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Staples FA, Kellerman A, Murphy KR, Rae IJ, Sandhu JK, Forsyth C. Resolving Magnetopause Shadowing Using Multimission Measurements of Phase Space Density. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2021JA029298. [PMID: 35864842 PMCID: PMC9286781 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss mechanisms act independently or in unison to drive rapid loss of electrons in the radiation belts. Electrons may be lost by precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere, or through the magnetopause into interplanetary space-a process known as magnetopause shadowing. While magnetopause shadowing is known to produce dropouts in electron flux, it is unclear if shadowing continues to remove particles in tandem with electron acceleration processes, limiting the overall flux increase. We investigated the contribution of shadowing to overall radiation belt fluxes throughout a geomagnetic storm starting on the 7 September 2017. We use new, multimission phase space density calculations to decipher electron dynamics during each storm phase and identify features of magnetopause shadowing during both the net-loss and the net-acceleration storm phases on sub-hour time scales. We also highlight two distinct types of shadowing; "direct," where electrons are lost as their orbit intersects the magnetopause, and "indirect," where electrons are lost through ULF wave driven radial transport toward the magnetopause boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Staples
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Kellerman
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - I. J. Rae
- Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - C. Forsyth
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Daglis IA, Katsavrias C, Georgiou M. From solar sneezing to killer electrons: outer radiation belt response to solar eruptions. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180097. [PMID: 31079586 PMCID: PMC6527955 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrons in the outer Van Allen (radiation) belt occasionally reach relativistic energies, turning them into a potential hazard for spacecraft operating in geospace. Such electrons have secured the reputation of satellite killers and play a prominent role in space weather. The flux of these electrons can vary over time scales of years (related to the solar cycle) to minutes (related to sudden storm commencements). Electric fields and plasma waves are the main factors regulating the electron transport, acceleration and loss. Both the fields and the plasma waves are driven directly or indirectly by disturbances originating in the Sun, propagating through interplanetary space and impacting the Earth. This paper reviews our current understanding of the response of outer Van Allen belt electrons to solar eruptions and their interplanetary extensions, i.e. interplanetary coronal mass ejections and high-speed solar wind streams and the associated stream interaction regions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Solar eruptions and their space weather impact'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Daglis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15487 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15487 Athens, Greece
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - Christos Katsavrias
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15487 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15487 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Georgiou
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College London, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
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Wave-induced loss of ultra-relativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12883. [PMID: 27678050 PMCID: PMC5052794 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipole configuration of the Earth's magnetic field allows for the trapping of highly energetic particles, which form the radiation belts. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the acceleration mechanisms in the radiation belts, the loss processes remain poorly understood. Unique observations on 17 January 2013 provide detailed information throughout the belts on the energy spectrum and pitch angle (angle between the velocity of a particle and the magnetic field) distribution of electrons up to ultra-relativistic energies. Here we show that although relativistic electrons are enhanced, ultra-relativistic electrons become depleted and distributions of particles show very clear telltale signatures of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave-induced loss. Comparisons between observations and modelling of the evolution of the electron flux and pitch angle show that electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves provide the dominant loss mechanism at ultra-relativistic energies and produce a profound dropout of the ultra-relativistic radiation belt fluxes.
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Hartley DP, Chen Y, Kletzing CA, Denton MH, Kurth WS. Applying the cold plasma dispersion relation to whistler mode chorus waves: EMFISIS wave measurements from the Van Allen Probes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:1144-1152. [PMID: 26167444 PMCID: PMC4497456 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Most theoretical wave models require the power in the wave magnetic field in order to determine the effect of chorus waves on radiation belt electrons. However, researchers typically use the cold plasma dispersion relation to approximate the magnetic wave power when only electric field data are available. In this study, the validity of using the cold plasma dispersion relation in this context is tested using Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) observations of both the electric and magnetic spectral intensities in the chorus wave band (0.1-0.9 fce). Results from this study indicate that the calculated wave intensity is least accurate during periods of enhanced wave activity. For observed wave intensities >10-3 nT2, using the cold plasma dispersion relation results in an underestimate of the wave intensity by a factor of 2 or greater 56% of the time over the full chorus wave band, 60% of the time for lower band chorus, and 59% of the time for upper band chorus. Hence, during active periods, empirical chorus wave models that are reliant on the cold plasma dispersion relation will underestimate chorus wave intensities to a significant degree, thus causing questionable calculation of wave-particle resonance effects on MeV electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hartley
- Physics Department, Lancaster UniversityLancaster, UK
| | - Y Chen
- Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - C A Kletzing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M H Denton
- Space Science InstituteBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W S Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of IowaIowa City, Iowa, USA
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5
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Shprits Y, Daae M, Ni B. Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ganushkina NY, Dandouras I, Shprits YY, Cao J. Locations of boundaries of outer and inner radiation belts as observed by Cluster and Double Star. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Yu Ganushkina
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - I. Dandouras
- IRAP, UPS-OMP; University of Toulouse, CNRS; Toulouse France
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, CSSAR, CAS; Beijing China
- School of Astronautics, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing China
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Matsumura C, Miyoshi Y, Seki K, Saito S, Angelopoulos V, Koller J. Outer radiation belt boundary location relative to the magnetopause: Implications for magnetopause shadowing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Matsumura
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - S. Saito
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | | | - J. Koller
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Morley SK, Friedel RHW, Spanswick EL, Reeves GD, Steinberg JT, Koller J, Cayton T, Noveroske E. Dropouts of the outer electron radiation belt in response to solar wind stream interfaces: global positioning system observations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a statistical study of relativistic electron counts in the electron radiation belt across a range of drift shells (L*>4) combining data from nine combined X-ray dosimeters (CXD) on the global positioning system (GPS) constellation. The response of the electron counts as functions of time, energy and drift shell are examined statistically for 67 solar wind stream interfaces (SIs); two-dimensional superposed epoch analysis is performed with the CXD data. For these epochs we study the radiation belt dropouts and concurrent variations in key geophysical parameters.
At higher L* we observe a tendency for a gradual drop in the electron counts over the day preceding the SI, consistent with outward diffusion and magnetopause shadowing. At all L*, dropouts occur with a median time scale of ≃7 h and median counts fall by 0.4–1.8 orders of magnitude. The central tendencies of radiation belt dropout and recovery depend on both L* and energy. For ≃70 per cent of epochs Sym-H more than −30 nT, yet only three of 67 SIs did not have an associated dropout in the electron data. Statistical maps of electron precipitation suggest that chorus-driven relativistic electron microbursts might be major contributors to radiation belt losses under high-speed stream driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Morley
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Reiner H. W. Friedel
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Emma L. Spanswick
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Geoffrey D. Reeves
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - John T. Steinberg
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Josef Koller
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Cayton
- Space Science and Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Evan Noveroske
- Space Data Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Kim KC, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Lee ES, Choi CR. Numerical estimates of drift loss and Dst effect for outer radiation belt relativistic electrons with arbitrary pitch angle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Kim
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - D.-Y. Lee
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - H.-J. Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - E. S. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley USA
| | - C. R. Choi
- Department of Physics; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon South Korea
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Li LY, Cao JB, Zhou GC, Li X. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. B. Cao
- School of Astronautics; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing China
| | - G. C. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - X. Li
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
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Ohtani S, Miyoshi Y, Singer HJ, Weygand JM. On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: Its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ohtani
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - H. J. Singer
- Space Weather Prediction Center; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. M. Weygand
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Jordanova VK, Albert J, Miyoshi Y. Relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves from self-consistent global simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom AFB Massachusetts USA
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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13
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Kim KC, Lee DY, Kim HJ, Lyons LR, Lee ES, Öztürk MK, Choi CR. Numerical calculations of relativistic electron drift loss effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Kim
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - D.-Y. Lee
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
| | - H.-J. Kim
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Kyunghee University; Yongin, Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - E. S. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. K. Öztürk
- Department of Information Technologies; Işık University; İstanbul Turkey
| | - C. R. Choi
- Department of Astronomy and Space Science; Chungbuk National University; Chungbuk South Korea
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Miyoshi Y, Kataoka R. Flux enhancement of the outer radiation belt electrons after the arrival of stream interaction regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshizumi Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Ryuho Kataoka
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Li W, Shprits YY, Thorne RM. Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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Summers D, Ni B, Meredith NP. Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 2. Evaluation for VLF chorus, ELF hiss, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Summers
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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17
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Bortnik J, Thorne RM, O'Brien TP, Green JC, Strangeway RJ, Shprits YY, Baker DN. Observation of two distinct, rapid loss mechanisms during the 20 November 2003 radiation belt dropout event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shprits YY, Thorne RM, Friedel R, Reeves GD, Fennell J, Baker DN, Kanekal SG. Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nagai T, Yukimatu AS, Matsuoka A, Asai KT, Green JC, Onsager TG, Singer HJ. Timescales of relativistic electron enhancements in the slot region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zheng Y, Lui ATY, Li X, Fok MC. Characteristics of 2–6 MeV electrons in the slot region and inner radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Bortnik J, Inan US, Bell TF. Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves: 2. Global signatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Summers D. Quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for field-aligned electromagnetic waves with applications to the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Summers
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's, Newfoundland Canada
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23
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Lyons LR, Lee DY, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Smith AJ. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during high-speed streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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The influence of wave-particle interactions on relativistic electron dynamics during storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/159gm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Green JC. Testing loss mechanisms capable of rapidly depleting relativistic electron flux in the Earth's outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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