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Evaluating the Sensitivity of the Mass-Based Particle Removal Calculations for HVAC Filters in ISO 16890 to Assumptions for Aerosol Distributions. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao H, Stephens B. Using portable particle sizing instrumentation to rapidly measure the penetration of fine and ultrafine particles in unoccupied residences. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:218-229. [PMID: 26931793 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of human exposure to particulate matter of outdoor origin occurs inside buildings, particularly in residences. The particle penetration factor through leaks in a building's exterior enclosure assembly is a key parameter that governs the infiltration of outdoor particles. However, experimental data for size-resolved particle penetration factors in real buildings, as well as penetration factors for fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) and ultrafine particles less than 100 nm (UFPs), remain limited, in part because of previous limitations in instrumentation and experimental methods. Here, we report on the development and application of a modified test method that utilizes portable particle sizing instrumentation to measure size-resolved infiltration factors and envelope penetration factors for 0.01-2.5 μm particles, which are then used to estimate penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5 . Eleven replicate measurements were made in an unoccupied apartment unit in Chicago, IL to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the test procedure and solution methods. Mean estimates of size-resolved penetration factors ranged from 0.41 ± 0.14 to 0.73 ± 0.05 across the range of measured particle sizes, while mean estimates of penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5 were 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.73 ± 0.05, respectively. Average relative uncertainties for all particle sizes/classes were less than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Stephens
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hidy GM. Surface-level fine particle mass concentrations: from hemispheric distributions to megacity sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:770-789. [PMID: 19645262 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, basic knowledge of the "chemical climate" of fine particles, has greatly improved from Junge's compilation from the 1960s. A worldwide baseline distribution of fine particle concentrations on a synoptic scale of approximately 1000 km can be estimated at least qualitatively from measurements. A geographical distribution of fine particle characteristics is deduced from a synthesis of a variety of disparate data collected at ground level on all continents, especially in the northern hemisphere. On the average, the regional mass concentrations range from 1 to 80 microg/m3, with the highest concentrations in regions of high population density and industrialization. Fine particles by mass on a continental and hemispheric spatial scale are generally dominated by non-sea salt sulfate (0.2 to approximately 20 microg/m3, or approximately 25%) and organic carbon (0.2-> 10 microg/m3, or approximately 25%), with lesser contributions of ammonium, nitrate, elemental carbon, and elements found in sea salt or soil dust. The crustal and trace metal elements contribute a varied amount to fine particle mass depending on location, with a larger contribution in marine conditions or during certain events such as dust storms or volcanic disturbances. The average distribution of mass concentration and major components depends on the proximity to areal aggregations of sources, most of which are continental in origin, with contributions from sea salt emissions in the marine environment. The highest concentrations generally are within or near very large population and industrial centers, especially in Asia, including parts of China and India, as well as North America and Europe. Natural sources of blowing dust, sea salt, and wildfires contribute to large, intermittent spatial-scale particle loadings beyond these ranges. A sampling of 10 megacities illustrates a range of characteristic particle composition, dependent on local and regional sources. Long-range transport of pollution from spatially aggregated sources over hundreds of kilometers creates persistent regional- and continental-scale gradients of mass concentration, sulfate, and carbon species especially in the northern hemisphere. Data are sparse in the southern hemisphere, especially beyond 45 degrees S, but are generally very low in mass concentrations.
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van Pinxteren D, Brüggemann E, Gnauk T, Iinuma Y, Müller K, Nowak A, Achtert P, Wiedensohler A, Herrmann H. Size‐ and time‐resolved chemical particle characterization during CAREBeijing‐2006: Different pollution regimes and diurnal profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hitzenberger R, Ctyroky P, Berner A, Tursic J, Podkrajsek B, Grgić I. Size distribution of black (BC) and total carbon (TC) in Vienna and Ljubljana. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2106-13. [PMID: 16875711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During two campaigns in winter 2004, size segregated impactor samples (0.1-10 microm) and filter samples were taken in two Central European cities (Vienna, Austria and Ljubljana, Slovenia). The impactor samples were analyzed for major inorganic ions and short-chain organic acids, total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC). Maximum concentrations of total mass were 71.6 microg m(-3) in Vienna and 73.1 microg m(-3) in Ljubljana. Minimum concentrations in Vienna were only half those in Ljubljana. The BC content of the aerosol was similar (ca. 8%), but the BC/TC ratio was higher in Vienna than in Ljubljana (0.39 vs. 0.29), reflecting the different contribution of diesel traffic emissions. The mass median diameters of the submicron size distributions of all major fractions (total mass, TC, BC and SO(4)(2-)) were smaller in Vienna (0.43 microm, 0.41 microm, 0.38 microm and 0.48 microm, respectively) than in Ljubljana (0.55 microm, 0.44 microm, 0.42 microm and 0.60 microm, respectively). Impactor/filter ratios for total mass were 0.79 in Vienna and 0.82 in Ljubljana, while the ratios for BC were 0.56 in Vienna and 0.49 in Ljubljana. An estimation of the mixing state of accumulation mode BC indicated that 33% and 37% of BC, respectively, are mixed externally to the aerosol in the accumulation size range in Vienna and Ljubljana.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hitzenberger
- University of Vienna, Institute for Experimental Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Sardar SB. Seasonal and spatial variability of the size-resolved chemical composition of particulate matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wex H, Kiselev A, Stratmann F, Zoboki J, Brechtel F. Measured and modeled equilibrium sizes of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4particles at relative humidities up to 99.1%. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schuster GL. Inferring black carbon content and specific absorption from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol retrievals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alexandrov MD. Separation of fine and coarse aerosol modes in MFRSR data sets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lance S, Nenes A, Rissman TA. Chemical and dynamical effects on cloud droplet number: Implications for estimates of the aerosol indirect effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lance
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Tracey A. Rissman
- Department of Chemical Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Franke K. Optical properties of the Indo-Asian haze layer over the tropical Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Guazzotti SA. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols outflow from India and Arabia: Biomass/biofuel burning and fossil fuel combustion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Riemer N. Modeling aerosols on the mesoscale-γ: Treatment of soot aerosol and its radiative effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Trimborn A, Hinz KP, Spengler B. Online analysis of atmospheric particles with a transportable laser mass spectrometer during LACE 98. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Trimborn
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - K.-P. Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - B. Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
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Fiebig M, Petzold A, Wandinger U, Wendisch M, Kiemle C, Stifter A, Ebert M, Rother T, Leiterer U. Optical closure for an aerosol column: Method, accuracy, and inferable properties applied to a biomass-burning aerosol and its radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fiebig
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen; Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Wessling Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen; Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Wessling Germany
| | | | | | - Christoph Kiemle
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen; Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Wessling Germany
| | - Armin Stifter
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen; Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Wessling Germany
| | - Martin Ebert
- Fachbereich Materialwissenschaften; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tom Rother
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt Oberpfaffenhofen; Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum; Wessling Germany
| | - Ulrich Leiterer
- Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg; Lindenberg Germany
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Petzold A, Fiebig M, Flentje H, Keil A, Leiterer U, Schröder F, Stifter A, Wendisch M, Wendling P. Vertical variability of aerosol properties observed at a continental site during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE 98). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Petzold
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
| | - M. Fiebig
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
| | - H. Flentje
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
| | - A. Keil
- Institut für Troposphärenforschung; Leipzig Germany
| | - U. Leiterer
- Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD); Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg; Lindenberg Germany
| | - F. Schröder
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
| | - A. Stifter
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
| | - M. Wendisch
- Institut für Troposphärenforschung; Leipzig Germany
| | - P. Wendling
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR); Wessling Germany
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Wendisch M, Keil A, Müller D, Wandinger U, Wendling P, Stifter A, Petzold A, Fiebig M, Wiegner M, Freudenthaler V, Armbruster W, von Hoyningen-Huene W, Leiterer U. Aerosol-radiation interaction in the cloudless atmosphere during LACE 98 1. Measured and calculated broadband solar and spectral surface insolations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Keil
- Institute for Tropospheric Research; Leipzig Germany
| | - Dörthe Müller
- Institute for Tropospheric Research; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Peter Wendling
- Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere; Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
| | - Armin Stifter
- Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere; Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere; Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
| | - Markus Fiebig
- Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere; Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Leiterer
- Meteorological Observatory; German Weather Service; Lindenberg Germany
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Bundke U, Hänel G, Horvath H, Kaller W, Seidl S, Wex H, Wiedensohler A, Wiegner M, Freudenthaler V. Aerosol optical properties during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE 98). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Bundke
- Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - G. Hänel
- Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics; J. W. Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - H. Horvath
- Institute of Experimental Physics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - W. Kaller
- Institute of Experimental Physics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - S. Seidl
- Institute of Experimental Physics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - H. Wex
- Institute for Tropospheric Research; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - M. Wiegner
- Meteorologisches Institut; University of München; Munich Germany
| | - V. Freudenthaler
- Meteorologisches Institut; University of München; Munich Germany
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Wex H, Neusüß C, Wendisch M, Stratmann F, Koziar C, Keil A, Wiedensohler A, Ebert M. Particle scattering, backscattering, and absorption coefficients: An in situ closure and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wex
- Institute for Tropospheric Research; Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Keil
- Institute for Tropospheric Research; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Martin Ebert
- Umweltmineralogie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
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Ebert M, Weinbruch S, Rausch A, Gorzawski G, Helas G, Hoffmann P, Wex H. Complex refractive index of aerosols during LACE 98#x2010; as derived from the analysis of individual particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ebert
- Umweltmineralogie; Institut für Mineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
| | - S. Weinbruch
- Umweltmineralogie; Institut für Mineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
| | - A. Rausch
- Umweltmineralogie; Institut für Mineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
- Biogeochemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - G. Gorzawski
- Umweltmineralogie; Institut für Mineralogie, Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
- Biogeochemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - G. Helas
- Biogeochemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - P. Hoffmann
- Chemische Analytik, Fachbereich Materialwissenschaft; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Darmstadt Germany
| | - H. Wex
- Institut für Troposphärenforschung; Leipzig Germany
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Neusüß C. Carbonaceous aerosol over the Indian Ocean: OC/EC fractions and selected specifications from size-segregated onboard samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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