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Understanding Long-Term Variations in Surface Ozone in United States (U.S.) National Parks. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term surface ozone observations at 25 National Park Service sites across the United States were analyzed for processes on varying time scales using a time scale decomposition technique, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). Time scales of interest include the seasonal cycle, large-scale climate oscillations, and long-term (>10 years) trends. Emission reductions were found to have a greater impact on sites that are nearest major urban areas. Multidecadal trends in surface ozone were increasing at a rate of 0.07 to 0.37 ppbv year−1 before 2004 and decreasing at a rate of −0.08 to −0.60 ppbv year−1 after 2004 for sites in the East, Southern California, and Northwestern Washington. Sites in the Intermountain West did not experience a reversal of trends from positive to negative until the mid- to late 2000s. The magnitude of the annual amplitude (=annual maximum–minimum) decreased at eight sites, two in the West, two in the Intermountain West, and four in the East, by 5–20 ppbv and significantly increased at three sites; one in Alaska, one in the West, and one in the Intermountain West, by 3–4 ppbv. Stronger decreases in the annual amplitude occurred at a greater proportion of sites in the East (4/6 sites) than in the West/Intermountain West (4/19 sites). The date of annual maximums and/or minimums has changed at 12 sites, occurring 10–60 days earlier in the year. There appeared to be a link between the timing of the annual maximum and the decrease in the annual amplitude, which was hypothesized to be related to a decrease in ozone titration resulting from NOx emission reductions. Furthermore, it was found that a phase shift of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), from positive to negative, in 1998–1999 resulted in increased occurrences of La Niña-like conditions. This shift had the effect of directing more polluted air masses from East Asia to higher latitudes over the North American continent. The change in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)/El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regime influenced surface ozone at an Alaskan site over its nearly 30-year data record.
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Shukla K, Srivastava PK, Banerjee T, Aneja VP. Trend and variability of atmospheric ozone over middle Indo-Gangetic Plain: impacts of seasonality and precursor gases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:164-179. [PMID: 27704381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone dynamics in two urban background atmospheres over middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) were studied in two contexts: total columnar and ground-level ozone. In terms of total columnar ozone (TCO), emphases were made to compare satellite-based retrieval with ground-based observation and existing trend in decadal and seasonal variation was also identified. Both satellite-retrieved (Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (OMI-DOAS)) and ground-based observations (IMD-O3) revealed satisfying agreement with OMI-DOAS observation over predicting TCO with a positive bias of 7.24 % under all-sky conditions. Minor variation between daily daytime (r = 0.54; R 2 = 29 %; n = 275) and satellite overpass time-averaged TCO (r = 0.58; R 2 = 34 %; n = 208) was also recognized. A consistent and clear seasonal trend in columnar ozone (2005-2015) was noted with summertime (March-June) maxima (Varanasi, 290.9 ± 8.8; Lucknow, 295.6 ± 9.5 DU) and wintertime (December-February) minima (Varanasi, 257.4 ± 10.1; Lucknow, 258.8 ± 8.8 DU). Seasonal trend decomposition based on locally weighted regression smoothing technique identified marginally decreasing trend (Varanasi, 0.0084; Lucknow, 0.0096 DU year-1) especially due to reduction in monsoon time minima and summertime maxima. In continuation to TCO, variation in ground-level ozone in terms of seasonality and precursor gases were also analysed from September 2014 to August 2015. Both stations registered similar pattern of variation with Lucknow representing slightly higher annual mean (44.3 ± 30.6; range, 1.5-309.1 μg/m3) over Varanasi (38.5 ± 17.7; range, 4.9-104.2 μg/m3). Variation in ground-level ozone was further explained in terms water vapour, atmospheric boundary layer height and solar radiation. Ambient water vapour content was found to associate negatively (r = -0.28, n = 284) with ground-level ozone with considerable seasonal variation in Varanasi. Implication of solar radiation on formation of ground-level ozone was overall positive (Varanasi, 0.60; Lucknow, 0.26), while season-specific association was recorded in case of atmospheric boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shukla
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant K Srivastava
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - T Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Viney P Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Ancellet G, Daskalakis N, Raut JC, Quennehen B, Ravetta F, Hair J, Tarasick D, Schlager H, Weinheimer AJ, Thompson AM, Oltmans S, Thomas JL, Law KS. Analysis of the latitudinal variability of tropospheric ozone in the Arctic using the large number of aircraft and ozonesonde observations in early summer 2008. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; Volume 16:13341-13358. [PMID: 31708977 PMCID: PMC6839714 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13341-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the paper are to: (1) present tropospheric ozone (O3) climatologies in summer 2008 based on a large amount of measurements, during the International Polar Year when the Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements, and Models of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport (POLARCAT) campaigns were conducted (2) investigate the processes that determine O3 concentrations in two different regions (Canada and Greenland) that were thoroughly studied using measurements from 3 aircraft and 7 ozonesonde stations. This paper provides an integrated analysis of these observations and the discussion of the latitudinal and vertical variability of tropospheric ozone north of 55°N during this period is performed using a regional model (WFR-Chem). Ozone, CO and potential vorticity (PV) distributions are extracted from the simulation at the measurement locations. The model is able to reproduce the O3 latitudinal and vertical variability but a negative O3 bias of 6-15 ppbv is found in the free troposphere over 4 km, especially over Canada. Ozone average concentrations are of the order of 65 ppbv at altitudes above 4 km both over Canada and Greenland, while they are less than 50 ppbv in the lower troposphere. The relative influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) and of ozone production related to the local biomass burning (BB) emissions is discussed using differences between average values of O3, CO and PV for Southern and Northern Canada or Greenland and two vertical ranges in the troposphere: 0-4 km and 4-8 km. For Canada, the model CO distribution and the weak correlation (< 30%) of O3 and PV suggests that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is not the major contribution to average tropospheric ozone at latitudes less than 70°N, due to the fact that local biomass burning (BB) emissions were significant during the 2008 summer period. Conversely over Greenland, significant STE is found according to the better O3 versus PV correlation (> 40%) and the higher 75th PV percentile. A weak negative latitudinal summer ozone gradient -6 to -8 ppbv is found over Canada in the mid troposphere between 4 and 8 km. This is attributed to an efficient O3 photochemical production due to the BB emissions at latitudes less than 65°N, while STE contribution is more homogeneous in the latitude range 55°N to 70°N. A positive ozone latitudinal gradient of 12 ppbv is observed in the same altitude range over Greenland not because of an increasing latitudinal influence of STE, but because of different long range transport from multiple mid-latitude sources (North America, Europe and even Asia for latitudes higher than 77°N).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ancellet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nikos Daskalakis
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean Christophe Raut
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Boris Quennehen
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - François Ravetta
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - David Tarasick
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada
| | - Hans Schlager
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sam Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jennie L. Thomas
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Katharine S. Law
- LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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Walker TW, Jones DBA, Parrington M, Henze DK, Murray LT, Bottenheim JW, Anlauf K, Worden JR, Bowman KW, Shim C, Singh K, Kopacz M, Tarasick DW, Davies J, von der Gathen P, Thompson AM, Carouge CC. Impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and local photochemistry on ozone abundances in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tripathi OP, Jennings SG, O'Dowd CD, Coleman L, Leinert S, O'Leary B, Moran E, O'Doherty SJ, Spain TG. Statistical analysis of eight surface ozone measurement series for various sites in Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Choi Y, Wang Y, Zeng T, Cunnold D, Yang ES, Martin R, Chance K, Thouret V, Edgerton E. Springtime transitions of NO2, CO, and O3over North America: Model evaluation and analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Val Martin M, Honrath RE, Owen RC, Li QB. Seasonal variation of nitrogen oxides in the central North Atlantic lower free troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zeng T, Wang Y, Chance K, Blake N, Blake D, Ridley B. Halogen-driven low-altitude O3and hydrocarbon losses in spring at northern high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feilberg KL, D'Anna B, Johnson MS, Nielsen CJ. Relative Tropospheric Photolysis Rates of HCHO, H13CHO, HCH18O, and DCDO Measured at the European Photoreactor Facility. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8314-9. [PMID: 16834221 DOI: 10.1021/jp0513723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The relative photolysis rates of HCHO, H13CHO, HCH18O, and DCDO were studied in pseudo-natural tropospheric conditions in July 2003 at the European Photoreactor Facility (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The photolytic decay of HCHO, H13CHO, and HCH18O is measured relative to DCDO by long path FT-IR detection during the course of about 3 h of sunlight. The relative photolysis rates obtained are as follows: JH13CHO/JHCHO = 0.894 +/- 0.006, JHCH18O/JHCHO = 0.911 +/- 0.011, and JDCDO/JHCHO = 0.597 +/- 0.001. The errors represent 1sigma and do not include possible systematic errors. The atmospheric implications of the large isotope effects in the photolysis of formaldehyde are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Feilberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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Kondo Y, Nakamura K, Chen G, Takegawa N, Koike M, Miyazaki Y, Kita K, Crawford J, Ko M, Blake DR, Kawakami S, Shirai T, Liley B, Wang Y, Ogawa T. Photochemistry of ozone over the western Pacific from winter to spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - N. Takegawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Miyazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science; Ibaraki University; Mito Japan
| | - J. Crawford
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - M. Ko
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - S. Kawakami
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Shirai
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - B. Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - Y. Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - T. Ogawa
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
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Feilberg KL, Johnson MS, Nielsen CJ. Relative Reaction Rates of HCHO, HCDO, DCDO, H13CHO, and HCH18O with OH, Cl, Br, and NO3 Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Feilberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark, and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Pb. 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Wang Y. On tracer correlations in the troposphere: The case of ethane and propane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Olson JR. Testing fast photochemical theory during TRACE-P based on measurements of OH, HO2, and CH2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park RJ. Global simulation of tropospheric ozone using the University of Maryland Chemical Transport Model (UMD-CTM): 1. Model description and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Shim C, Blake N, Blake D, Choi Y, Ridley B, Dibb J, Wimmers A, Moody J, Flocke F, Weinheimer A, Talbot R, Atlas E. Intercontinental transport of pollution manifested in the variability and seasonal trend of springtime O3at northern middle and high latitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Changsub Shim
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Nicola Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California at Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - Donald Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California at Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | - Yunsoo Choi
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Brian Ridley
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jack Dibb
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Anthony Wimmers
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Jennie Moody
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Frank Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Robert Talbot
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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Mauldin RL. Measurements of OH, H2SO4, and MSA during Tropospheric Ozone Production About the Spring Equinox (TOPSE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dibb JE. Stratospheric influence on the northern North American free troposphere during TOPSE:7Be as a stratospheric tracer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Atlas EL. The Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) Experiment: Introduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake NJ. The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Emmons LK. Budget of tropospheric ozone during TOPSE from two chemical transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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