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Shaviv NJ, Svensmark H, Veizer J. The Phanerozoic climate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1519:7-19. [PMID: 36328941 PMCID: PMC10098793 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We review the long-term climate variations during the last 540 million years (Phanerozoic Eon). We begin with a short summary of the relevant geological and geochemical datasets available for the reconstruction of long-term climate variations. We then explore the main drivers of climate that appear to explain a large fraction of these climatic oscillations. The first is the long-term trend in atmospheric CO2 due to geological processes, while the second is the atmospheric ionization due to the changing galactic environment. Other drivers, such as albedo and geographic effects, are of secondary importance. In this review, we pay particular attention to problems that may affect the measurements of temperature obtained from oxygen isotopes, such as the long-term changes in the concentration of δ18 O seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir J Shaviv
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Henrik Svensmark
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ján Veizer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Remsberg E. Observation and Attribution of Temperature Trends Near the Stratopause From HALOE. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:6600-6611. [PMID: 31632892 PMCID: PMC6800683 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study considers time series of temperature versus pressure, T(p), from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) across the stratopause region, where the effects of radiative forcings from the greenhouse gases (CO2 and H2O) and from ozone are most pronounced. Trend analyses of HALOE T(p) values for 1993-2005 are for six levels from 2.0 to 0.3 hPa with a vertical resolution of about 4 km and for eight latitude zones from 65°S to 65°N. The analyses account for the forcing effects from the 11-yr solar cycle. HALOE trends at 2.0 hPa are of the order of -1.0 K/decade across the tropics and subtropics but then become smaller (-0.5 K/decade) at the middle latitudes. Near-global T(p) trends are of order -0.5 K/decade but have a minimum of -0.2 K/decade at 1.0 hPa; they are clearly negative in the southern but slightly positive in the northern hemisphere. The combined radiative forcings from CO2, H2O, and ozone vary between -0.4 and -0.7 K/decade for 1993-2005 and are hemispherically symmetric. The HALOE temperature trend and total radiative cooling profiles differ from those reported from observations and calculations for 1980-2000, mainly because the ozone trends changed from clearly negative in the 1980s through mid-1990s to slightly positive during the time of HALOE. Trends at low latitudes for the tracer, methane (CH4), increase from 2% to 4%/decade from 50 to 10 hPa and then to ~6%/decade by 5 hPa. Analyses of time series of CH4 across the stratopause reveal subseasonal scale variability within the northern hemisphere that reduces the significance of the T(p) trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Remsberg
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
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Remsberg E, Damadeo R, Natarajan M, Bhatt P. Observed responses of mesospheric water vapor to solar cycle and dynamical forcings. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3830-3843. [PMID: 31360621 PMCID: PMC6662215 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd028029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on responses of mesospheric water vapor (H2O) to the solar cycle flux at Lyman-α wavelength and to wave forcings according to the multivariate ENSO index (MEI). The zonal-averaged responses are for latitudes from 60°S to 60°N and pressure-altitudes from 0.01 to 1.0 hPa, as obtained by multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of time series of H2O from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) for July 1992 to November 2005. The solar responses change from strong negative H2O values in the upper mesosphere to very weak, positive values in the tropical lower mesosphere. Those response profiles at the low latitudes agree reasonably with published results for H2O from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The distribution of seasonal H2O amplitudes corresponds well with that for temperature and is in accord with the seasonal net circulation. In general, the responses of H2O to MEI are anti-correlated with those of temperature. H2O responses to MEI are negative in the upper mesosphere and largest in the northern hemisphere; responses in the lower mesosphere are more symmetric with latitude. The H2O trends from MLR for the lower mesosphere agree with those reported from time series of microwave observations at two ground-based network stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Remsberg
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Robert Damadeo
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Murali Natarajan
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Blvd., Hampton, Virginia 23681, USA
| | - Praful Bhatt
- Robinhood, 3200 Ash Street, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
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Shang L, Tian W, Dhomse S, Chipperfield MP, Liu Y, Wang W. Direct and indirect effects of solar variations on stratospheric ozone and temperature. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ray EA, Moore FL, Rosenlof KH, Davis SM, Boenisch H, Morgenstern O, Smale D, Rozanov E, Hegglin M, Pitari G, Mancini E, Braesicke P, Butchart N, Hardiman S, Li F, Shibata K, Plummer DA. Evidence for changes in stratospheric transport and mixing over the past three decades based on multiple data sets and tropical leaky pipe analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matthes K, Marsh DR, Garcia RR, Kinnison DE, Sassi F, Walters S. Role of the QBO in modulating the influence of the 11 year solar cycle on the atmosphere using constant forcings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hood LL, Soukharev BE, McCormack JP. Decadal variability of the tropical stratosphere: Secondary influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmidt H, Brasseur GP, Giorgetta MA. Solar cycle signal in a general circulation and chemistry model with internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Müller R, Grooss JU. Does cosmic-ray-induced heterogeneous chemistry influence stratospheric polar ozone loss? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:228501. [PMID: 20366127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.228501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic-ray (CR) -induced heterogeneous reactions of halogenated species have been suggested to play the dominant role in causing the Antarctic ozone hole. However, measurements of total ozone in Antarctica do not show a compact and significant correlation with CR activity. Further, a substantial CR-induced heterogeneous loss of chlorofluorocarbons is incompatible with multiyear satellite observations of N2O and CFC-12. Thus, CR-induced heterogeneous reactions cannot be considered as an alternative mechanism causing the Antarctic ozone hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- ICG-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Fioletov VE. Estimating the 27-day and 11-year solar cycle variations in tropical upper stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Austin J, Tourpali K, Rozanov E, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Bodeker G, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Deushi M, Fomichev VI, Giorgetta MA, Gray L, Kodera K, Lott F, Manzini E, Marsh D, Matthes K, Nagashima T, Shibata K, Stolarski RS, Struthers H, Tian W. Coupled chemistry climate model simulations of the solar cycle in ozone and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith AK, Matthes K. Decadal-scale periodicities in the stratosphere associated with the solar cycle and the QBO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Smith
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Katja Matthes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Marsh DR, Garcia RR, Kinnison DE, Boville BA, Sassi F, Solomon SC, Matthes K. Modeling the whole atmosphere response to solar cycle changes in radiative and geomagnetic forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCormack JP, Siskind DE, Hood LL. Solar-QBO interaction and its impact on stratospheric ozone in a zonally averaged photochemical transport model of the middle atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tourpali K, Zerefos CS, Balis DS, Bais AF. The 11-year solar cycle in stratospheric ozone: Comparison between Umkehr and SBUVv8 and effects on surface erythemal irradiance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fleming EL, Jackman CH, Weisenstein DK, Ko MKW. The impact of interannual variability on multidecadal total ozone simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Randel WJ, Wu F. A stratospheric ozone profile data set for 1979–2005: Variability, trends, and comparisons with column ozone data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Soukharev BE, Hood LL. Solar cycle variation of stratospheric ozone: Multiple regression analysis of long-term satellite data sets and comparisons with models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Steinbrecht W, Claude H, Schönenborn F, McDermid IS, Leblanc T, Godin S, Song T, Swart DPJ, Meijer YJ, Bodeker GE, Connor BJ, Kämpfer N, Hocke K, Calisesi Y, Schneider N, de la Noë J, Parrish AD, Boyd IS, Brühl C, Steil B, Giorgetta MA, Manzini E, Thomason LW, Zawodny JM, McCormick MP, Russell JM, Bhartia PK, Stolarski RS, Hollandsworth-Frith SM. Long-term evolution of upper stratospheric ozone at selected stations of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Claude
- German Weather Service; Hohenpeissenberg Germany
| | | | - I. S. McDermid
- Table Mountain Facility; NASA-JPL; Wrightwood California USA
| | - T. Leblanc
- Table Mountain Facility; NASA-JPL; Wrightwood California USA
| | - S. Godin
- CNRS Service d'Aeronomie; Paris France
| | - T. Song
- CNRS Service d'Aeronomie; Paris France
| | | | | | | | | | - N. Kämpfer
- Institute of Applied Physics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - K. Hocke
- Institute of Applied Physics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Y. Calisesi
- Institute of Applied Physics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - N. Schneider
- OASU/L3AB; Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS-INSU; Floirac France
| | - J. de la Noë
- OASU/L3AB; Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS-INSU; Floirac France
| | - A. D. Parrish
- Astronomy Department; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | | | - C. Brühl
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - B. Steil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | | | - E. Manzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Bologna Italy
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Coughlin K, Tung KK. Eleven-year solar cycle signal throughout the lower atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Coughlin
- Department of Applied Mathematics; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - K. K. Tung
- Department of Applied Mathematics; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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Matthes K, Langematz U, Gray LL, Kodera K, Labitzke K. Improved 11-year solar signal in the Freie Universität Berlin Climate Middle Atmosphere Model (FUB-CMAM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Matthes
- Institut für Meteorologie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrike Langematz
- Institut für Meteorologie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Lesley L. Gray
- Centre for Global Atmospheric Modeling, Meteorology Department; Reading University; Reading UK
| | | | - Karin Labitzke
- Institut für Meteorologie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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DeLand MT, Cebula RP, Hilsenrath E. Observations of solar spectral irradiance change during cycle 22 from NOAA-9 Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet Model 2 (SBUV/2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cunnold DM. Comment on “Enhanced upper stratospheric ozone: Sign of recovery or solar cycle effect?” by W. Steinbrecht et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Steinbrecht W. Enhanced upper stratospheric ozone: Sign of recovery or solar cycle effect? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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