep ice cores, enabling reconstructions of past flora and fauna. We show that high-altitude southern Greenland, currently lying below more than 2 kilometers of ice, was inhabited by a diverse array of conifer trees and insects within the past million years. The results provide direct evidence in support of a forested southern Greenland and suggest that many deep ice cores may contain genetic records of paleoenvironments in their basal sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eske Willerslev
- Centre for Ancient Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Estrella N, Menzel A, Krämer U, Behrendt H. Integration of flowering dates in phenology and pollen counts in aerobiology: analysis of their spatial and temporal coherence in Germany (1992-1999). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2006; 51:49-59. [PMID: 16832654 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-006-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of integrating flowering dates in phenology and pollen counts in aerobiology in Germany. Data were analyzed for three pollen types (Betula, Poaceae, Artemisia) at 51 stations with pollen traps, and corresponding phenological flowering dates for 400 adjacent stations (< 25 km) for the years 1992-1993 and 1997-1999. The spatial and temporal coherence of these data sets was investigated by comparing start and peak of the pollen season with local minima and means of plant flowering. Our study revealed that start of birch pollen season occurred on average 5.7 days earlier than local birch flowering. For mugwort and grass, the pollen season started on average after local flowering was observed; mugwort pollen was found 4.8 days later and grass pollen season started almost on the same day (0.6 days later) as local flowering. Whereas the peak of the birch pollen season coincided with the mean flowering dates (0.4 days later), the pollen peaks of the other two species took place much later. On average, the peak of mugwort pollen occurred 15.4 days later than mean local flowering, the peak of grass pollen catches followed 22.6 days after local flowering. The study revealed a great temporal divergence between pollen and flowering dates with an irregular spatial pattern across Germany. Not all pollen catches could be explained by local vegetation flowering. Possible reasons include long-distance transport, pollen contributions of other than phenologically observed species and methodological constraints. The results suggest that further research is needed before using flowering dates in phenology to extrapolate pollen counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Estrella
- Department of Ecology, Technical University Munich, Am Hochanger 13, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Hicks S, Isaksson E. Assessing source areas of pollutants from studies of fly ash, charcoal, and pollen from Svalbard snow and ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Knüsel S. ENSO signals of the twentieth century in an ice core from Nevado Illimani, Bolivia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rousseau DD, Duzer D, Etienne JL, Cambon G, Jolly D, Ferrier J, Schevin P. Pollen record of rapidly changing air trajectories to the North Pole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis-Didier Rousseau
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Danielle Duzer
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Jean-Louis Etienne
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Geneviève Cambon
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Dominique Jolly
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Jackie Ferrier
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Patrick Schevin
- Université Montpellier II, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS; Montpellier France
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