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Zorzano MP, Martínez G, Polkko J, Tamppari LK, Newman C, Savijärvi H, Goreva Y, Viúdez-Moreiras D, Bertrand T, Smith M, Hausrath EM, Siljeström S, Benison K, Bosak T, Czaja AD, Debaille V, Herd CDK, Mayhew L, Sephton MA, Shuster D, Simon JI, Weiss B, Randazzo N, Mandon L, Brown A, Hecht MH, Martínez-Frías J. Present-day thermal and water activity environment of the Mars Sample Return collection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7175. [PMID: 38532041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mars Sample Return mission intends to retrieve a sealed collection of rocks, regolith, and atmosphere sampled from Jezero Crater, Mars, by the NASA Perseverance rover mission. For all life-related research, it is necessary to evaluate water availability in the samples and on Mars. Within the first Martian year, Perseverance has acquired an estimated total mass of 355 g of rocks and regolith, and 38 μmoles of Martian atmospheric gas. Using in-situ observations acquired by the Perseverance rover, we show that the present-day environmental conditions at Jezero allow for the hydration of sulfates, chlorides, and perchlorates and the occasional formation of frost as well as a diurnal atmospheric-surface water exchange of 0.5-10 g water per m2 (assuming a well-mixed atmosphere). At night, when the temperature drops below 190 K, the surface water activity can exceed 0.5, the lowest limit for cell reproduction. During the day, when the temperature is above the cell replication limit of 245 K, water activity is less than 0.02. The environmental conditions at the surface of Jezero Crater, where these samples were acquired, are incompatible with the cell replication limits currently known on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Paz Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Germán Martínez
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jouni Polkko
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leslie K Tamppari
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | | | - Yulia Goreva
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | - Tanguy Bertrand
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, France
| | - Michael Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tanja Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Czaja
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vinciane Debaille
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher D K Herd
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lisa Mayhew
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Justin I Simon
- Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Randazzo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lucia Mandon
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Neukart F. Towards sustainable horizons: A comprehensive blueprint for Mars colonization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26180. [PMID: 38404830 PMCID: PMC10884476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper thoroughly explores the feasibility, challenges, and proposed solutions for establishing a sustainable human colony on Mars. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the Martian environment, highlighting key challenges such as radiation exposure, which astronauts could experience at minimum levels of 0.66 sieverts during a round trip, and the complications arising from Mars' thin atmosphere and extreme temperature variations. Technological advancements are examined, including developing Martian concrete, which utilizes sulfur as a binding agent, and innovative life support strategies like aeroponics and algae bioreactors. The human aspect of colonization is addressed, focusing on long-term space habitation's psychological and physiological impacts. We also present a cost-benefit analysis of in-situ resource utilization versus Earth-based supply missions, emphasizing economic viability with the potential reduction in launch costs through reusable rocket technology. A timeline for the colonization process is suggested, spanning preliminary unmanned missions for resource assessment, followed by short-term manned missions leading to sustainable settlements over several decades. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, particularly in refining resource utilization techniques and advancing health and life support systems, to solidify the foundation for Mars colonization. This comprehensive assessment aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders in planning and executing a strategic and informed approach to making Mars colonization a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Neukart
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2333 CA, South Holland, Netherlands
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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3
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Holmes JA, Lewis SR, Patel MR, Alday J, Aoki S, Liuzzi G, Villanueva GL, Crismani MMJ, Fedorova AA, Olsen KS, Kass DM, Vandaele AC, Korablev O. Global Variations in Water Vapor and Saturation State Throughout the Mars Year 34 Dusty Season. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2022; 127:e2022JE007203. [PMID: 36589717 PMCID: PMC9788072 DOI: 10.1029/2022je007203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To understand the evolving martian water cycle, a global perspective of the combined vertical and horizontal distribution of water is needed in relation to supersaturation and water loss and how it varies spatially and temporally. The global vertical water vapor distribution is investigated through an analysis that unifies water, temperature and dust retrievals from several instruments on multiple spacecraft throughout Mars Year (MY) 34 with a global circulation model. During the dusty season of MY 34, northern polar latitudes are largely absent of water vapor below 20 km with variations above this altitude due to transport from mid-latitudes during a global dust storm, the downwelling branch of circulation during perihelion season and the intense MY 34 southern summer regional dust storm. Evidence is found of supersaturated water vapor breaking into the northern winter polar vortex. Supersaturation above around 60 km is found for most of the time period, with lower altitudes showing more diurnal variation in the saturation state of the atmosphere. Discrete layers of supersaturated water are found across all latitudes. The global dust storm and southern summer regional dust storm forced water vapor at all latitudes in a supersaturated state to 60-90 km where it is more likely to escape from the atmosphere. The reanalysis data set provides a constrained global perspective of the water cycle in which to investigate the horizontal and vertical transport of water throughout the atmosphere, of critical importance to understand how water is exchanged between different reservoirs and escapes the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Holmes
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - S. R. Lewis
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - M. R. Patel
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
- Space Science and Technology DepartmentScience and Technology Facilities CouncilRutherford Appleton LaboratoryDidcotUK
| | - J. Alday
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - S. Aoki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical ScienceJapan Aerospace Exploration AgencyKanagawaJapan
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - G. Liuzzi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsAmerican UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - M. M. J. Crismani
- Department of PhysicsCalifornia State University San BernardinoSan BernardinoCAUSA
| | - A. A. Fedorova
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS)MoscowRussia
| | - K. S. Olsen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - A. C. Vandaele
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - O. Korablev
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS)MoscowRussia
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4
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Aoki S, Vandaele AC, Daerden F, Villanueva GL, Liuzzi G, Clancy RT, Lopez‐Valverde MA, Brines A, Thomas IR, Trompet L, Erwin JT, Neary L, Robert S, Piccialli A, Holmes JA, Patel MR, Yoshida N, Whiteway J, Smith MD, Ristic B, Bellucci G, Lopez‐Moreno JJ, Fedorova AA. Global Vertical Distribution of Water Vapor on Mars: Results From 3.5 Years of ExoMars-TGO/NOMAD Science Operations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2022; 127:e2022JE007231. [PMID: 36583097 PMCID: PMC9787519 DOI: 10.1029/2022je007231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present water vapor vertical distributions on Mars retrieved from 3.5 years of solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which reveal a strong contrast between aphelion and perihelion water climates. In equinox periods, most of water vapor is confined into the low-middle latitudes. In aphelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the northern polar cap is confined into very low altitudes-water vapor mixing ratios observed at the 0-5 km lower boundary of measurement decrease by an order of magnitude at the approximate altitudes of 15 and 30 km for the latitudes higher than 50°N and 30-50°N, respectively. The vertical confinement of water vapor at northern middle latitudes around aphelion is more pronounced in the morning terminators than evening, perhaps controlled by the diurnal cycle of cloud formation. Water vapor is also observed over the low latitude regions in the aphelion southern hemisphere (0-30°S) mostly below 10-20 km, which suggests north-south transport of water still occurs. In perihelion periods, water vapor sublimated from the southern polar cap directly reaches high altitudes (>80 km) over high southern latitudes, suggesting more effective transport by the meridional circulation without condensation. We show that heating during perihelion, sporadic global dust storms, and regional dust storms occurring annually around 330° of solar longitude (L S) are the main events to supply water vapor to the upper atmosphere above 70 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aoki
- Department of Complexity Science and EngineeringGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - A. C. Vandaele
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - F. Daerden
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - G. Liuzzi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsAmerican UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | - A. Brines
- Instituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaGlorieta de la AstronomiaGranadaSpain
| | - I. R. Thomas
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - L. Trompet
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - J. T. Erwin
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - L. Neary
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - S. Robert
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUniversité catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - A. Piccialli
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | - J. A. Holmes
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - M. R. Patel
- School of Physical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | | | - J. Whiteway
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space ScienceYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - M. D. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - B. Ristic
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space AeronomyBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - J. J. Lopez‐Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaGlorieta de la AstronomiaGranadaSpain
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5
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Amiri HES, Brain D, Sharaf O, Withnell P, McGrath M, Alloghani M, Al Awadhi M, Al Dhafri S, Al Hamadi O, Al Matroushi H, Al Shamsi Z, Al Shehhi O, Chaffin M, Deighan J, Edwards C, Ferrington N, Harter B, Holsclaw G, Kelly M, Kubitschek D, Landin B, Lillis R, Packard M, Parker J, Pilinski E, Pramman B, Reed H, Ryan S, Sanders C, Smith M, Tomso C, Wrigley R, Al Mazmi H, Al Mheiri N, Al Shamsi M, Al Tunaiji E, Badri K, Christensen P, England S, Fillingim M, Forget F, Jain S, Jakosky BM, Jones A, Lootah F, Luhmann JG, Osterloo M, Wolff M, Yousuf M. The Emirates Mars Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2022; 218:4. [PMID: 35194256 PMCID: PMC8830993 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) was launched to Mars in the summer of 2020, and is the first interplanetary spacecraft mission undertaken by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The mission has multiple programmatic and scientific objectives, including the return of scientifically useful information about Mars. Three science instruments on the mission's Hope Probe will make global remote sensing measurements of the Martian atmosphere from a large low-inclination orbit that will advance our understanding of atmospheric variability on daily and seasonal timescales, as well as vertical atmospheric transport and escape. The mission was conceived and developed rapidly starting in 2014, and had aggressive schedule and cost constraints that drove the design and implementation of a new spacecraft bus. A team of Emirati and American engineers worked across two continents to complete a fully functional and tested spacecraft and bring it to the launchpad in the middle of a global pandemic. EMM is being operated from the UAE and the United States (U.S.), and will make its data freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. E. S. Amiri
- UAE Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - D. Brain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - O. Sharaf
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - P. Withnell
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. McGrath
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Alloghani
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Al Awadhi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Al Dhafri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - O. Al Hamadi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - H. Al Matroushi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Z. Al Shamsi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - O. Al Shehhi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Chaffin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - J. Deighan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - C. Edwards
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - N. Ferrington
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Harter
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - G. Holsclaw
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Kelly
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - D. Kubitschek
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Landin
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - R. Lillis
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Packard
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | | | - E. Pilinski
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. Pramman
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - H. Reed
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - S. Ryan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - C. Sanders
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - C. Tomso
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - R. Wrigley
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - H. Al Mazmi
- UAE Space Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - N. Al Mheiri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Al Shamsi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - E. Al Tunaiji
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - K. Badri
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - S. England
- Virgina Tech University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - M. Fillingim
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France
| | - S. Jain
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - B. M. Jakosky
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - A. Jones
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - F. Lootah
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J. G. Luhmann
- Space Sciences Lab, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Osterloo
- Space Science International, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M. Wolff
- Space Science International, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M. Yousuf
- Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Vakkada Ramachandran A, Zorzano MP, Martín-Torres J. Experimental Investigation of the Atmosphere-Regolith Water Cycle on Present-Day Mars. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7421. [PMID: 34770727 PMCID: PMC8588207 DOI: 10.3390/s21217421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The water content of the upper layers of the surface of Mars is not yet quantified. Laboratory simulations are the only feasible way to investigate this in a controlled way on Earth, and then compare it with remote and in situ observations of spacecrafts on Mars. Describing the processes that may induce changes in the water content of the surface is critical to determine the present-day habitability of the Martian surface, to understand the atmospheric water cycle, and to estimate the efficiency of future water extraction procedures from the regolith for In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). This paper illustrates the application of the SpaceQ facility to simulate the near-surface water cycle under Martian conditions. Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) observations at Gale crater show a non-equilibrium situation in the atmospheric H2O volume mixing ratio (VMR) at night-time, and there is a decrease in the atmospheric water content by up to 15 g/m2 within a few hours. This reduction suggests that the ground may act at night as a cold sink scavenging atmospheric water. Here, we use an experimental approach to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetics of water exchange between the atmosphere, a non-porous surface (LN2-chilled metal), various salts, Martian regolith simulant, and mixtures of salts and simulant within an environment which is close to saturation. We have conducted three experiments: the stability of pure liquid water around the vicinity of the triple point is studied in experiment 1, as well as observing the interchange of water between the atmosphere and the salts when the surface is saturated; in experiment 2, the salts were mixed with Mojave Martian Simulant (MMS) to observe changes in the texture of the regolith caused by the interaction with hydrates and liquid brines, and to quantify the potential of the Martian regolith to absorb and retain water; and experiment 3 investigates the evaporation of pure liquid water away from the triple point temperature when both the air and ground are at the same temperature and the relative humidity is near saturation. We show experimentally that frost can form spontaneously on a surface when saturation is reached and that, when the temperature is above 273.15 K (0 °C), this frost can transform into liquid water, which can persist for up to 3.5 to 4.5 h at Martian surface conditions. For comparison, we study the behavior of certain deliquescent salts that exist on the Martian surface, which can increase their mass between 32% and 85% by absorption of atmospheric water within a few hours. A mixture of these salts in a 10% concentration with simulant produces an aggregated granular structure with a water gain of approximately 18- to 50-wt%. Up to 53% of the atmospheric water was captured by the simulated ground, as pure liquid water, hydrate, or brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Vakkada Ramachandran
- Group of Atmospheric Science, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - María-Paz Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| | - Javier Martín-Torres
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), 18100 Granada, Spain
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7
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Edwards CS, Christensen PR, Mehall GL, Anwar S, Tunaiji EA, Badri K, Bowles H, Chase S, Farkas Z, Fisher T, Janiczek J, Kubik I, Harris-Laurila K, Holmes A, Lazbin I, Madril E, McAdam M, Miner M, O’Donnell W, Ortiz C, Pelham D, Patel M, Powell K, Shamordola K, Tourville T, Smith MD, Smith N, Woodward R, Weintraub A, Reed H, Pilinski EB. The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Emirates Mars InfraRed Spectrometer (EMIRS) Instrument. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:77. [PMID: 34565915 PMCID: PMC8456076 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Emirates Mars Mission Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) will provide remote measurements of the martian surface and lower atmosphere in order to better characterize the geographic and diurnal variability of key constituents (water ice, water vapor, and dust) along with temperature profiles on sub-seasonal timescales. EMIRS is a FTIR spectrometer covering the range from 6.0-100+ μm (1666-100 cm-1) with a spectral sampling as high as 5 cm-1 and a 5.4-mrad IFOV and a 32.5×32.5 mrad FOV. The EMIRS optical path includes a flat 45° pointing mirror to enable one degree of freedom and has a +/- 60° clear aperture around the nadir position which is fed to a 17.78-cm diameter Cassegrain telescope. The collected light is then fed to a flat-plate based Michelson moving mirror mounted on a dual linear voice-coil motor assembly. An array of deuterated L-alanine doped triglycine sulfate (DLaTGS) pyroelectric detectors are used to sample the interferogram every 2 or 4 seconds (depending on the spectral sampling selected). A single 0.846 μm laser diode is used in a metrology interferometer to provide interferometer positional control, sampled at 40 kHz (controlled at 5 kHz) and infrared signal sampled at 625 Hz. The EMIRS beamsplitter is a 60-mm diameter, 1-mm thick 1-arcsecond wedged chemical vapor deposited diamond with an antireflection microstructure to minimize first surface reflection. EMIRS relies on an instrumented internal v-groove blackbody target for a full-aperture radiometric calibration. The radiometric precision of a single spectrum (in 5 cm-1 mode) is <3.0×10-8 W cm-2 sr-1/cm-1 between 300 and 1350 cm-1 over instrument operational temperatures (<∼0.5 K NE Δ T @ 250 K). The absolute integrated radiance error is < 2% for scene temperatures ranging from 200-340 K. The overall EMIRS envelope size is 52.9×37.5×34.6 cm and the mass is 14.72 kg including the interface adapter plate. The average operational power consumption is 22.2 W, and the standby power consumption is 18.6 W with a 5.7 W thermostatically limited, always-on operational heater. EMIRS was developed by Arizona State University and Northern Arizona University in collaboration with the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre with Arizona Space Technologies developing the electronics. EMIRS was integrated, tested and radiometrically calibrated at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Edwards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | | | - Greg L. Mehall
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Saadat Anwar
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Eman Al Tunaiji
- Mohammed bin Rashid Space Center, Emirates Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Al Khawaneej Area, Dubai, UAE
| | - Khalid Badri
- Mohammed bin Rashid Space Center, Emirates Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Al Khawaneej Area, Dubai, UAE
| | - Heather Bowles
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Stillman Chase
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Zoltan Farkas
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Tara Fisher
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - John Janiczek
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Ian Kubik
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Kelly Harris-Laurila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - Edgar Madril
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Mark McAdam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Mark Miner
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - William O’Donnell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Carlos Ortiz
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Daniel Pelham
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Mehul Patel
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Kathryn Powell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Ken Shamordola
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Tom Tourville
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Rob Woodward
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Aaron Weintraub
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, NAU BOX 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Heather Reed
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Emily B. Pilinski
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
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8
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Greybush SJ, Kalnay E, Wilson RJ, Hoffman RN, Nehrkorn T, Leidner M, Eluszkiewicz J, Gillespie HE, Wespetal M, Zhao Y, Hoffman M, Dudas P, McConnochie T, Kleinböhl A, Kass D, McCleese D, Miyoshi T. The Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS) Version 1.0. GEOSCIENCE DATA JOURNAL 2019; 6:137-150. [PMID: 31894192 PMCID: PMC6919928 DOI: 10.1002/gdj3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS) dataset version 1.0 contains hourly gridded atmospheric variables for the planet Mars, spanning Mars Year (MY) 24 through 33 (1999 through 2017). A reanalysis represents the best estimate of the state of the atmosphere by combining observations that are sparse in space and time with a dynamical model and weighting them by their uncertainties. EMARS uses the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) for data assimilation with the GFDL/NASA Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM). Observations that are assimilated include the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) temperature retrievals. The dataset includes gridded fields of temperature, wind, surface pressure, as well as dust, water ice, CO2 surface ice and other atmospheric quantities. Reanalyses are useful for both science and engineering studies, including investigations of transient eddies, the polar vortex, thermal tides and dust storms, and during spacecraft operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Greybush
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Institute for CyberScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceThe University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Eugenia Kalnay
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceThe University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Ross N. Hoffman
- Atmospheric and Environmental ResearchVerisk AnalyticsLexingtonMAUSA
| | - Thomas Nehrkorn
- Atmospheric and Environmental ResearchVerisk AnalyticsLexingtonMAUSA
| | - Mark Leidner
- Atmospheric and Environmental ResearchVerisk AnalyticsLexingtonMAUSA
| | | | - Hartzel E. Gillespie
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Matthew Wespetal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceThe University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceThe University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Patrick Dudas
- Institute for CyberScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | | | - Armin Kleinböhl
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - David Kass
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Takemasa Miyoshi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceThe University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- RIKENKobeJapan
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9
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Martian slope streaks as plausible indicators of transient water activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7074. [PMID: 28765566 PMCID: PMC5539097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Slope streaks have been frequently observed in the equatorial, low thermal inertia and dusty regions of Mars. The reason behind their formation remains unclear with proposed hypotheses for both dry and wet mechanisms. Here, we report an up-to-date distribution and morphometric investigation of Martian slope streaks. We find: (i) a remarkable coexistence of the slope streak distribution with the regions on Mars with high abundances of water-equivalent hydrogen, chlorine, and iron; (ii) favourable thermodynamic conditions for transient deliquescence and brine development in the slope streak regions; (iii) a significant concurrence of slope streak distribution with the regions of enhanced atmospheric water vapour concentration, thus suggestive of a present-day regolith-atmosphere water cycle; and (iv) terrain preferences and flow patterns supporting a wet mechanism for slope streaks. These results suggest a strong local regolith-atmosphere water coupling in the slope streak regions that leads to the formation of these fluidised features. Our conclusions can have profound astrobiological, habitability, environmental, and planetary protection implications.
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10
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Read PL, Lewis SR, Mulholland DP. The physics of Martian weather and climate: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:125901. [PMID: 26534887 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/12/125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The planet Mars hosts an atmosphere that is perhaps the closest in terms of its meteorology and climate to that of the Earth. But Mars differs from Earth in its greater distance from the Sun, its smaller size, its lack of liquid oceans and its thinner atmosphere, composed mainly of CO(2). These factors give Mars a rather different climate to that of the Earth. In this article we review various aspects of the martian climate system from a physicist's viewpoint, focusing on the processes that control the martian environment and comparing these with corresponding processes on Earth. These include the radiative and thermodynamical processes that determine the surface temperature and vertical structure of the atmosphere, the fluid dynamics of its atmospheric motions, and the key cycles of mineral dust and volatile transport. In many ways, the climate of Mars is as complicated and diverse as that of the Earth, with complex nonlinear feedbacks that affect its response to variations in external forcing. Recent work has shown that the martian climate is anything but static, but is almost certainly in a continual state of transient response to slowly varying insolation associated with cyclic variations in its orbit and rotation. We conclude with a discussion of the physical processes underlying these long- term climate variations on Mars, and an overview of some of the most intriguing outstanding problems that should be a focus for future observational and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Read
- Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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11
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Villanueva GL, Mumma MJ, Novak RE, Käufl HU, Hartogh P, Encrenaz T, Tokunaga A, Khayat A, Smith MD. Strong water isotopic anomalies in the martian atmosphere: probing current and ancient reservoirs. Science 2015; 348:218-21. [PMID: 25745065 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We measured maps of atmospheric water (H2O) and its deuterated form (HDO) across the martian globe, showing strong isotopic anomalies and a significant high deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) enrichment indicative of great water loss. The maps sample the evolution of sublimation from the north polar cap, revealing that the released water has a representative D/H value enriched by a factor of about 7 relative to Earth's ocean [Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW)]. Certain basins and orographic depressions show even higher enrichment, whereas high-altitude regions show much lower values (1 to 3 VSMOW). Our atmospheric maps indicate that water ice in the polar reservoirs is enriched in deuterium to at least 8 VSMOW, which would mean that early Mars (4.5 billion years ago) had a global equivalent water layer at least 137 meters deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Villanueva
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - M J Mumma
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R E Novak
- Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10801, USA
| | - H U Käufl
- European Southern Observatory, Munich, Germany
| | - P Hartogh
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau 37191, Germany
| | - T Encrenaz
- Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Meudon 92195, France
| | - A Tokunaga
- University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - A Khayat
- University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - M D Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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12
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Wang A, Freeman JJ, Chou IM, Jolliff BL. Stability of Mg-sulfates at −10°C and the rates of dehydration/rehydration processes under conditions relevant to Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Madeleine JB, Forget F, Millour E, Montabone L, Wolff MJ. Revisiting the radiative impact of dust on Mars using the LMD Global Climate Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Benson JL, Kass DM, Kleinböhl A, McCleese DJ, Schofield JT, Taylor FW. Mars' south polar hood as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Beck P, Pommerol A, Schmitt B, Brissaud O. Kinetics of water adsorption on minerals and the breathing of the Martian regolith. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Cull S, Arvidson RE, Morris RV, Wolff M, Mellon MT, Lemmon MT. Seasonal ice cycle at the Mars Phoenix landing site: 2. Postlanding CRISM and ground observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Tamppari LK, Bass D, Cantor B, Daubar I, Dickinson C, Fisher D, Fujii K, Gunnlauggson HP, Hudson TL, Kass D, Kleinböhl A, Komguem L, Lemmon MT, Mellon M, Moores J, Pankine A, Pathak J, Searls M, Seelos F, Smith MD, Smrekar S, Taylor P, Holstein-Rathlou C, Weng W, Whiteway J, Wolff M. Phoenix and MRO coordinated atmospheric measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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de Vera JP, Möhlmann D, Butina F, Lorek A, Wernecke R, Ott S. Survival potential and photosynthetic activity of lichens under Mars-like conditions: a laboratory study. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:215-227. [PMID: 20402583 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lichens were repetitively exposed over 22 days to thermophysical Mars-like conditions at low-and mid-latitudes. The simulated parameters and the experimental setup are described. Natural samples of the lichen Xanthoria elegans were used to investigate their ability to survive the applied Mars-like conditions. The effects of atmospheric pressure, CO(2) concentration, low temperature, water availability, and light on Mars were also studied. The results of these experiments indicate that no significant decrease in the vitality of the lichen occurred after exposure to simulated martian conditions, which was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis, and a 95% CO(2) atmosphere with 100% humidity, low pressure (partial pressure of CO(2) was 600 Pa), and low temperature has a balancing effect on photosynthetic activity as a function of temperature. This means a starting low photosynthetic activity at high CO(2) concentrations with Earth-like pressure has a reduction of 60%. But, if the simulated atmospheric pressure is reduced to Mars-like conditions with the maintenance of the same Mars-like 95% CO(2) concentration, the photosynthetic activity increases and again reaches similar values as those exhibited under terrestrial atmospheric pressure and concentration. Based on these results, we presume that, in any region on Mars where liquid water might be available, even for short periods of time, a eukaryotic symbiotic organism would have the ability to survive, at least over weeks, and to temporarily photosynthesize.
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19
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Nelli SM, Murphy JR, Feldman WC, Schaeffer JR. Characterization of the nighttime low-latitude water ice deposits in the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model 2.1 under present-day atmospheric conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kadish SJ, Barlow NG, Head JW. Latitude dependence of Martian pedestal craters: Evidence for a sublimation-driven formation mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Kadish
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Nadine G. Barlow
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
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21
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Whiteway JA, Komguem L, Dickinson C, Cook C, Illnicki M, Seabrook J, Popovici V, Duck TJ, Davy R, Taylor PA, Pathak J, Fisher D, Carswell AI, Daly M, Hipkin V, Zent AP, Hecht MH, Wood SE, Tamppari LK, Renno N, Moores JE, Lemmon MT, Daerden F, Smith PH. Mars Water-Ice Clouds and Precipitation. Science 2009; 325:68-70. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1172344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Whiteway
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. Komguem
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Dickinson
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. Cook
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Illnicki
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Seabrook
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - V. Popovici
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. J. Duck
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - R. Davy
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. A. Taylor
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Pathak
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Fisher
- National Glaciology Group, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M. Daly
- MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA), Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - V. Hipkin
- Canadian Space Agency (CSA), St-Hubert, Quebec, Canada
| | - A. P. Zent
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - M. H. Hecht
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. E. Wood
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L. K. Tamppari
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N. Renno
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. E. Moores
- Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - F. Daerden
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. H. Smith
- Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Smith MD, Wolff MJ, Clancy RT, Murchie SL. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer observations of water vapor and carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Wang A, Freeman JJ, Jolliff BL. Phase transition pathways of the hydrates of magnesium sulfate in the temperature range 50°C to 5°C: Implication for sulfates on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Lee C, Lawson WG, Richardson MI, Heavens NG, Kleinböhl A, Banfield D, McCleese DJ, Zurek R, Kass D, Schofield JT, Leovy CB, Taylor FW, Toigo AD. Thermal Tides in the Martian Middle Atmosphere as Seen by the Mars Climate Sounder. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 2009. [PMID: 27630378 DOI: 10.1029/2008je003302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic observations of the middle atmosphere of Mars (35km-80km) with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) show dramatic patterns of diurnal thermal variation, evident in retrievals of temperature and water ice opacity. At the time of writing, the dataset of MCS limb retrievals is sufficient for spectral analysis within a limited range of latitudes and seasons. This analysis shows that these thermal variations are almost exclusively associated with a diurnal thermal tide. Using a Martian General Circulation Model to extend our analysis we show that the diurnal thermal tide dominates these patterns for all latitudes and all seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - W G Lawson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - M I Richardson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - N G Heavens
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - A Kleinböhl
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - D Banfield
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
| | - D J McCleese
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - R Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - D Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - J T Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - C B Leovy
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington
| | - F W Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford
| | - A D Toigo
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
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25
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Mellon MT, Boynton WV, Feldman WC, Arvidson RE, Titus TN, Bandfield JL, Putzig NE, Sizemore HG. A prelanding assessment of the ice table depth and ground ice characteristics in Martian permafrost at the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Fisher D, Novak R, Mumma MJ. D/H ratio during the northern polar summer and what the Phoenix mission might measure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Koeppen WC, Hamilton VE. Global distribution, composition, and abundance of olivine on the surface of Mars from thermal infrared data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Montmessin F, Haberle RM, Forget F, Langevin Y, Clancy RT, Bibring JP. On the origin of perennial water ice at the south pole of Mars: A precession-controlled mechanism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montmessin
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field USA
| | - R. M. Haberle
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field USA
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; CNRS, IPSL, UPMC; Paris France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay Campus France
| | | | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay Campus France
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29
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Pelkey SM, Mustard JF, Murchie S, Clancy RT, Wolff M, Smith M, Milliken R, Bibring JP, Gendrin A, Poulet F, Langevin Y, Gondet B. CRISM multispectral summary products: Parameterizing mineral diversity on Mars from reflectance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Pelkey
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - J. F. Mustard
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - S. Murchie
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | | | - M. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Smith
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. Milliken
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | | | - A. Gendrin
- Department of Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; Orsay France
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30
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Chamberlain MA, Boynton WV. Response of Martian ground ice to orbit-induced climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Hudson TL, Aharonson O, Schorghofer N, Farmer CB, Hecht MH, Bridges NT. Water vapor diffusion in Mars subsurface environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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McCleese DJ, Schofield JT, Taylor FW, Calcutt SB, Foote MC, Kass DM, Leovy CB, Paige DA, Read PL, Zurek RW. Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Murchie S, Arvidson R, Bedini P, Beisser K, Bibring JP, Bishop J, Boldt J, Cavender P, Choo T, Clancy RT, Darlington EH, Des Marais D, Espiritu R, Fort D, Green R, Guinness E, Hayes J, Hash C, Heffernan K, Hemmler J, Heyler G, Humm D, Hutcheson J, Izenberg N, Lee R, Lees J, Lohr D, Malaret E, Martin T, McGovern JA, McGuire P, Morris R, Mustard J, Pelkey S, Rhodes E, Robinson M, Roush T, Schaefer E, Seagrave G, Seelos F, Silverglate P, Slavney S, Smith M, Shyong WJ, Strohbehn K, Taylor H, Thompson P, Tossman B, Wirzburger M, Wolff M. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Wolff MJ, Smith MD, Clancy RT, Spanovich N, Whitney BA, Lemmon MT, Bandfield JL, Banfield D, Ghosh A, Landis G, Christensen PR, Bell JF, Squyres SW. Constraints on dust aerosols from the Mars Exploration Rovers using MGS overflights and Mini-TES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Wolff
- Space Science Institute; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. D. Smith
- Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - N. Spanovich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - J. L. Bandfield
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. Banfield
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - A. Ghosh
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - G. Landis
- Photovoltaics and Space Environment Branch; NASA John Glenn Research Center; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Smith MD, Wolff MJ, Spanovich N, Ghosh A, Banfield D, Christensen PR, Landis GA, Squyres SW. One Martian year of atmospheric observations using MER Mini-TES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Don Banfield
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Cabrol NA, Farmer JD, Grin EA, Richter L, Soderblom L, Li R, Herkenhoff K, Landis GA, Arvidson RE. Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Cabrol
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - J. D. Farmer
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - E. A. Grin
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - L. Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Cologne Germany
| | | | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - G. A. Landis
- Photovoltaics and Space Environment Branch; NASA John Glenn Research Center; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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Martínez-Alonso S, Mellon MT, Kindel BC, Jakosky BM. Mapping compositional diversity on the surface of Mars: The Spectral Variance Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Perrier S, Bertaux JL, Lefèvre F, Lebonnois S, Korablev O, Fedorova A, Montmessin F. Global distribution of total ozone on Mars from SPICAM/MEX UV measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fedorova A, Korablev O, Bertaux JL, Rodin A, Kiselev A, Perrier S. Mars water vapor abundance from SPICAM IR spectrometer: Seasonal and geographic distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Urban J, Dassas K, Forget F, Ricaud P. Retrieval of vertical constituents and temperature profiles from passive submillimeter wave limb observations of the Martian atmosphere: a feasibility study. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:2438-2455. [PMID: 15861854 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the Martian atmosphere is of key importance for an understanding of the planets present and past. Passive limb observations of thermal radiation at submillimeter wavelengths in the 320-350-GHz range by use of a state-of-the-art satellite receiver on a low Mars orbit allow important parameters such as the mixing ratios of H2O, HDO, 12CO, 13CO, O3, and H2O2 as well as the thermal profile to be retrieved with high precision and unprecedented vertical range and resolution, providing valuable information for better understanding of the planet's water cycle, atmospheric dynamics, and photochemistry. The feasibility of these kinds of measurement is demonstrated by means of model simulations based on realistic atmospheric, spectroscopic, and instrumental parameters. Temperature can be retrieved to approximately 90 km with half-scale height vertical resolution from single-scan measurements of emission lines of the long-lived species 12CO and 13CO. The global water-vapor distribution can be measured even under dry or wet conditions with good vertical resolution from the surface to approximately 45 km, and simultaneous observations of HDO allow useful information on the D/H ratio up to an altitude of approximately 30 km to be derived. The sensitivity of the limb-sounding technique also permits information on the photochemically important minor species O3, and H2O2 to be obtained. It is shown that spectral averaging may improve precision, altitude range, and resolution of the retrieved profiles. Other frequency bands are explored, and the 435-465-GHz range is suggested as a possible alternative to the 320-350-GHz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Urban
- Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l'Univers, 2, Rue de l'Observatoire, B.P. 89, 33270 Floirac, France.
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Montmessin F, Fouchet T, Forget F. Modeling the annual cycle of HDO in the Martian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montmessin
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - T. Fouchet
- LESIA; Observatoire de Paris; Paris France
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; Institut Pierre Simon Laplace; Paris France
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Tokano T. Hydration state and abundance of zeolites on Mars and the water cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feldman WC, Prettyman TH, Maurice S, Nelli S, Elphic R, Funsten HO, Gasnault O, Lawrence DJ, Murphy JR, Tokar RL, Vaniman DT. Topographic control of hydrogen deposits at low latitudes to midlatitudes of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Levrard B, Forget F, Montmessin F, Laskar J. Recent ice-rich deposits formed at high latitudes on Mars by sublimation of unstable equatorial ice during low obliquity. Nature 2004; 431:1072-5. [PMID: 15510141 DOI: 10.1038/nature03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Observations from the gamma-ray spectrometer instrument suite on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft have been interpreted as indicating the presence of vast reservoirs of near-surface ice in high latitudes of both martian hemispheres. Ice concentrations are estimated to range from 70 per cent at 60 degrees latitude to 100 per cent near the poles, possibly overlain by a few centimetres of ice-free material in most places. This result is supported by morphological evidence of metres-thick layered deposits that are rich in water-ice and periglacial-like features found only at high latitudes. Diffusive exchange of water between the pore space of the regolith and the atmosphere has been proposed to explain this distribution, but such a degree of concentration is difficult to accommodate with such processes. Alternatively, there are suggestions that ice-rich deposits form by transport of ice from polar reservoirs and direct redeposition in high latitudes during periods of higher obliquity, but these results have been difficult to reproduce with other models. Here we propose instead that, during periods of low obliquity (less than 25 degrees), high-latitude ice deposits form in both hemispheres by direct deposition of ice, as a result of sublimation from an equatorial ice reservoir that formed earlier, during a prolonged high-obliquity excursion. Using the ice accumulation rates estimated from global climate model simulations we show that, over the past ten million years, large variations of Mars' obliquity have allowed the formation of such metres-thick, sedimentary layered deposits in high latitude and polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Levrard
- Astronomie et Systèmes Dynamiques, IMC-CNRS UMR8028, 77 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.
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Montmessin F. Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hinson DP. Comparison of atmospheric temperatures obtained through infrared sounding and radio occultation by Mars Global Surveyor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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