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Zhang HX, Lu JY, Wang M. Energy transfer across magnetopause under dawn-dusk IMFs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7409. [PMID: 37150770 PMCID: PMC10164745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A parametric study on the energy transfer of the solar wind across the magnetopause entering the magnetosphere is conducted using a global magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation. The characteristics of the mechanical and electromagnetic energy distribution under the dawn-dusk interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) are investigated by analyzing magnetic reconnection and viscous effect, and compared with the radial and north-south IMFs. It is shown that (1) the interactions at the magnetopause and the transfer of energy across this boundary move in relation to the IMF orientation. (2) For the duskward IMF, the mechanical energy flow clearly enters the equatorial and low-latitude regions on the dayside, and the electromagnetic energy flow has a small inflow on the equatorial and low latitudes of the dayside. A significant energy inflow appears on the dawn side in the northern hemisphere and the dusk side in the southern hemisphere near the polar cusp. (3) The energy distribution characteristics across the magnetopause under dawn-dusk IMFs are mirror symmetric about the [Formula: see text] plane. (4) For a magnetic field of 5 nT, the electromagnetic energy input under the dawn-dusk IMFs is twice as large as the mechanical energy and the electromagnetic energy under the radial IMF, which is five times as large as the electromagnetic energy during the pure northward IMF, but only half as large as the electromagnetic energy under the pure southward IMF. The mechanical energy input under dawn-dusk IMFs has the same magnitude as that under radial and north-south IMFs. The magnitude of the energy transfer rate for the dawn IMF and dusk IMF (about 3.5%) is between 1.71% for the northward IMF and 4.95% for the southward IMF, but higher than 2.22% for the radial IMF. The Akasofu-type energy-coupling formula, [Formula: see text], underestimates the energy input from the solar wind under [Formula: see text] dominated IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Zhang
- Institute of Space Weather, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - J Y Lu
- Institute of Space Weather, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - M Wang
- Institute of Space Weather, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Mukhopadhyay A, Welling D, Liemohn M, Ridley A, Burleigh M, Wu C, Zou S, Connor H, Vandegriff E, Dredger P, Tóth G. Global Driving of Auroral Precipitation: 1. Balance of Sources. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2022JA030323. [PMID: 36248015 PMCID: PMC9539890 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of auroral precipitation in global models has remained a daunting and rather inexplicable obstacle. Understanding the calculation and balance of multiple sources that constitute the aurora, and their eventual conversion into ionospheric electrical conductance, is critical for improved prediction of space weather events. In this study, we present a semi-physical global modeling approach that characterizes contributions by four types of precipitation-monoenergetic, broadband, electron, and ion diffuse-to ionospheric electrodynamics. The model uses a combination of adiabatic kinetic theory and loss parameters derived from historical energy flux patterns to estimate auroral precipitation from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quantities. It then converts them into ionospheric conductance that is used to compute the ionospheric feedback to the magnetosphere. The model has been employed to simulate the 5-7 April 2010 Galaxy15 space weather event. Comparison of auroral fluxes show good agreement with observational data sets like NOAA-DMSP and OVATION Prime. The study shows a dominant contribution by electron diffuse precipitation, accounting for ∼74% of the auroral energy flux. However, contributions by monoenergetic and broadband sources dominate during times of active upstream solar conditions, providing for up to 61% of the total hemispheric power. The study also finds a greater role played by broadband precipitation in ionospheric electrodynamics which accounts for ∼31% of the Pedersen conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnit Mukhopadhyay
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsAmerican UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Daniel Welling
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Michael Liemohn
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Aaron Ridley
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Chen Wu
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Shasha Zou
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Hyunju Connor
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | | | - Pauline Dredger
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Gabor Tóth
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Holappa L, Buzulukova NY. Explicit IMF B y -Dependence of Energetic Protons and the Ring Current. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL098031. [PMID: 35866060 PMCID: PMC9286478 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The most important parameter driving the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction is the southward (B z ) component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). While the dawn-dusk (B y ) component of the IMF is also known to play an important role, its effects are usually assumed to be independent of its sign. Here we demonstrate for the first time a seasonally varying, explicit IMF B y -dependence of the ring current and Dst index. Using satellite observations and a global magnetohydrodynamic model coupled with a ring current model, we show that for a fixed level of solar wind driving the flux of energetic magnetospheric protons and the growth-rate of the ring current are greater for B y < 0 (B y > 0) than for B y > 0 (B y < 0) in Northern Hemisphere summer (winter). While the physical mechanism of this explicit B y -effect is not yet fully understood, our results suggest that IMF B y modulates magnetospheric convection and plasma transport in the inner magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Holappa
- Space Physics and Astronomy Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - N. Y. Buzulukova
- University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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The State of the Solar Wind, Magnetosphere, and Ionosphere During the Maunder Minimum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:247-250. [PMID: 30568719 DOI: 10.1017/s1743921318001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Both direct observations and reconstructions from various datasets, suggest that conditions were radically different during the Maunder Minimum (MM) than during the space era. Using an MHD model, we develop a set of feasible solutions to infer the properties of the solar wind during this interval. Additionally, we use these results to drive a global magnetospheric model. Finally, using the 2008/2009 solar minimum as an upper limit for MM conditions, we use results from the International Reference Ionosphere (ILI) model to speculate on the state of the ionosphere. The results describe interplanetary, magnetospheric, and ionospheric conditions that were substantially different than today. For example: (1) the solar wind density and magnetic field strength were an order of magnitude lower; (2) the Earth's magnetopause and shock standoff distances were a factor of two larger; and (3) the maximum electron density in the ionosphere was substantially lower.
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Abstract
AbstractOur Sun, a magnetically mild star, exhibits space weather in the form of magnetically driven solar explosive events (SEE) including solar flares, coronal mass ejections and energetic particle events. We use Kepler data and reconstruction of X-ray and UV emission from young solar-like stars to recover the frequency and energy fluxes from extreme events from active stars including the young Sun. Extreme SEEs from a magnetically active young Sun could significantly perturb the young Earth's magnetosphere, cause strong geomagnetic storms, initiate escape and introduce chemical changes in its lower atmosphere. I present our recent simulations results based on multi-dimensional multi-fluid hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic models of interactions of extreme CME and SEP events with magnetospheres and lower atmospheres of early Earth and exoplanets around active stars. We also discuss the implications of the impact of these effects on evolving habitability conditions of the early Earth and prebiotic chemistry introduced by space weather events at the early phase of evolution of our Sun.
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Ilie R, Liemohn MW, Toth G, Yu Ganushkina N, Daldorff LKS. Assessing the role of oxygen on ring current formation and evolution through numerical experiments. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:4656-4668. [PMID: 26937329 PMCID: PMC4758612 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja021157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Low O+/H+ ratio produced stronger ring currentInclusion of physics-based ionospheric outflow leads to a reduction in the CPCPOxygen presence is linked to a nightside reconnection point closer to the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ilie
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - M. W. Liemohn
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - G. Toth
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - N. Yu Ganushkina
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Earth ObservationsFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - L. K. S. Daldorff
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Pothier NM, Weimer DR, Moore WB. Quantitative maps of geomagnetic perturbation vectors during substorm onset and recovery. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:1197-1214. [PMID: 26167445 PMCID: PMC4497481 DOI: 10.1002/2014ja020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have produced the first series of spherical harmonic, numerical maps of the time-dependent surface perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field following the onset of substorms. Data from 124 ground magnetometer stations in the Northern Hemisphere at geomagnetic latitudes above 33° were used. Ground station data averaged over 5 min intervals covering 8 years (1998-2005) were used to construct pseudo auroral upper, auroral lower, and auroral electrojet (AU*, AL*, and AE*) indices. These indices were used to generate a list of substorms that extended from 1998 to 2005, through a combination of automated processing and visual checks. Events were sorted by interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation (at the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite), dipole tilt angle, and substorm magnitude. Within each category, the events were aligned on substorm onset. A spherical cap harmonic analysis was used to obtain a least error fit of the substorm disturbance patterns at 5 min intervals up to 90 min after onset. The fits obtained at onset time were subtracted from all subsequent fits, for each group of substorm events. Maps of the three vector components of the averaged magnetic perturbations were constructed to show the effects of substorm currents. These maps are produced for several specific ranges of values for the peak |AL*| index, IMF orientation, and dipole tilt angle. We demonstrate an influence of the dipole tilt angle on the response to substorms. Our results indicate that there are downward currents poleward and upward currents just equatorward of the peak in the substorms' westward electrojet. KEY POINTS Show quantitative maps of ground geomagnetic perturbations due to substorms Three vector components mapped as function of time during onset and recovery Compare/contrast results for different tilt angle and sign of IMF Y-component.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Pothier
- Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton UniversityHampton, Virginia, USA
- National Institute of AerospaceHampton, Virginia, USA
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia TechBlacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Science, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D R Weimer
- National Institute of AerospaceHampton, Virginia, USA
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Space Science and Engineering Research, Virginia TechBlacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - W B Moore
- Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton UniversityHampton, Virginia, USA
- National Institute of AerospaceHampton, Virginia, USA
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Wang M, Lu J, Liu Z, Pei S. Dependence of magnetic field just inside the magnetopause on subsolar standoff distance: Global MHD results. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lu JY, Liu ZQ, Kabin K, Zhao MX, Liu DD, Zhou Q, Xiao Y. Three dimensional shape of the magnetopause: Global MHD results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Lu
- National Center for Space Weather; China Meteorology Administration; Beijing China
| | - Z.-Q. Liu
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science; Beijing China
| | - K. Kabin
- Department of Physics; Royal Military College of Canada; Kingston, Ontario Canada
| | - M. X. Zhao
- National Center for Space Weather; China Meteorology Administration; Beijing China
| | - D. D. Liu
- National Center for Space Weather; China Meteorology Administration; Beijing China
| | - Q. Zhou
- Department of Geophysics and Geomatics; China University of Geoscience; Wuhan China
| | - Y. Xiao
- Department of Mathematics and Information Engineering; Puyang Vocational and Technical College; Puyang, HeNan China
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Jordanova VK, Zaharia S, Welling DT. Comparative study of ring current development using empirical, dipolar, and self-consistent magnetic field simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Jordanova
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. Zaharia
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - D. T. Welling
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Ilie R, Liemohn MW, Kozyra J, Borovsky J. An investigation of the magnetosphere–ionosphere response to real and idealized co-rotating interaction region events through global magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
B
z
fluctuations periodicity in the transfer of solar wind mass and energy to the magnetosphere during the co-rotating interaction region/high-speed stream event of 10 November 2003 through global modelling simulations using the space weather modelling framework. To do so, we used both solar wind observations and a variety of idealized inputs as upstream boundary conditions, describing different solar wind configurations for which relative contribution of the peak-to-noise ratio in the input
B
z
power spectrum to the periodicity transfer is examined. Fast Fourier transforms of both input to and the response of the magnetosphere reveal that the transfer of IMF
B
z
periodicity to the magnetosphere is unaltered by other solar wind parameters, although the size of the peak-to-noise ratio of the input signal is the controlling factor that determines this transfer. The global magnetosphere simulation suggests that a threshold amount of power (peak-to-noise ratio) of approximately 10 in the input signal is needed for the magnetosphere to react to the periodicity in the input
B
z
, while for the cross-polar cap potential, the threshold amount is significantly smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ilie
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. W. Liemohn
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Kozyra
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Borovsky
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Glocer A, Tóth G, Ma Y, Gombosi T, Zhang JC, Kistler LM. Multifluid Block-Adaptive-Tree Solar wind Roe-type Upwind Scheme: Magnetospheric composition and dynamics during geomagnetic storms-Initial results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Tóth
- Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Science; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Y. Ma
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; UCLA; Los Angeles California USA
| | - T. Gombosi
- Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Science; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - J.-C. Zhang
- Space Science Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - L. M. Kistler
- Space Science Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Comparative study of a substorm event by satellite observation and model simulation. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang J, Liemohn MW, De Zeeuw DL, Borovsky JE, Ridley AJ, Toth G, Sazykin S, Thomsen MF, Kozyra JU, Gombosi TI, Wolf RA. Understanding storm-time ring current development through data-model comparisons of a moderate storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Zhang
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Michael W. Liemohn
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Darren L. De Zeeuw
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | | | - Aaron J. Ridley
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Gabor Toth
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Stanislav Sazykin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | | | - Janet U. Kozyra
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Tamas I. Gombosi
- Center for Space Environment Modeling; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Richard A. Wolf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
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Jordanova VK, Miyoshi YS, Zaharia S, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD, Evans DS, Mouikis CG, Fennell JF. Kinetic simulations of ring current evolution during the Geospace Environment Modeling challenge events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zaharia S, Jordanova VK, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD. Self-consistent modeling of magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner magnetosphere: Application to a geomagnetic storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wolf RA, Spiro RW, Sazykin S, Toffoletto FR, Le Sager P, Huang TS. Use of Euler potentials for describing magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tóth G, Sokolov IV, Gombosi TI, Chesney DR, Clauer CR, De Zeeuw DL, Hansen KC, Kane KJ, Manchester WB, Oehmke RC, Powell KG, Ridley AJ, Roussev II, Stout QF, Volberg O, Wolf RA, Sazykin S, Chan A, Yu B, Kóta J. Space Weather Modeling Framework: A new tool for the space science community. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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