1
|
Li X, Li B, Yang Y, Hu L, Chen D, Hu X, Feng R, Fang X. Characteristics and source apportionment of some halocarbons in Hangzhou, eastern China during 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:160894. [PMID: 36563752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, eastern China has been identified as an important contributor to national and global emissions of halocarbons, some of which are ozone depletion substances (ODSs) that delay the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer. However, the most recent characteristics and sources of halocarbons in eastern China remain unclear. Thus, hourly atmospheric observations of halocarbons were conducted in Hangzhou throughout 2021. The results showed that methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) was the most abundant halocarbon (2207 (25 %-75 % quantile: 1116-2848) ppt; parts per trillion) followed by chloromethane (CH3Cl) (912 (683-1043) ppt), and 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl) (596 (292-763) ppt). Then, backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis show that the emission hot spots of halocarbons were concentrated in adjacent cities in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces in eastern China. Moreover, based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, industrial emission (38.7 %), solvent usage (32.6 %), and the refrigeration sector and biomass burning (23.7 %) were the main sources of halocarbons (observed in this study). This study reveals high concentrations and potential sources of halocarbons in eastern China, which are important for studying the recovery of the ozone layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Liting Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simpson IJ, Aburizaiza OS, Siddique A, Barletta B, Blake NJ, Gartner A, Khwaja H, Meinardi S, Zeb J, Blake DR. Air quality in Mecca and surrounding holy places in Saudi Arabia during Hajj: initial survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8529-37. [PMID: 24983190 DOI: 10.1021/es5017476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabian Peninsula experiences severe air pollution, the extent and sources of which are poorly documented. Each year in Saudi Arabia this situation is intensified during Hajj, the Holy Pilgrimage of Islam that draws millions of pilgrims to Mecca. An initial study of air quality in Mecca and surrounding holy sites during the 2012 Hajj (October 24-27) revealed strongly elevated levels of the combustion tracer carbon monoxide (CO, up to 57 ppmv) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) along the pilgrimage route-especially in the tunnels of Mecca-that are a concern for human health. The most abundant VOC was the gasoline evaporation tracer i-pentane, which exceeded 1200 ppbv in the tunnels. Even though VOC concentrations were generally lower during a follow-up non-Hajj sampling period (April 2013), many were still comparable to other large cities suffering from poor air quality. Major VOC sources during the 2012 Hajj study included vehicular exhaust, gasoline evaporation, liquefied petroleum gas, and air conditioners. Of the measured compounds, reactive alkenes and CO showed the strongest potential to form ground-level ozone. Because the number of pilgrims is expected to increase in the future, we present emission reduction strategies to target both combustive and evaporative fossil fuel sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine (UC Irvine) , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tassi F, Capecchiacci F, Cabassi J, Calabrese S, Vaselli O, Rouwet D, Pecoraino G, Chiodini G. Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
4
|
Zhang YL, Guo H, Wang XM, Simpson IJ, Barletta B, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Cheng HR, Saunders SM, Lam SHM. Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Guo H, Ding AJ, Wang T, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Rowland FS, Saunders SM, Fu TM, Hung WT, Li YS. Source origins, modeled profiles, and apportionments of halogenated hydrocarbons in the greater Pearl River Delta region, southern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Hickson KM, Keyser LF, Sander SP. Temperature Dependence of the HO2 + ClO Reaction. 2. Reaction Kinetics Using the Discharge-Flow Resonance-Fluorescence Technique. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8126-38. [PMID: 17655283 DOI: 10.1021/jp0689464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total rate coefficient, k3, for the reaction HO2 + ClO --> products has been determined over the temperature range of 220-336 K at a total pressure of approximately 1.5 Torr of helium using the discharge-flow resonance-fluorescence technique. Pseudo-first-order conditions were used with both ClO and HO2 as excess reagents using four different combinations of precursor molecules. HO2 molecules were formed by using either the termolecular association of H atoms in an excess of O2 or via the reaction of F atoms with an excess of H(2)O(2). ClO molecules were formed by using the reaction of Cl atoms with an excess of O3 or via the reaction of Cl atoms with Cl(2)O. Neither HO2 nor ClO were directly observed during the course of the experiments, but these species were converted to OH or Cl radicals, respectively, via reaction with NO prior to their observation. OH fluorescence was observed at 308 nm, whereas Cl fluorescence was observed at approximately 138 nm. Numerical simulations show that under the experimental conditions used secondary reactions did not interfere with the measurements; however, some HO2 was lost on conversion to OH for experiments in excess HO2. These results were corrected to compensate for the simulated loss. At 296 K, the rate coefficient was determined to be (6.4 +/- 1.6) x 10(-12) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The temperature dependence expressed in Arrhenius form is (1.75 +/- 0.52) x 10-12 exp[(368 +/- 78)/T] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The Arrhenius expression is derived from a fit weighted by the reciprocal of the measurement errors of the individual data points. The uncertainties are cited at the level of two standard deviations and contain contributions from statistical errors from the data analysis in addition to estimates of the systematic experimental errors and possible errors from the applied model correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Hickson
- NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Clark ID, Henderson L, Chappellaz J, Fisher D, Koerner R, Worthy DEJ, Kotzer T, Norman AL, Barnola JM. CO2isotopes as tracers of firn air diffusion and age in an Arctic ice cap with summer melting, Devon Island, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Trudinger CM, Etheridge DM, Sturrock GA, Fraser PJ, Krummel PB, McCulloch A. Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Methyl bromide, methyl chloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Trudinger
- Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - D. M. Etheridge
- Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - G. A. Sturrock
- Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - P. J. Fraser
- Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - P. B. Krummel
- Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - A. McCulloch
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Doherty S, Cunnold DM, Manning A, Miller BR, Wang RHJ, Krummel PB, Fraser PJ, Simmonds PG, McCulloch A, Weiss RF, Salameh P, Porter LW, Prinn RG, Huang J, Sturrock G, Ryall D, Derwent RG, Montzka SA. Rapid growth of hydrofluorocarbon 134a and hydrochlorofluorocarbons 141b, 142b, and 22 from Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) observations at Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Mace Head, Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - D. M. Cunnold
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - A. Manning
- Climate Research; UK Met Office; Bracknell UK
| | - B. R. Miller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - R. H. J. Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - P. B. Krummel
- Atmospheric Research; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale Victoria Australia
| | - P. J. Fraser
- Atmospheric Research; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Aspendale Victoria Australia
| | | | - A. McCulloch
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - R. F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - P. Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - L. W. Porter
- Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station; Bureau of Meteorology; Smithton Tasmania Australia
| | - R. G. Prinn
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - J. Huang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - G. Sturrock
- Climate Research; UK Met Office; Bracknell UK
| | - D. Ryall
- Climate Research; UK Met Office; Bracknell UK
| | | | - S. A. Montzka
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaspers KA. Analyses of firn gas samples from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Study of nonmethane hydrocarbons and methyl chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Trudinger CM, Etheridge DM, Rayner PJ, Enting IG, Sturrock GA, Langenfelds RL. Reconstructing atmospheric histories from measurements of air composition in firn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Trudinger
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - D. M. Etheridge
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - P. J. Rayner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - I. G. Enting
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| | - G. A. Sturrock
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
- Now at School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - R. L. Langenfelds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmospheric Research Aspendale, Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|