1
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Li J, Kim T, Lapusta N, Biondi E, Zhan Z. The break of earthquake asperities imaged by distributed acoustic sensing. Nature 2023; 620:800-806. [PMID: 37532935 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Rupture imaging of megathrust earthquakes with global seismic arrays revealed frequency-dependent rupture signatures1-4, but the role of high-frequency radiators remains unclear3-5. Similar observations of the more abundant crustal earthquakes could provide critical constraints but are rare without ultradense local arrays6,7. Here we use distributed acoustic sensing technology8,9 to image the high-frequency earthquake rupture radiators. By converting a 100-kilometre dark-fibre cable into a 10,000-channel seismic array, we image four high-frequency subevents for the 2021 Antelope Valley, California, moment-magnitude 6.0 earthquake. After comparing our results with long-period moment-release10,11 and dynamic rupture simulations, we suggest that the imaged subevents are due to the breaking of fault asperities-stronger spots or pins on the fault-that substantially modulate the overall rupture behaviour. An otherwise fading rupture propagation could be promoted by the breaking of fault asperities in a cascading sequence. This study highlights how we can use the extensive pre-existing fibre networks12 as high-frequency seismic antennas to systematically investigate the rupture process of regional moderate-sized earthquakes. Coupled with dynamic rupture modelling, it could improve our understanding of earthquake rupture dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Li
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Taeho Kim
- Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Lapusta
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ettore Biondi
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhongwen Zhan
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Pomyalov A, Lubomirsky Y, Braverman L, Brener EA, Bouchbinder E. Self-healing solitonic slip pulses in frictional systems. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L013001. [PMID: 36797875 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A prominent spatiotemporal failure mode of frictional systems is self-healing slip pulses, which are propagating solitonic structures that feature a characteristic length. Here, we numerically derive a family of steady state slip pulse solutions along generic and realistic rate-and-state dependent frictional interfaces, separating large deformable bodies in contact. Such nonlinear interfaces feature a nonmonotonic frictional strength as a function of the slip velocity, with a local minimum. The solutions exhibit a diverging length and strongly inertial propagation velocities, when the driving stress approaches the frictional strength characterizing the local minimum from above, and change their character when it is away from it. An approximate scaling theory quantitatively explains these observations. The derived pulse solutions also exhibit significant spatially-extended dissipation in excess of the edge-localized dissipation (the effective fracture energy) and an unconventional edge singularity. The relevance of our findings for available observations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomyalov
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuri Lubomirsky
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lara Braverman
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Efim A Brener
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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3
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Brener EA, Bouchbinder E. Unconventional singularities and energy balance in frictional rupture. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2585. [PMID: 33972526 PMCID: PMC8111020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A widespread framework for understanding frictional rupture, such as earthquakes along geological faults, invokes an analogy to ordinary cracks. A distinct feature of ordinary cracks is that their near edge fields are characterized by a square root singularity, which is intimately related to the existence of strict dissipation-related lengthscale separation and edge-localized energy balance. Yet, the interrelations between the singularity order, lengthscale separation and edge-localized energy balance in frictional rupture are not fully understood, even in physical situations in which the conventional square root singularity remains approximately valid. Here we develop a macroscopic theory that shows that the generic rate-dependent nature of friction leads to deviations from the conventional singularity, and that even if this deviation is small, significant non-edge-localized rupture-related dissipation emerges. The physical origin of the latter, which is predicted to vanish identically in the crack analogy, is the breakdown of scale separation that leads an accumulated spatially-extended dissipation, involving macroscopic scales. The non-edge-localized rupture-related dissipation is also predicted to be position dependent. The theoretical predictions are quantitatively supported by available numerical results, and their possible implications for earthquake physics are discussed. Ordinary cracks in bulk materials feature square root singular deformation fields near their edge. Here, the authors show that rupture fronts propagating along frictional interfaces, while resembling ordinary cracks in some respects, feature edge sigularity that differs from the conventional square root one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efim A Brener
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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Baldassarri A, Annunziata MA, Gnoli A, Pontuale G, Petri A. Breakdown of Scaling and Friction Weakening in Intermittent Granular Flow. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16962. [PMID: 31740801 PMCID: PMC6861274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many materials are produced, processed and stored as grains, while granularity of matter can be crucial in triggering potentially catastrophic geological events like landslides, avalanches and earthquakes. The response of grain assemblies to shear stress is therefore of utmost relevance to both human and natural environment. At low shear rate a granular system flows intermittently by distinct avalanches. In such state the avalanche velocity in time is expected to follow a symmetrical and universal average behavior, whose dependence on the slip size reduces to a scale factor. Analyzing data from long lasting experiments, we observe a breakdown of this scaling: While in short slips velocity shows indeed a self-similar and symmetric profile, it does not in long slips. The investigation of frictional response in these different regimes evidences that this breakdown can be traced back to the onset of a friction weakening, which is of dynamical origin and can amplify instabilities exactly in this critical state, the most frequent state for natural hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baldassarri
- CNR - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - M A Annunziata
- CNR - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - A Gnoli
- CNR - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - G Pontuale
- CNR - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Research Centre for Forestry and Woods, Via Santa Margherita 80, I-52100, Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Petri
- CNR - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy.
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Brener EA, Aldam M, Barras F, Molinari JF, Bouchbinder E. Unstable Slip Pulses and Earthquake Nucleation as a Nonequilibrium First-Order Phase Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:234302. [PMID: 30576171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.234302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The onset of rapid slip along initially quiescent frictional interfaces, the process of "earthquake nucleation," and dissipative spatiotemporal slippage dynamics play important roles in a broad range of physical systems. Here we first show that interfaces described by generic friction laws feature stress-dependent steady-state slip pulse solutions, which are unstable in the quasi-1D approximation of thin elastic bodies. We propose that such unstable slip pulses of linear size L^{*} and characteristic amplitude are "critical nuclei" for rapid slip in a nonequilibrium analogy to equilibrium first-order phase transitions and quantitatively support this idea by dynamical calculations. We then perform 2D numerical calculations that indicate that the nucleation length L^{*} exists also in 2D and that the existence of a fracture mechanics Griffith-like length L_{G}<L^{*} gives rise to a richer phase diagram that features also sustained slip pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efim A Brener
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Aldam
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Fabian Barras
- Civil Engineering Institute, Materials Science and Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 18, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Molinari
- Civil Engineering Institute, Materials Science and Engineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 18, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eran Bouchbinder
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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6
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Understanding dynamic friction through spontaneously evolving laboratory earthquakes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15991. [PMID: 28660876 PMCID: PMC5493769 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Friction plays a key role in how ruptures unzip faults in the Earth's crust and release waves that cause destructive shaking. Yet dynamic friction evolution is one of the biggest uncertainties in earthquake science. Here we report on novel measurements of evolving local friction during spontaneously developing mini-earthquakes in the laboratory, enabled by our ultrahigh speed full-field imaging technique. The technique captures the evolution of displacements, velocities and stresses of dynamic ruptures, whose rupture speed range from sub-Rayleigh to supershear. The observed friction has complex evolution, featuring initial velocity strengthening followed by substantial velocity weakening. Our measurements are consistent with rate-and-state friction formulations supplemented with flash heating but not with widely used slip-weakening friction laws. This study develops a new approach for measuring local evolution of dynamic friction and has important implications for understanding earthquake hazard since laws governing frictional resistance of faults are vital ingredients in physically-based predictive models of the earthquake source.
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7
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Galetzka J, Melgar D, Genrich JF, Geng J, Owen S, Lindsey EO, Xu X, Bock Y, Avouac JP, Adhikari LB, Upreti BN, Pratt-Sitaula B, Bhattarai TN, Sitaula BP, Moore A, Hudnut KW, Szeliga W, Normandeau J, Fend M, Flouzat M, Bollinger L, Shrestha P, Koirala B, Gautam U, Bhatterai M, Gupta R, Kandel T, Timsina C, Sapkota SN, Rajaure S, Maharjan N. Slip pulse and resonance of the Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal. Science 2015; 349:1091-5. [PMID: 26249228 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed geodetic imaging of earthquake ruptures enhances our understanding of earthquake physics and associated ground shaking. The 25 April 2015 moment magnitude 7.8 earthquake in Gorkha, Nepal was the first large continental megathrust rupture to have occurred beneath a high-rate (5-hertz) Global Positioning System (GPS) network. We used GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data to model the earthquake rupture as a slip pulse ~20 kilometers in width, ~6 seconds in duration, and with a peak sliding velocity of 1.1 meters per second, which propagated toward the Kathmandu basin at ~3.3 kilometers per second over ~140 kilometers. The smooth slip onset, indicating a large (~5-meter) slip-weakening distance, caused moderate ground shaking at high frequencies (>1 hertz; peak ground acceleration, ~16% of Earth's gravity) and minimized damage to vernacular dwellings. Whole-basin resonance at a period of 4 to 5 seconds caused the collapse of tall structures, including cultural artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Galetzka
- Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Melgar
- BerkeleySeismological Laboratory, University of California (UC)-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J F Genrich
- Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Geng
- Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S Owen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - E O Lindsey
- Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - X Xu
- Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Y Bock
- Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J-P Avouac
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK. Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L B Adhikari
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - B N Upreti
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - B Pratt-Sitaula
- Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University (CWU), Ellensberg, WA 98926, USA
| | - T N Bhattarai
- Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - B P Sitaula
- Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - A Moore
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - K W Hudnut
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - W Szeliga
- Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array and Department of Geological Sciences, CWU, Ellensberg, WA 98926, USA
| | | | - M Fend
- UNAVCO, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - M Flouzat
- Département Analyse et Sureveillance de l'Environnement (DASE), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91297 Bruyères-le-Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - L Bollinger
- Département Analyse et Sureveillance de l'Environnement (DASE), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91297 Bruyères-le-Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - P Shrestha
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - B Koirala
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - U Gautam
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - M Bhatterai
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - R Gupta
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - T Kandel
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - C Timsina
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S N Sapkota
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - S Rajaure
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - N Maharjan
- Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu, Nepal
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8
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Nagata K, Nakatani M, Yoshida S. A revised rate- and state-dependent friction law obtained by constraining constitutive and evolution laws separately with laboratory data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Bizzarri A. On the relations between fracture energy and physical observables in dynamic earthquake models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Marone C, Cocco M, Richardson E, Tinti E. Chapter 6 The Critical Slip Distance for Seismic and Aseismic Fault Zones of Finite Width. INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Daub EG, Carlson JM. A constitutive model for fault gouge deformation in dynamic rupture simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Bizzarri A, Spudich P. Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content ofSwaves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Beeler NM, Tullis TE, Goldsby DL. Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength due to flash heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Bizzarri A, Cocco M. A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a three-dimensional fault: 1. Methodological approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bizzarri
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cocco
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
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15
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Bizzarri A, Cocco M. A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a three-dimensional fault: 2. Traction evolution and dynamic parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bizzarri
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cocco
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica; Rome Italy
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16
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Chambon G, Schmittbuhl J, Corfdir A. Frictional response of a thick gouge sample: 2. Friction law and implications for faults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Relating high-velocity rock-friction experiments to coseismic slip in the presence of melts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/170gm13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Rubin
- Department of Geosciences; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - J.-P. Ampuero
- Department of Geosciences; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
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19
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Tinti E, Spudich P, Cocco M. Earthquake fracture energy inferred from kinematic rupture models on extended faults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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