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Angelopoulos V, Zhang XJ, Artemyev AV, Mourenas D, Tsai E, Wilkins C, Runov A, Liu J, Turner DL, Li W, Khurana K, Wirz RE, Sergeev VA, Meng X, Wu J, Hartinger MD, Raita T, Shen Y, An X, Shi X, Bashir MF, Shen X, Gan L, Qin M, Capannolo L, Ma Q, Russell CL, Masongsong EV, Caron R, He I, Iglesias L, Jha S, King J, Kumar S, Le K, Mao J, McDermott A, Nguyen K, Norris A, Palla A, Roosnovo A, Tam J, Xie E, Yap RC, Ye S, Young C, Adair LA, Shaffer C, Chung M, Cruce P, Lawson M, Leneman D, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Hesford B, Krieger R, Lian K, McKinney E, Miller JP, Pedersen C, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rubly M, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Thomlinson D, Turner W, Wing G, Wong C, Zarifian A. Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2023;219:37. [PMID: 37448777 PMCID: PMC10335998 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]

Abstract

We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.

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Affiliation(s)

V. Angelopoulos Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X.-J. Zhang Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
A. V. Artemyev Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D. Mourenas CEA, DAM, DIF, Arpajon, France
E. Tsai Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C. Wilkins Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Runov Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J. Liu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
D. L. Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland USA
W. Li Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
K. Khurana Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. E. Wirz Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
V. A. Sergeev University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
X. Meng Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
J. Wu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. D. Hartinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
T. Raita Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
Y. Shen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. An Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. Shi Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. F. Bashir Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
X. Shen Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
L. Gan Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
M. Qin Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
L. Capannolo Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
Q. Ma Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
C. L. Russell Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E. V. Masongsong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. Caron Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
I. He Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
L. Iglesias Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
S. Jha Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
J. King Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. Kumar Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
K. Le Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
J. Mao Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Raybeam, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041 USA
A. McDermott Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
K. Nguyen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
A. Norris Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Palla Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Reliable Robotics Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
A. Roosnovo Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
J. Tam Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
E. Xie Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. C. Yap Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
S. Ye Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
C. Young Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
L. A. Adair Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: KSAT, Inc., Denver, CO 80231 USA
C. Shaffer Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
M. Chung Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
P. Cruce Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Apple, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA
M. Lawson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
D. Leneman Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. Allen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Zipline International, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
M. Anderson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Lucid Motors, Newark, CA 94560 USA
M. Arreola-Zamora Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
J. Artinger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: College of Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
J. Asher Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
D. Branchevsky Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
M. Cliffe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
K. Colton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
C. Costello Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Heliogen, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA
D. Depe Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Argo AI, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA
B. W. Domae Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. Eldin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
L. Fitzgibbon Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Terran Orbital, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
A. Flemming Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
D. M. Frederick Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
A. Gilbert Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
B. Hesford Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
R. Krieger Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
K. Lian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
E. McKinney Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA
J. P. Miller Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Juniper Networks Sunnyvale, California, 94089 USA
C. Pedersen Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Z. Qu Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Niantic Inc., San Francisco, CA 94111 USA
R. Rozario Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
M. Rubly Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA
R. Seaton Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
A. Subramanian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
S. R. Sundin Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Naval Surface Warfare Center Corona Division, Norco, CA 92860 USA
A. Tan Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Epirus Inc., Torrance, CA 90501 USA
D. Thomlinson Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
W. Turner Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
G. Wing Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Amazon, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
C. Wong Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Present Address: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
A. Zarifian Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

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Chakraborty S, Mann IR, Watt CEJ, Rae IJ, Olifer L, Ozeke LG, Sandhu JK, Mauk BH, Spence H. Intense chorus waves are the cause of flux-limiting in the heart of the outer radiation belt. Sci Rep 2022;12:21717. [PMID: 36522393 PMCID: PMC9755534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open

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Di Matteo S, Villante U, Viall N, Kepko L, Wallace S. On Differentiating Multiple Types of ULF Magnetospheric Waves in Response to Solar Wind Periodic Density Structures. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022;127:e2021JA030144. [PMID: 35859722 PMCID: PMC9285707 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]

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Jaynes AN, Ali AF, Elkington SR, Malaspina DM, Baker DN, Li X, Kanekal SG, Henderson MG, Kletzing CA, Wygant JR. Fast Diffusion of Ultrarelativistic Electrons in the Outer Radiation Belt: 17 March 2015 Storm Event. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2018;45:10874-10882. [PMID: 31007304 PMCID: PMC6472651 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl079786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]

Murphy KR, Inglis AR, Sibeck DG, Rae IJ, Watt CEJ, Silveira M, Plaschke F, Claudepierre SG, Nakamura R. Determining the Mode, Frequency, and Azimuthal Wave Number of ULF Waves During a HSS and Moderate Geomagnetic Storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2018;123:6457-6477. [PMID: 31681521 PMCID: PMC6813628 DOI: 10.1029/2017ja024877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]

Kim EH, Bertelli N, Johnson J, Valeo E, Hosea J. 2D full-wave simulation of waves in space and tokamak plasmas. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715702005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open

Jordanova VK, Tu W, Chen Y, Morley SK, Panaitescu A, Reeves GD, Kletzing CA. RAM-SCB simulations of electron transport and plasma wave scattering during the October 2012 "double-dip" storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:8712-8727. [PMID: 27867801 PMCID: PMC5101868 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Plaschke F, Hietala H, Angelopoulos V, Nakamura R. Geoeffective jets impacting the magnetopause are very common. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:3240-3253. [PMID: 27478719 PMCID: PMC4950216 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Claudepierre SG, Toffoletto FR, Wiltberger M. Global MHD modeling of resonant ULF waves: Simulations with and without a plasmasphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016;121:227-244. [PMID: 27668142 PMCID: PMC5020600 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]

Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, Zong QG, Zhou XZ, Zheng H, Wang Y, Wang S, Hao YX, Gao Z, He Z, Baker DN, Spence HE, Reeves GD, Blake JB, Wygant JR. Ultra-low-frequency wave-driven diffusion of radiation belt relativistic electrons. Nat Commun 2015;6:10096. [PMID: 26690250 PMCID: PMC4703845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Zhenpeng Su CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Hui Zhu CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Fuliang Xiao School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha Hunan 410004, China
Q.-G. Zong Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
X.-Z. Zhou Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Huinan Zheng CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Yuming Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Shui Wang CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Y.-X. Hao Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Zhonglei Gao CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
Zhaoguo He Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
D. N. Baker Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303-7814, USA
H. E. Spence Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA
G. D. Reeves Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
J. B. Blake The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California 90245-4609, USA
J. R. Wygant School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA

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Ukhorskiy AY, Sitnov MI, Millan RM, Kress BT, Smith DC. Enhanced radial transport and energization of radiation belt electrons due to drift orbit bifurcations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2014;119:163-170. [PMID: 26167431 PMCID: PMC4497472 DOI: 10.1002/2013ja019315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]

Mann IR, Lee EA, Claudepierre SG, Fennell JF, Degeling A, Rae IJ, Baker DN, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Ozeke LG, Rankin R, Milling DK, Kale A, Friedel RHW, Honary F. Discovery of the action of a geophysical synchrotron in the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts. Nat Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open

Tu W, Elkington SR, Li X, Liu W, Bonnell J. Quantifying radial diffusion coefficients of radiation belt electrons based on global MHD simulation and spacecraft measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Kim KC, Shprits Y, Subbotin D, Ni B. Relativistic radiation belt electron responses to GEM magnetic storms: Comparison of CRRES observations with 3-D VERB simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Rae IJ, Mann IR, Murphy KR, Ozeke LG, Milling DK, Chan AA, Elkington SR, Honary F. Ground-based magnetometer determination of in situ Pc4-5 ULF electric field wave spectra as a function of solar wind speed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

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Shprits Y, Daae M, Ni B. Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Subbotin DA, Shprits YY, Ni B. Long-term radiation belt simulation with the VERB 3-D code: Comparison with CRRES observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Zong Q, Wang Y, Yuan C, Yang B, Wang C, Zhang X. Fast acceleration of “killer” electrons and energetic ions by interplanetary shock stimulated ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]

Su Z, Xiao F, Zheng H, Wang S. Radiation belt electron dynamics driven by adiabatic transport, radial diffusion, and wave-particle interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Jordanova VK, Zaharia S, Welling DT. Comparative study of ring current development using empirical, dipolar, and self-consistent magnetic field simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Claudepierre SG, Hudson MK, Lotko W, Lyon JG, Denton RE. Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Field line resonances driven by dynamic pressure fluctuations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Su Z, Xiao F, Zheng H, Wang S. STEERB: A three-dimensional code for storm-time evolution of electron radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Tu W, Selesnick R, Li X, Looper M. Quantification of the precipitation loss of radiation belt electrons observed by SAMPEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Li LY, Cao JB, Zhou GC, Li X. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Shprits YY, Subbotin D, Ni B. Evolution of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt computed with the VERB code. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Zong QG, Zhou XZ, Wang YF, Li X, Song P, Baker DN, Fritz TA, Daly PW, Dunlop M, Pedersen A. Energetic electron response to ULF waves induced by interplanetary shocks in the outer radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Ozeke LG, Mann IR, Rae IJ. Mapping guided Alfvén wave magnetic field amplitudes observed on the ground to equatorial electric field amplitudes in space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Fok MC, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA. Radiation Belt Environment model: Application to space weather nowcasting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Li W, Shprits YY, Thorne RM. Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

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Summers D, Ni B, Meredith NP. Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 2. Evaluation for VLF chorus, ELF hiss, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Fei Y, Chan AA, Elkington SR, Wiltberger MJ. Radial diffusion and MHD particle simulations of relativistic electron transport by ULF waves in the September 1998 storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Ukhorskiy AY, Anderson BJ, Brandt PC, Tsyganenko NA. Storm time evolution of the outer radiation belt: Transport and losses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Elkington SR. A review of ULF interactions with radiation belt electrons. MAGNETOSPHERIC ULF WAVES: SYNTHESIS AND NEW DIRECTIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/169gm12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]

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Kim HJ, Kim KC, Lee DY, Rostoker G. Origin of geosynchronous relativistic electron events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

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Summers D. Quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for field-aligned electromagnetic waves with applications to the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Johnson JR, Wing S. A solar cycle dependence of nonlinearity in magnetospheric activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

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