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Liu S, Xing J, Wang S, Ding D, Chen L, Hao J. Revealing the impacts of transboundary pollution on PM 2.5-related deaths in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105323. [PMID: 31759275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-range transport of air pollutants may cause significant health impacts in the receptor regions. In this study, we calculated the transboundary health impact from different foreign regions using a state-of-the-art air quality model at hemispheric scale. Our results reveal that transboundary PM2.5 pollution from outside China was of great significance, causing 100 thousand (95% CI, 45 thousand-200 thousand) premature deaths in China in 2015, which accounted for 9.60% PM2.5 related premature death in China. The impact of transboundary pollution in China was most significant in winter, in which the average PM2.5 concentration increased by 3.7 μg/m3, and was least significant in summer, with the average PM2.5 concentration increasing by 0.5 μg/m3. Liaoning and Yunnan provinces were extremely susceptible to transboundary pollution, whose annual average PM2.5 concentrations were increased by 10.2 and 11.4 μg/m3 respectively. Among all foreign regions, the impact from South Asia was most significant, causing 30 thousand (95% CI, 12 thousand-62 thousand) premature deaths annually in China. This study only reveals the transboundary impact under the integrated exposure-response (IER) model and fixed meteorology field in 2015. Further studies are needed to investigate how different exposure-response functions and meteorology affect the transboundary PM2.5 pollution and its related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Stepwise Assessment of Different Saltation Theories in Comparison with Field Observation Data. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wind-blown dust models use input data, including soil conditions and meteorology, to interpret the multi-step wind erosion process and predict the quantity of dust emission. Therefore, the accuracy of the wind-blown dust models is dependent on the accuracy of each input condition and the robustness of the model schemes for each elemental step of wind erosion. A thorough evaluation of a wind-blown model thus requires validation of the input conditions and the elemental model schemes. However, most model evaluations and intercomparisons have focused on the final output of the models, i.e., the vertical dust emission. Recently, a delicate set of measurement data for saltation flux and friction velocity was reported from the Japan-Australia Dust Experiment (JADE) Project, which enabled the step-by-step evaluation of wind-blown dust models up to the saltation step. When all the input parameters were provided from the observations, both the two widely used saltation schemes showed very good agreement with measurements, with the correlation coefficient and the agreement of index both being larger than 0.9, which demonstrated the strong robustness of the physical schemes for saltation. However, using the meteorology model to estimate the input conditions such as weather and soil conditions, considerably degraded the models’ performance. The critical reason for the model failure was determined to be the inaccuracy in the estimation of the threshold friction velocity (representing soil condition), followed by inaccurate estimation of surface wind speed. It was not possible to determine which of the two saltation schemes was superior, based on the present study results. Such differentiation will require further evaluation studies using more measurements of saltation flux and vertical dust emissions.
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Oshima N, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Koike M, Kita K, Matsui H, Kajino M, Nakamura H, Jung JS, Kim YJ. Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kondo Y, Oshima N, Kajino M, Mikami R, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Verma RL, Kajii Y, Kato S, Takami A. Emissions of black carbon in East Asia estimated from observations at a remote site in the East China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bridhikitti A, Overcamp TJ. Optical characteristics of southeast Asia's regional aerosols and their sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:747-754. [PMID: 21850829 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.61.7.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dominant optical characteristics of Southeast Asia (SEA)'s regional aerosols were determined from the cluster analysis of the 26 AERONET aerosol inversion products, including aerosol light scattering/absorption indicators and aerosol size/shape parameters retrieved from 2003 to 2007. The data sets were acquired from four stations: Bac Giang in Vietnam and Mukdahan, Pimai, and Silpakorn University in Thailand. The cluster analysis showed agreement among the aerosol optical characteristics, land cover/uses, season as the surrogate of the prevailing winds, and observations from the literature. The results of this study showed that during the northeast prevailing winds from mid-September to December, the high aerosol exposure events were most frequently observed over the upwind station and less often over the downwind stations. This aerosol exhibited a single scattering albedo (SSA) of approximately 0.95 (440 nm), a relatively low refractive index, and a larger fine-mode size, suggesting it had the characteristics of urban/industrial aerosols reported in the literature. These aerosol sources were upwind from Bac Giang, probably in eastern China. From January to April, the aerosol exhibited a lower SSA of approximately 0.90, a higher refractive index, and a smaller fine-mode size, suggesting biomass burning smoke reported in the literature. The SEA urban aerosol exhibited a mean SSA of approximately 0.90 (440 nm) or lower, and the coarse-mode aerosol, possibly road dust or soil dust, played a role from October to January when seasonal winds are strongest. The results from a canonical discriminant function analysis suggest that the dominant SEA aerosol clusters tended to be separated by a canonical function positively correlated with SSA, the fine-mode asymmetry factor, and the overall fine-mode size and negatively correlated with the refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arika Bridhikitti
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
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Huang L, Gong SL, Jia CQ, Lavoué D. Relative contributions of anthropogenic emissions to black carbon aerosol in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hidy GM. Surface-level fine particle mass concentrations: from hemispheric distributions to megacity sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:770-789. [PMID: 19645262 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, basic knowledge of the "chemical climate" of fine particles, has greatly improved from Junge's compilation from the 1960s. A worldwide baseline distribution of fine particle concentrations on a synoptic scale of approximately 1000 km can be estimated at least qualitatively from measurements. A geographical distribution of fine particle characteristics is deduced from a synthesis of a variety of disparate data collected at ground level on all continents, especially in the northern hemisphere. On the average, the regional mass concentrations range from 1 to 80 microg/m3, with the highest concentrations in regions of high population density and industrialization. Fine particles by mass on a continental and hemispheric spatial scale are generally dominated by non-sea salt sulfate (0.2 to approximately 20 microg/m3, or approximately 25%) and organic carbon (0.2-> 10 microg/m3, or approximately 25%), with lesser contributions of ammonium, nitrate, elemental carbon, and elements found in sea salt or soil dust. The crustal and trace metal elements contribute a varied amount to fine particle mass depending on location, with a larger contribution in marine conditions or during certain events such as dust storms or volcanic disturbances. The average distribution of mass concentration and major components depends on the proximity to areal aggregations of sources, most of which are continental in origin, with contributions from sea salt emissions in the marine environment. The highest concentrations generally are within or near very large population and industrial centers, especially in Asia, including parts of China and India, as well as North America and Europe. Natural sources of blowing dust, sea salt, and wildfires contribute to large, intermittent spatial-scale particle loadings beyond these ranges. A sampling of 10 megacities illustrates a range of characteristic particle composition, dependent on local and regional sources. Long-range transport of pollution from spatially aggregated sources over hundreds of kilometers creates persistent regional- and continental-scale gradients of mass concentration, sulfate, and carbon species especially in the northern hemisphere. Data are sparse in the southern hemisphere, especially beyond 45 degrees S, but are generally very low in mass concentrations.
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Oshima N, Koike M, Zhang Y, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Miyazaki Y. Aging of black carbon in outflow from anthropogenic sources using a mixing state resolved model: Model development and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nakajima T, Yoon SC, Ramanathan V, Shi GY, Takemura T, Higurashi A, Takamura T, Aoki K, Sohn BJ, Kim SW, Tsuruta H, Sugimoto N, Shimizu A, Tanimoto H, Sawa Y, Lin NH, Lee CT, Goto D, Schutgens N. Overview of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud East Asian Regional Experiment 2005 and a study of the aerosol direct radiative forcing in east Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adhikary B, Carmichael GR, Tang Y, Leung LR, Qian Y, Schauer JJ, Stone EA, Ramanathan V, Ramana MV. Characterization of the seasonal cycle of south Asian aerosols: A regional-scale modeling analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang KY. Long-range transport of the April 2001 dust clouds over the subtropical East Asia and the North Pacific and its impacts on ground-level air pollution: A Lagrangian simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ramachandran S, Rajesh TA. Black carbon aerosol mass concentrations over Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India: Comparison with urban sites in Asia, Europe, Canada, and the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hakami A, Henze DK, Seinfeld JH, Chai T, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Sandu A. Adjoint inverse modeling of black carbon during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hakami
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. K. Henze
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - T. Chai
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Y. Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - A. Sandu
- Department of Computer Science; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia USA
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Guttikunda SK. Impacts of Asian megacity emissions on regional air quality during spring 2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huebert B. Measurements of organic and elemental carbon in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia from the NSF/NCAR C-130. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clarke AD. Size distributions and mixtures of dust and black carbon aerosol in Asian outflow: Physiochemistry and optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Satake S. Characteristics of Asian aerosol transport simulated with a regional-scale chemical transport model during the ACE-Asia observation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Uno I. Numerical study of Asian dust transport during the springtime of 2001 simulated with the Chemical Weather Forecasting System (CFORS) model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Streets DG, Bond TC, Carmichael GR, Fernandes SD, Fu Q, He D, Klimont Z, Nelson SM, Tsai NY, Wang MQ, Woo JH, Yarber KF. An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1579] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Streets
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - T. C. Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - S. D. Fernandes
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - Q. Fu
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - D. He
- The Energy Foundation; Beijing China
- Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - Z. Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; Laxenburg Austria
| | - S. M. Nelson
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - N. Y. Tsai
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - M. Q. Wang
- Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - J.-H. Woo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - K. F. Yarber
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
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Uno I. Regional chemical weather forecasting system CFORS: Model descriptions and analysis of surface observations at Japanese island stations during the ACE-Asia experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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