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de Nardis R, Vuan A, Carbone L, Talone D, Romano MA, Lavecchia G. Interplay of tectonic and dynamic processes shaping multilayer extensional system in southern-central Apennines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18375. [PMID: 39112774 PMCID: PMC11306752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
High-hazard seismic zones can remain silent over centuries with meager seismicity rates challenging our understanding of seismic processes. We focus on the comprehensive analysis of cascading episodes of swarms and seismic sequences following the 2009 L'Aquila mainshock (MW 6.3) in the southern-central Apennine that previously experienced ~ M7 earthquakes. We enhance the seismic catalog, unmasking low-magnitude seismicity down to completeness magnitude ML ~ 0, and we unveil that the microseismicity might be secondarily triggered by the L'Aquila mainshock, influencing the frictional properties in the nearby fault zones or opening fault valves generating the intense seismic activity detected from 2009 to 2013. The diffusivity, observed in the most seismic episodes, and the high Vp/Vs values (> 1.88) indicate fluid circulation promoting multilayered extensional seismicity within 11-15 km and 16-23 km depth ranges. Mapping the 3D distribution of seismicity alongside geological data reveals an evident tectonic influence, unveiling unknown geometric aspects and providing the first evidence of a NNE-dipping deformation zone bounding at depths of 11-15 km the overlying fault system. Deeper seismicity suggests a mantellic CO2 ascending shape. These findings enrich the literature on tectonic seismic swarms in extensional domains, providing essential constraints on fluid involvement in the seismic processes and contributing to forthcoming discussions on the seismotectonic setting in high-seismic-risk areas of the Apennines of Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Nardis
- University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- CRUST - Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica tridimensionale, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Vuan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV - Centro Nazionale Terremoti, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Carbone
- University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- CRUST - Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica tridimensionale, Chieti, Italy
| | - Donato Talone
- University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- CRUST - Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica tridimensionale, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giusy Lavecchia
- University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- CRUST - Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica tridimensionale, Chieti, Italy
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Correlation between seismic activity and tidal stress perturbations highlights growing instability within the brittle crust. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7109. [PMID: 35501477 PMCID: PMC9061777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Faults become more and more responsive to stress perturbations as instability mounts. We utilize this property in order to identify the different phases of the seismic cycle. Our analysis provides new insights about the features of impending mainshocks, which are proposed to emerge from a large-scale crustal-weakening preparation process whose duration depends on their seismic moments, according to the power-law T \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{19}$$\end{document}19 N m. Moreover, further studies are performed about the impact of tidal stress perturbation on seismicity; in particular, the relationship between frequency-magnitude scaling and perturbations is discussed, showing that the sensitivity of earthquakes to solid Earth tides decreases as their magnitudes increase.
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Synchronization of megathrust earthquakes to periodic slow slip events in a single-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8285. [PMID: 31164705 PMCID: PMC6547734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently recognized slow slip events (SSEs) recurring in the deeper extensions of seismogenic zones along plate boundaries are drawing attention to their potential for triggering megathrust earthquakes that rupture the entire seismogenic zone. We describe how earthquakes simulated in a single-degree-of-freedom model are synchronized to the rhythm of imposed periodic SSEs. The time lag tQ from the one most recent SSE to a seismic event varies with system parameters and may take a broad range of eligible values between 0 and TSSE (SSE recurrence period). Earthquakes were found to synchronize with SSEs in various patterns depending on the proportion of SSE-driven loading within an SSE cycle, the recurrence period of the SSEs, and the duration of the SSEs, although synchronization itself remained a prevalent feature. Asynchrony was found only for long SSE durations.
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Rezaei S, Moghaddasi H, Darooneh AH. PageRank: An alarming index of probable earthquake occurrence. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:063114. [PMID: 31266315 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduce PageRank (PR) in a seismic network as an appropriate alarming clue before the occurrence of the event to be worthwhile in hazard probabilistic evaluation of earthquakes. Studying PR changes of two main shocks in Iran and Italy by means of temporal and spatial windows reveals that their PR values increase drastically before the event, while there is no trend for other considered locations and/or other time intervals. Therefore, the PR value seems to be an appropriate index of a place induction by previous events and its susceptibility for having a new earthquake. Moreover, summing over the PRs of areas close to the Italy event location and tracking this newly defined PR behavior show an increasing trend before the main shock implying that the close regions are influenced and become highly connected before the event as well as the earthquake location itself. It is also indicated that PR behavior is not necessarily correlated to the number of occurring earthquakes and is inherently the result of points connectivity and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Rezaei
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45196-313, Iran
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Franović I, Kostić S, Perc M, Klinshov V, Nekorkin V, Kurths J. Phase response curves for models of earthquake fault dynamics. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2016; 26:063105. [PMID: 27368770 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We systematically study effects of external perturbations on models describing earthquake fault dynamics. The latter are based on the framework of the Burridge-Knopoff spring-block system, including the cases of a simple mono-block fault, as well as the paradigmatic complex faults made up of two identical or distinct blocks. The blocks exhibit relaxation oscillations, which are representative for the stick-slip behavior typical for earthquake dynamics. Our analysis is carried out by determining the phase response curves of first and second order. For a mono-block fault, we consider the impact of a single and two successive pulse perturbations, further demonstrating how the profile of phase response curves depends on the fault parameters. For a homogeneous two-block fault, our focus is on the scenario where each of the blocks is influenced by a single pulse, whereas for heterogeneous faults, we analyze how the response of the system depends on whether the stimulus is applied to the block having a shorter or a longer oscillation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Franović
- Scientific Computing Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Kostić
- Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Černi," Jaroslava Černog 80, 11226 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Klinshov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nekorkin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Mulargia F, Bizzarri A. Anthropogenic triggering of large earthquakes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6100. [PMID: 25156190 PMCID: PMC4143789 DOI: 10.1038/srep06100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical mechanism of the anthropogenic triggering of large earthquakes on active faults is studied on the basis of experimental phenomenology, i.e., that earthquakes occur on active tectonic faults, that crustal stress values are those measured in situ and, on active faults, comply to the values of the stress drop measured for real earthquakes, that the static friction coefficients are those inferred on faults, and that the effective triggering stresses are those inferred for real earthquakes. Deriving the conditions for earthquake nucleation as a time-dependent solution of the Tresca-Von Mises criterion applied in the framework of poroelasticity yields that active faults can be triggered by fluid overpressures < 0.1 MPa. Comparing this with the deviatoric stresses at the depth of crustal hypocenters, which are of the order of 1-10 MPa, we find that injecting in the subsoil fluids at the pressures typical of oil and gas production and storage may trigger destructive earthquakes on active faults at a few tens of kilometers. Fluid pressure propagates as slow stress waves along geometric paths operating in a drained condition and can advance the natural occurrence of earthquakes by a substantial amount of time. Furthermore, it is illusory to control earthquake triggering by close monitoring of minor "foreshocks", since the induction may occur with a delay up to several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mulargia
- Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2- 40127 Bologna - Italy
| | - Andrea Bizzarri
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via Donato Creti, 12 - 40128 Bologna - Italy
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Kostić S, Franović I, Perc M, Vasović N, Todorović K. Triggered dynamics in a model of different fault creep regimes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5401. [PMID: 24954397 PMCID: PMC4066262 DOI: 10.1038/srep05401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is focused on the effect of transient external force induced by a passing seismic wave on fault motion in different creep regimes. Displacement along the fault is represented by the movement of a spring-block model, whereby the uniform and oscillatory motion correspond to the fault dynamics in post-seismic and inter-seismic creep regime, respectively. The effect of the external force is introduced as a change of block acceleration in the form of a sine wave scaled by an exponential pulse. Model dynamics is examined for variable parameters of the induced acceleration changes in reference to periodic oscillations of the unperturbed system above the supercritical Hopf bifurcation curve. The analysis indicates the occurrence of weak irregular oscillations if external force acts in the post-seismic creep regime. When fault motion is exposed to external force in the inter-seismic creep regime, one finds the transition to quasiperiodic- or chaos-like motion, which we attribute to the precursory creep regime and seismic motion, respectively. If the triggered acceleration changes are of longer duration, a reverse transition from inter-seismic to post-seismic creep regime is detected on a larger time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Kostić
- Department of Geology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Serbia
| | - Igor Franović
- Scientific Computing Lab., Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, PO Box 68, 11080 Beograd-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nebojša Vasović
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Serbia
| | - Kristina Todorović
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
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Catalli F, Cocco M, Console R, Chiaraluce L. Modeling seismicity rate changes during the 1997 Umbria-Marche sequence (central Italy) through a rate- and state-dependent model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bizzarri A, Spudich P. Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content ofSwaves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Marsan D. Can coseismic stress variability suppress seismicity shadows? Insights from a rate-and-state friction model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Marsan
- Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique; Université de Savoie; Le Bourget du Lac France
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Fischer T. Slip-generated patterns of swarm microearthquakes from West Bohemia/Vogtland (central Europe): Evidence of their triggering mechanism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Steacy S. Introduction to special section: Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time-dependent seismic hazard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gomberg J, Bodin P, Larson K, Dragert H. Earthquake nucleation by transient deformations caused by the M = 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake. Nature 2004; 427:621-4. [PMID: 14961117 DOI: 10.1038/nature02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The permanent and dynamic (transient) stress changes inferred to trigger earthquakes are usually orders of magnitude smaller than the stresses relaxed by the earthquakes themselves, implying that triggering occurs on critically stressed faults. Triggered seismicity rate increases may therefore be most likely to occur in areas where loading rates are highest and elevated pore pressures, perhaps facilitated by high-temperature fluids, reduce frictional stresses and promote failure. Here we show that the 2002 magnitude M = 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake triggered widespread seismicity rate increases throughout British Columbia and into the western United States. Dynamic triggering by seismic waves should be enhanced in directions where rupture directivity focuses radiated energy, and we verify this using seismic and new high-sample GPS recordings of the Denali mainshock. These observations are comparable in scale only to the triggering caused by the 1992 M = 7.4 Landers, California, earthquake, and demonstrate that Landers triggering did not reflect some peculiarity of the region or the earthquake. However, the rate increases triggered by the Denali earthquake occurred in areas not obviously tectonically active, implying that even in areas of low ambient stressing rates, faults may still be critically stressed and that dynamic triggering may be ubiquitous and unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gomberg
- US Geological Survey, Center for Earthquake Research and Information, 3876 Central Ave. Suite 2, The University of Memphis, 3876 Central Ave. Suite 1, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3050, USA.
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Bizzarri A. Slip-weakening behavior during the propagation of dynamic ruptures obeying rate- and state-dependent friction laws. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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