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Xu X, Xu LQ, Xiong T, Chen T, Liu YW, Zhu LF. Oscillator strengths and integral cross sections for the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide studied by fast electron impact. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044311. [PMID: 29390809 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The generalized oscillator strengths for the valence-shell excitations of A2Σ+, C2Π, and D2Σ+ electronic-states of nitric oxide have been determined at an incident electron energy of 1500 eV with an energy resolution of 70 meV. The optical oscillator strengths for these transitions have been obtained by extrapolating the generalized oscillator strengths to the limit that the squared momentum transfer approaches to zero, which give an independent cross-check to the previous experimental and theoretical results. The integral cross sections for the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide have been determined systematically from the threshold to 2500 eV with the aid of the newly developed BE-scaling method for the first time. The present optical oscillator strengths and integral cross sections of the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide play an important role in understanding many physics and chemistry of the Earth's upper atmosphere such as the radiative cooling, ozone destruction, day glow, aurora, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Quan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wei Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Fan Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Knipp DJ, Pette DV, Kilcommons LM, Isaacs TL, Cruz AA, Mlynczak MG, Hunt LA, Lin CY. Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Response to Shock-led Storms. SPACE WEATHER : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS 2017; 15:325-342. [PMID: 28824340 PMCID: PMC5562409 DOI: 10.1002/2016sw001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a multi-year superposed epoch study of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry nitric oxide (NO) emission data. NO is a trace constituent in the thermosphere that acts as cooling agent via infrared (IR) emissions. The NO cooling competes with storm time thermospheric heating resulting in a thermostat effect. Our study of nearly 200 events reveals that shock-led interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are prone to early and excessive thermospheric NO production and IR emissions. Excess NO emissions can arrest thermospheric expansion by cooling the thermosphere during intense storms. The strongest events curtail the interval of neutral density increase and produce a phenomenon known as thermospheric 'overcooling'. We use Defense Meteorological Satellite Program particle precipitation data to show that interplanetary shocks and their ICME drivers can more than double the fluxes of precipitating particles that are known to trigger the production of thermospheric NO. Coincident increases in Joule heating likely amplify the effect. In turn, NO emissions more than double. We discuss the roles and features of shock/sheath structures that allow the thermosphere to temper the effects of extreme storm time energy input and explore the implication these structures may have on mesospheric NO. Shock-driven thermospheric NO IR cooling likely plays an important role in satellite drag forecasting challenges during extreme events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Knipp
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - D V Pette
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - L M Kilcommons
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - T L Isaacs
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - A A Cruz
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - M G Mlynczak
- Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - L A Hunt
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - C Y Lin
- Physics Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Weimer DR, Mlynczak MG, Hunt LA, Tobiska WK. High correlations between temperature and nitric oxide in the thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:5998-6009. [PMID: 27668141 PMCID: PMC5014240 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja021461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate predictions of the neutral density in the thermosphere has been a long-standing problem. During geomagnetic storms the auroral heating in the polar ionospheres quickly raises the temperature of the thermosphere, resulting in higher neutral densities that exert a greater drag force on objects in low Earth orbit. Rapid increases and decreases in the temperature and density may occur within a couple days. A key parameter in the thermosphere is the total amount of nitric oxide (NO). The production of NO is accelerated by the auroral heating, and since NO is an efficient radiator of thermal energy, higher concentrations of this molecule accelerate the rate at which the thermosphere cools. This paper describes an improved technique that calculates changes in the global temperature of the thermosphere. Starting from an empirical model of the Poynting flux into the ionosphere, a set of differential equations derives the minimum, global value of the exospheric temperature, which can be used in a neutral density model to calculate the global values. The relative variations in NO content are used to obtain more accurate cooling rates. Comparisons with the global rate of NO emissions that are measured with the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument show that there is very good agreement with the predicted values. The NO emissions correlate highly with the total auroral heating that has been integrated over time. We also show that the NO emissions are highly correlated with thermospheric temperature, as well as indices of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Weimer
- Center for Space Science and Engineering ResearchVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - M. G. Mlynczak
- Science DirectorateNASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - L. A. Hunt
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVirginiaUSA
| | - W. Kent Tobiska
- Space Environment TechnologiesPacific PalisadesCaliforniaUSA
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Gómez-Ramírez D, McNabb JWC, Russell JM, Hervig ME, Deaver LE, Paxton G, Bernath PF. Empirical correction of thermal responses in the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment nitric oxide measurements and initial data validation results. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:2950-2959. [PMID: 23669760 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) makes broadband transmission measurements centered at 5.32 μm to determine the concentration profile of nitric oxide (NO). These measurements show a signal oscillation due to detector temperature variations that severely limit the accuracy of NO retrievals if corrections are not applied. An empirical correction was developed to remove this instrumental error. This paper describes the correction, its impact on the retrieval, and presents a comparison from 87 to 105 km versus coincident atmospheric chemistry experiment-Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) measurements. The southern hemisphere (SH) shows excellent agreement between the datasets, with statistically insignificant differences. The northern hemisphere (NH) SOFIE measurements exhibit a low bias of -18.5% compared to ACE-FTS. NH measurements (sunrise observations) are still under study, and only SH NO data (sunset observations) are currently publicly available as of SOFIE data version 1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez-Ramírez
- Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton University, 23 Tyler Street, Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA.
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Varney RH, Swartz WE, Hysell DL, Huba JD. SAMI2-PE: A model of the ionosphere including multistream interhemispheric photoelectron transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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D'Amato AM, Ridley AJ, Bernstein DS. Retrospective-cost-based adaptive model refinement for the ionosphere and thermosphere. Stat Anal Data Min 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sam.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sinnhuber M, Kazeminejad S, Wissing JM. Interannual variation of NOxfrom the lower thermosphere to the upper stratosphere in the years 1991-2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sinnhuber
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - S. Kazeminejad
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Space Agency; Bonn Germany
| | - J. M. Wissing
- Department of Physics; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Barth
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Oberheide J, Forbes JM, Häusler K, Wu Q, Bruinsma SL. Tropospheric tides from 80 to 400 km: Propagation, interannual variability, and solar cycle effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Oberheide
- Physics Department; University of Wuppertal; Wuppertal Germany
| | - J. M. Forbes
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Häusler
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam; German Research Centre for Geosciences; Potsdam Germany
| | - Q. Wu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. L. Bruinsma
- Department of Terrestrial and Planetary Geodesy; CNES; Toulouse France
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Barth
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Lu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - R. G. Roble
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Marsh DR, Garcia RR, Kinnison DE, Boville BA, Sassi F, Solomon SC, Matthes K. Modeling the whole atmosphere response to solar cycle changes in radiative and geomagnetic forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clilverd MA, Seppälä A, Rodger CJ, Thomson NR, Lichtenberger J, Steinbach P. Temporal variability of the descent of high-altitude NOXinferred from ionospheric data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Clilverd
- Physical Sciences Division; British Antarctic Survey; Cambridge UK
| | - Annika Seppälä
- Earth Observation; Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Finland
| | - Craig J. Rodger
- Department of Physics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Neil R. Thomson
- Department of Physics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | - Péter Steinbach
- MTA-ELTE Research Group for Geoinformatics and Space Sciences; Budapest Hungary
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Saetre C, Barth CA, Stadsnes J, Østgaard N, Bailey SM, Baker DN, Germany GA, Gjerloev JW. Thermospheric nitric oxide at higher latitudes: Model calculations with auroral energy input. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Saetre
- Department of Physics and Technology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. A. Barth
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Stadsnes
- Department of Physics and Technology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - N. Østgaard
- Department of Physics and Technology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - S. M. Bailey
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. A. Germany
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville Alabama USA
| | - J. W. Gjerloev
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
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Campbell L, Cartwright DC, Brunger MJ. Role of excited N2in the production of nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Campbell
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | | | - M. J. Brunger
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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Garcia RR, Marsh DR, Kinnison DE, Boville BA, Sassi F. Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950–2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randall CE, Harvey VL, Singleton CS, Bailey SM, Bernath PF, Codrescu M, Nakajima H, Russell JM. Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dobbin AL, Aylward AD, Harris MJ. Three-dimensional GCM modeling of nitric oxide in the lower thermosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bailey SM. Observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fox JL. Response of the Martian thermosphere/ionosphere to enhanced fluxes of solar soft X rays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sætre C. Energetic electron precipitation and the NO abundance in the upper atmosphere: A direct comparison during a geomagnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Richards PG. On the increases in nitric oxide density at midlatitudes during ionospheric storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Minschwaner K. Middle and upper thermospheric odd nitrogen: 2. Measurements of nitric oxide from Ionospheric Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Chemistry (ISAAC) satellite observations of NO γ band emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja009941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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